FLEXIBLE VERSUS RIGID ESOPHAGOSCOPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL FOREIGN BODY IMPACTION

Background: Foreign body(FB) impaction accounts for 4% of emergency endoscopies in clinical practice. Flexible endoscopy(FE) is a recommended therapeutic option because it can be performed under local anesthesia, it is cost effective and is well tolerated. Rigid endoscopy (RG) under general anesthesia is another option and is advantageous in some circumstances. The aim of the study is to compare ef?cacy and safety of ?exible and rigid esophagoscopy in esophageal foreign body removal. It is a prospective study done in E.N.T department in KIMS Methods: MEDICAL COLLEGE, Amalapuram, which includes 50 patients with impacted foreign body esophagus. Parameters like type of foreign body, location of impacted foreign body are included. The study analyzies the type of procedure the patient have undergone, the intra operative and post operative complications. This prospective cohort study includes 50 patients Results: who have undergone surgical procedure for removal of impacted foreign body. Flexible esophagoscopy is performed in 30 patients and rigid esophagoscopy is performed in 20 patients . The most frequent complications are mucosal erosion, mucosal edema, and ulceration. Flexible esophagoscopy and rigid esophagoscopy are equally safe and effective for Conclusion: removal of impacted esophageal foreign body

Effects of RNA demethylase FTO inhibitor on function ofglioblastoma stem cells / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of m6A demethylase FTO inhibitor(FB23-2)on human glioblastoma stem cell activity. Methods The effects of FB23-2 and Temozolomide on GSC were detected by CCK-8 assay and neurosphere formation assay. The effect of FB23-2 on self-renewal of GSC was detected by limited dilution assay in vitro. The effect of FB23-2 on the proliferation of GSC was detected by EdU method. The effect of FB23-2 on apoptosis of glioblastoma stem cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results CCK-8 assay showed that FB23-2 could effectively inhibit the cell viability of GSC with IC50 values of 7.11 μmol·L-1 and 4.63 μmol·L-1,respectively. The size and number of GSC neural sphere in FB23-2 treatment group were significantly reduced compared with control group. In vitro limited dilution experiment showed that FB23-2 effectively inhibited the self-renewal ability of GSC. EdU incorporation experiment showed that compared with the control group,the treatment group decreased to(70.59±13.74)% and(50.33±4.53)%,respectively. The apoptotic rates of the treated group were(12.16±1.90)% and(16.77±1.17)% by flow cytometry. Conclusions FTO inhibitor FB23-2 can effectively inhibit GSC growth,self-renewal and the formation of neural sphere. In addition,FB23-2 can inhibit the proliferation of GSC and induce its apoptosis.

Didática Magna e Walden II: Comênio, Skinner e o impossível na educação e na política / Didáctica Magna y Walden II: Comenio, Skinner y lo imposible en la educación y la política / The Great Didactic and Walden II: Comenius, Skinner and the impossible in education and politcs

Neste artigo cotejamos concepções político-educacionais de Comênio e Skinner presentes, respectivamente, na Didática Magna e em Walden II. Problematizamos se o fato dos autores superestimarem o método de ensino - como se este fosse uma infalível garantia de êxito educacional - seria suficiente para irmaná- los. Seguindo a ideia de que é estruturalmente impossível controlar os efeitos da educação, constatamos que em Comênio, mas não em Skinner, ocorre um significativo arrefecimento de tal pretensa infalibilidade metodológica. Essa divergência entre os autores deriva do modo distinto com que cada um concebe a política e lida com as finalidades e impossibilidades da política e da educação.

En este artículo cotejamos concepciones político-educativas de Comenio y Skinner presentes en Didáctica Magna y Walden II. Problematizamos si el hecho de que los autores exageran en la valorización del método - como si fuera una infalible garantía de éxito en la educación - sería suficiente para hermanarlos. Siguiendo la idea de que es estructuralmente imposible controlar los efectos de la educación, constatamos que en Comenio, pero no en Skinner, ocurre un enfriamiento de tal pretendida infalibilidad metodologica. Esta divergencia deriva del modo distinto como cada autor concibe la política y se ocupa de las finalidades e imposibilidades de la política y de la educación.

In this paper, we compare the educational-political conceptions of Comenius and Skinner, presents in The Great Didactic and Walden II. We problematize if their overestimation of the teaching method - as if it were an infallible assurance of education success - is a sufficient criteria to take their theory as siblings. Following the idea that it is structurally impossible to control the effects of education, we verify that in Comenius, different from Skinner, occurs an expressive decline of such methodological infallibility. This difference derives from their radically distinct way to conceive politic and to deal with the aims and impossibilities of politics and education.

Use of Facebook to serve information needs of persons with Diabetes amid the COVID-19 pandemic / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Objectives@#The use of Facebook (FB) to share and gather information on diabetes is commonplace but no data is available on its use among Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to determine the engagement from instructional slide decks on diabetes and its management shown on two Philippine-based FB pages under the Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ).@*Methodology@#We used Insights data from the slide decks and slide shows shown on the Philippine Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism’s (PSEDM) public FB page and the Endocrine Witch’s FB page. The slide set contained a mix of mostly images and text on COVID-19 and Diabetes, dietary advice, medications and self-care in the setting of the ECQ where access to insulin, ambulatory clinics and healthy food is limited. Data was summarized in terms of post clicks, reactions, shares and comments. Total engagement rate was computed.@*Results@#We noted a high engagement rate (4-15%) in both public FB pages with higher engagement rates in slides shown in the Filipino language for most topics. The slides that gathered more shares and reactions were primarily those containing general information on COVID-19 and diabetes, nutrition including the safety of canned goods, as well as sick day rules.@*Conclusion@#In the setting of the ECQ, the use of image and text-based slide-decks on the PSEDM and Endocrine Witch FB pages to communicate health information yielded high engagement.

Aflatoxins and fumonisins in feed from a broiler operation system from São Paulo state, Brazil / Aflatoxinas e fumonisinas em rações de um sistema de produção de frangos de corte no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) in feed ingredients (corn and soybean meal) and finishing feed in a broiler operation system, as well was to evaluate their effect on the productivity of 20 batches of broilers produced and the histology status of broilers' liver after slaughter. Corn samples presented the highest frequencies of AFs and FBs, at mean levels of 29.1 and 2,100µg/kg, respectively. Soybean samples presented mean levels of 1.5 and 70µg/kg for AFs and FBs, respectively. Batches of broilers receiving feed containing FB levels higher than 1,000µg/kg had lower weight gain and higher mortality rates, while those fed rations with AFs equal or above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytical method presented higher scores of histological changes in the liver. A dilution effect was observed for AFs and FBs from ingredients, especially corn, to feed during manufacture, whilst not enough to prevent losses in productivity. Results of this trial highlighted the need for strict control of mycotoxins in corn intended for broilers.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de aflatoxinas (AFs) e fumonisinas (FBs) em ingredientes (milho e farelo de soja) e na ração de abate sobre a produtividade de uma empresa integradora de frangos de corte, bem como avaliar seus efeitos sobre produtividade de 20 lotes de frangos produzidos pela empresa e a histologia dos fígados dos frangos após o abate. As amostras de milho apresentaram as maiores frequências de AFs e FBs, em concentrações médias de 29,1 e 2.100µg/kg, respectivamente. As amostras de farelo de soja apresentaram níveis médios de 1,5 e 70µg/kg para AFs e FBs, respectivamente. Os lotes de aves que receberam ração contendo níveis de FBs maiores que 1,000µg/kg apresentaram menor ganho de peso e maior percentual de mortalidade, enquanto que as que receberam ração com AFs iguais ou superiores ao limite de quantificação (LQ) do método analítico apresentaram maior grau de alteração histopatológica no fígado. Houve efeito de diluição de AFs e FBs dos ingredientes, especialmente o milho, à ração no processo de fabricação, porém não suficiente para evitar perdas na produtividade. Os resultados do estudo reforçam a necessidade do controle estrito de micotoxinas no milho destinado à alimentação de frangos de corte.

Variabilidad genética en seis SNPs de los genes CAPN1, CAST y LEP de toros brahman en ganaderías del trópico bajo colombiano / Genetic variability in six SNPs of CAPN1, CAST and LEP genes of brahman bulls in cattle farms on colombian tropical lowlands / Variabilidade genética em seis SNPs dos genes CAPN1, CAST e LEP de touros brahman em baixo trópico colombiano

Resumen Los genes CAPN1 y CAST codifican la (-calpaína y la calpastatina, las cuales participan en la degradación de las fibras musculares luego del rigor mortis, además, el gen LEP codifica a la leptina, una hormona que regula la deposición de grasa en el músculo. Éstos genes presentan SNPs relacionados con la terneza y la jugosidad de la carne y con características de la canal. Con el fin de conocer el potencial genético de la raza Brahman, se genotipificaron los SNPs CAPN316, CAPN4751, CAST282, CAST2959, E2FB y E2JW mediante PCR-HRM en 270 machos de ganaderías de cuatro regiones y se hizo un estudio de estructura y diferenciación poblacional. No hubo diferencia (p>0,05) en las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de los marcadores evaluados entre las subpoblaciones, las frecuencias genotípicas en la población general fueron: CAPN316 (CG = 0,078, GG = 0,922), CAPN4751 (CC = 0,289, CT = 0,104, TT = 0,606), CAST282 (CC = 0,285, CG = 0,448, GG = 0,267), CAST2959 (AA = 0,400, AG = 0,370, GG = 0,230), E2FB (CC = 0,633, CT = 0,356, TT = 0,011) y E2JW (AA = 0,985, AT = 0,010, TT = 0,004). Los marcadores CAPN316, CAST282 y E2JW se encontraron en HWE (p>0,05), mientras que CAPN4751 y CAST2959 presentaron Ho < He y en E2FB Ho > He. Los valores de los estadísticos F fueron: FIS = 0,153, FIT = 0,157 y FST= 0,005. De lo anterior se deduce que las ganaderías Brahman estudiadas presentan un leve grado de endogamia y constituyen una sola población, todos los marcadores evaluados son polimórficos, excepto E2JW, sin embargo existe la posibilidad de producir carne más tierna y jugosa debido a que aunque con frecuencias muy bajas, se pueden encontrar animales portadores de todos los alelos asociados.

Abstract The CAPN1 and CAST genes encodes μ-calpain and calpastatin, both genes participate on degradation of muscle fibers after rigor mortis; in addition the LEP gene codes for leptin, which regulates the fat deposition in muscle. These genes shows SNPs related to tenderness and juiciness of meat and productive characteristics of the carcass. In order to know the genetic potential of Brahman cattle the CAPN316, CAPN4751, CAST282, CAST2959, E2FB and E2JW SNPs were genotyped by PCR-HRM in 270 Brahman males from four different geographical areas, also the study of differentiation of population structure was made. There was no difference (p> 0.05) in genotype and allele frequencies of these markers between subpopulations, the genotypic frequencies in the general population were: CAPN316 (CG = 0.078, GG = 0.922), CAPN4751 (CC = 0.289, CT = 0.104, TT = 0.606), CAST282 (CC = 0.285, CG = 0.448, GG = 0.267), CAST2959 (AA = 0.400, AG = 0.370, GG = 0.230), E2FB (CC = 0.633, CT = 0.356, TT = 0.011) and E2JW (AA = 0.985, AT = 0.010, TT = 0.004). The CAPN316, CAST282 and E2JW markers were found in HWE (p> 0.05), while CAPN4751 and CAST2959 showed Ho < He and in E2FB Ho > He. The F statistics values were: ​​FIS = 0.153, FIT = 0.157 and FST = 0.005. Was conclude that the Brahman herds studied present a slight degree of inbreeding and constitute a single population; all markers evaluated are polymorphic, except for E2JW, however the production of more tender and juicy meats could be possible, because the associated alleles with this characteristics were founds although in low frequencies.

Resumo Os genes CAPN1 e CAST codificam (-calpaína e calpastatina, que participam da degradação das fibras musculares após o rigor mortis, além disso, o gene LEP codifica a leptina, um hormônio que regula a deposição de gordura no músculo. Estes genes apresentam SNPs relacionados à ternura e suco de carne e com características do canal. Para conhecer o potencial genético da raça Brahman, os SNPs CAPN316, CAPN4751, CAST282, CAST2959, E2FB e E2JW foram genotipados por PCR-HRM em 270 homens de quatro regiões e um estudo sobre a estrutura e diferenciação da população. Não houve diferenças (p>0,05) nas freqüências alélicas e genotípicas dos marcadores avaliados entre as subpopulações, as freqüências genotípicas na população geral foram: CAPN316 (CG = 0,078, GG = 0,922), CAPN4751 (CC= 0,289, CT= 0,104, TT = 0,606), CAST282 (CC = 0,285, CG = 0,448, GG= 0,267), CAST2959 (AA = 0,400, AG= 0,370, GG = 0,230), E2FB (CC = 0,633, CT= 0,356, TT= 0,011) e E2JW (AA= 0,985, AT = 0,010, TT = 0,004). Os marcadores CAPN316, CAST282 e E2JW foram encontrados em HWE (p>0,05), enquanto CAPN4751 e CAST2959 mostraram Ho <He e em E2FB Ho> He. Os valores das estatísticas F foram: FIS = 0,153, FIT = 0,1557 e FST = 0,005. A partir do acima, deduz-se que os rebanhos de Brahman estudaram apresentar um ligeiro grau de endogamia e constituem uma população única, todos os marcadores avaliados são polimórficos, exceto E2JW, porém existe a possibilidade de produzir carne mais suave e suculenta porque, embora com freqüências muito baixo, podem ser encontrados animais que transportam todos os alelos associados.

Mycobiota and occurrence of Fumonisin B1 in wheat harvested in Southern Brazil / Micobiota e ocorrência de Fumonisina B1 em trigo colhido no Sul do Brasil

Although fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin poorly studied in wheat, the Fusarium genus fungi have been frequently detected in this cereal, especially in subtropical regions such as southern Brazil, thus studies on their occurrence are required. This study evaluated the mycobiota, water activity and the presence of FB1 in 11 wheat cultivars grown in the northeastern and northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul. The mycobiota was identified by morphological and molecular techniques and FB1 was determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). Microbial counts lower than 103CFU were found in the samples, and the fungi genera Phoma, Cladosporium and Fusarium were the most frequent. Despite this, 54% of the samples were contaminated with FB1 at levels ranging from 958 to 4,906µg FB1 kg-1.

Embora Fumonisina B1 (FB1) seja uma micotoxina pouco estudada em trigo, os fungos do gênero Fusarium são frequentemente detectados neste cereal, principalmente em regiões subtropicais, como o Sul do Brasil, o que justifica a necessidade de avaliar sua ocorrência. Neste estudo, foram avaliadas a micobiota, atividade de água e a presença de FB1 em 11 cultivares de trigo cultivados nas regiões nordeste e noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A micobiota foi identificada por técnicas morfológicas e moleculares e a FB1 foi determinada por cromatografia líquida e detecção por fluorescência (HPLC-FL). Nas amostras analisadas, foi verificada uma contagem inferior a 103UFC, e os fungos dos gêneros Phoma, Cladosporium e Fusarium foram os mais frequentes. Apesar disso, 54% das amostras estavam contaminadas com FB1 em níveis variando de 958 a 4906µg de FB1 kg-1.

Ganho de peso, consumo de ração e histologia de órgãos de leitões alimentados com rações contendo baixos níveis de fumonisina B1 / Weight gain, feed consumption and histology of organs from piglets fed rations containing low levels of fumonisin B1

A fumonisina B1 (FB1) é um metabólito secundário produzido principalmente por Fusarium verticilioides em diversos tipos de alimentos, principalmente o milho, o qual constitui a base para composição de rações para várias espécies de animais domésticos. A FB1é particularmente tóxica para suínos, cujas manifestações clínicas são evidentes em animais expostos a altas concentrações de FB1 na ração (em geral, acima de 30mg/kg). No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos da FB1em suínos alimentados com rações contendo baixas concentrações de fumonisinas, as quais são mais prováveis de serem encontradas em condições de campo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição de leitões a baixos níveis de FB1 na ração, durante 28 dias, sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, peso relativo de órgãos e aspectos histológicos do baço, fígado, pulmões, rins e coração. Vinte e quatro leitões foram distribuídos em 4 grupos experimentais e alimentados com rações contendo 0mg (controle), 3,0mg, 6,0mg ou 9,0mg FB1/kg de ração. As diferentes dietas não afetaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso e nem o peso relativo dos órgãos analisados. Não foram constatadas lesões macroscópicas ou histopatológicas no baço, fígado, rins e coração. No entanto, foram observadas lesões histopatológicas nos pulmões de todos os suínos alimentados com rações contaminadas com fumonisinas, indicando que nenhum dos níveis de FB1 usados no experimento poderia ser considerado como seguro para suínos. São necessários novos estudos sobre os mecanismos de ação tóxica da FB1 em suínos, sobretudo em condições de exposição prolongada a baixos níveis de contaminação na ração.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by Fusarium verticilioides in several types of foods, particularly corn, which is the basis for composition of feed for several domestic animals. FB1 is particularly toxic to pigs, being the clinical manifestations evident in animals exposed to high concentrations of FB1 in the diet (generally above 30mg/kg). However, there are few studies on the effects of FB1 on pigs fed rations containing low concentrations of fumonisin, which are most probably found under field conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a 28-day exposure of piglets to low levels of FB1 in the feed on the weight gain, feed consumption, organ weights and histological aspects of the spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys and heart. Twenty-four pigs were assigned into 4 experimental groups and fed diets containing 0mg (control), 3.0mg, 6.0mg or 9.0mg FB1/kg diet. The different diets did not affect (P>0.05) the weight gain or the weight of organs examined. There were no macroscopic or histological lesions in the spleen, liver, kidneys and heart. However, histological lesions were found in the lungs from all animals fed rations containing fumonisin, hence indicating that none of the FB1 levels used in the experiment could be considered as safe for piglets. Further studies on the mechanisms of toxic action of FB1 in pigs are needed, particularly under conditions of prolonged exposure to low contamination levels in the diet.

Identification and Characterization of The Arabidopsis fumonisin B_1 resistant fbr136 / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Plant programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in plant growth and development as well as defensive response against biotic and abiotic stresses. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a fungi toxin, which is a competitive inhibitor of ceramide synthase in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. FB1 can induce PCD in both animal and plant cells. To dissect this pathway, a genetic screen for fumonisin B1 resistant (fbr) mutants, and identified 11 fbr mutants was carried out. Genetic analysis showed that these 11 mutants belonged to 9 complementary groups or genetic loci. Here a detailed phenotypic analysis of fbr136 was reported. In addition to the resistance to FB1, fbr136 also showed resistance other PCD-inducing compounds, including H2O2 and paraquat. Furthermore, FB1-induced PR1 expression was reduced in fbr136, suggesting that a PCD pathway is likely impaired in the mutant. When stained with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), fbr136 showed a reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by FB1. The fbr136 mutation was roughly mapped onto chromosome Ⅲ, where no other fbr mutants have been previously identified. It is proposed that FBR136 may act as an important regulator in a sphingolipid-mediated PCD pathway, involved in the generation of ROS.

Spared Corticospinal Tract Projections Through Lateral Funiculi after Dorsal Section of the Rat Mid-thoracic Spinal Cord / 대한정형외과연구학회지

In the rat lumbar spinal cord, the pathways and distribution of corticospinal tract (CST) axons were investigated using retrograde transport of Fast Blue(FB) and Fluoro-Gold(FG). The purpose of this study was, therefore, to fond the extent of CST projections in the lateral funiculus in the rat. Total of twelve female rats were used in this study. The laminectomy was performed at the 78 cord level to expose the spinal cord. Using a radiofrequency lesioning device, the CST, including the dorsal columns, were lesioned bilaterally. Three to seven days after lesioning, two laminectomies were performed at C6-8 and L3-5 to expose the spinal cord for dye injections. Retrograde tracing of fast blue(FB) and fluoro-gold(FG) were used to quantitate the number of cerebral cortex neurons projecting to the lumbar cord through tracts other than the CST in the dorsal column. New findings of the this study are : (1) a small number of CST axons projected to lumbosacral spinal cord bilaterally in the dorsolateral funiculi. (2) some axons projecting to the lumbar cord through the dorsolateral funiculi are collateral of neuron that project to the cervical spinal cord. Our results suggest that there are a larger number of CSTs than previously thought projecting to the lumbar spinal cord through the lateral funiculi. These residual tracts may play a role in the functional recovery of the affected limbs.

A Reiew of Intraocular Foreignbodies

Sixty patients with intraocular foreign body(IOFB) between March 1983 and May 1990 were clinically analyzed. The results were as follows: 1. The incidence was more common in the young adult male, and most of the intraocular foreign bodies occurred while hammering at work. 2. The prevalent location for IOFB was at the posterior segment but, IOFB which were located at the anterior segment were more common than in other reports and were mostly magnetic in nature. 3. Smaller the size of IOFB, the milder the combined complications and the more anteriorly located, the better was prognosis for final visual acutiy. 4. Time interval between injury and operation did not infulence the prognosis of final visual acuity. 5. A visual acuity of better than 0.1 improved fwm 27cases(45%) to 32cases(53.3%) with removal of the IOFB.

THE COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF CRYSTALLIZATION FORMS OF FAMOTIDINE ON GASTRIC ULCERS / 中国药理学通报

The effects of a new crystallization form A famotidine ( F_A ) on experimental gastric ulcers in rats, and compared the antiulcer effects of F_A with those of the form B of famotidine(F_B)were investigated . F_B has been used in clinic.The results showed that the anti-ulcer effects of F_A were as same as F_B and both of F_A and F_B were dose- dependent manner.