Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extract from Polygala sibirica L. var megalopha Fr. on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of Polygala sibirica L. var megalopha Fr. (EEP) on RAW264.7 mouse macrophages.@*METHODS@#RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with 0-200 µg/mL EEP or vehicle for 2 h prior to exposure to 1 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PGE2) production were determined by Griess reagent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blot assay was used to determine the protein expressions of iNOS, COX-2, phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor Kappa B alpha (Iκ B-α) and p38. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the nuclear expression of nuclear factor-κ B p65 (NF-κ B p65). Additionally, the anti-oxidant potential of EEP was evaluated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), superoxide anion (O2-) radical and nitrite scavenging activity were also measured.@*RESULTS@#The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of EEP were 23.50±2.16 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g and 43.78±3.81 mg rutin equivalent/100 g. With EEP treatment (100 and 150 µg/mL), there was a notable decrease in NO and PGE2 production induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells by downregulation of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA and protein expressions (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Furthermore, with EEP treatment (150 µg/mL), there was a decrease in the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as in the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, P<0.01 or P<0.05), by blocking the nuclear translocation of NF-κ B p65 in LPS-stimulated cells. In addition, EEP (100 and 150 µg/mL) led to an increase in the anti-oxidant enzymes activity of SOD and CAT, with a concomitant decrease in ROS production (P<0.01 or P<0.05). EEP also indicated the DPPH, OH, O2- radical and nitrite scavenging activity.@*CONCLUSION@#EEP inhibited inflammatory responses in activated macrophages through blocking MAPK/NF-κ B pathway and protected against oxidative stress.

Germplasm resources and secondary metabolism regulation in Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) / 中草药·英文版

Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable medical macrofungus with a myriad of diverse secondary metabolites, in which triterpenoids are the major constituents. This paper introduced the germplasm resources of genus Ganoderma from textual research, its distribution and identification at the molecular level. Also we overviewed G. lucidum in the components, the biological activities and biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acid, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of G. lucidum germplasm resources and the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid.

Construction of yeast one-hybrid library and screening of transcription factors regulating FPS expression in Ganoderma lucidum / 中草药

Objective: To screen the upstream regulatory transcription factors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) in the triterpenoid synthesis pathway in Ganoderma lucidum. Methods: In this study, the FPS promoter was cloned and connected to the pAbAi plasmid to construct bait vector pAbAi-FPS, which was transformed into Y1H yeast competent cells to construct bait yeast. The yeast one-hybrid cDNA library was constructed by using SMART technology, then the purified ds-cDNA and pGADT7-Rec were co-transformed into bait yeast strain to screen the upstream transcriptional regulatory factors of PFS. Results: The bait vector containing pAbAi-FPS was constructed and the bait strain was screened, the cDNA library was constructed and transformed to the bait strain. A total of 37 positive clones were screened and sequenced. The sequences of conserved domain were predicted and performed blast search against the whole-genome database to identify their function. As a result, a total of 18 upstream regulatory factors were screened out including three transcription factors, five ribosomal proteins, and 10 other transcription regulators. Conclusion: The results indicated that transcription factors GlSNF2, GlMHR, and GlZn2Cys6 were candidate genes for regulating the expression of FPS, and this study offered data for further study on the regulation mechanism of FPS expression.

Preliminary study of medication rule of syndrome differentiation treatment for optic atrophy by TCM master Pin-zheng Liao based on data mining / 中草药

Objective: To dig out and analyze the medication rule of optic atrophy treatment by TCM master Pin-zheng Liao using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System, and summarize and explore its potential new prescription. Methods: A total of 90 TCM prescriptions for the treatment of optic atrophy by Pin-zheng Liao were collected. Based on frequency statistics, association rule, entropy clustering method rule analysis and other data mining methods, the law and characteristics of drugs were excavated. Results: A total of 113 herbs were included in 90 prescriptions, the most frequently used Chinese herbs were Lycium barbarum, Ganoderma lucidum, etc. Tonic drugs were used the most, the medicated herbs were usually sweet and peace, the Chinese herbs which belong to the liver channel were the most in channel tropism drugs. Seventeen combinations of commonly used drugs were obtained by association rule analysis. Based on entropy clustering method rule analysis, 10 potential new prescriptions were obtained. Conclusion: TCM master Pin-zheng Liao believes that optic atrophy is closely related to liver, spleen and idney. Blood stasis and vein obstruction is the main pathogenesis of the disease. The drugs with effects of activating blood circulation and dredging the meridians, tonifying liver and kidney were recommended for the treating.

Cloning and expression analysis of PlERG24 gene in ergosterol biosynthesis of Phellinus linteus / 中草药

Objective: To clone the gene full length of ergosterol C14 reductase (ERG24) in Phellinus linteus and analyze its bioinformatics and expression pattern. Methods: The primers of PlERG24 were designed according to the transcription sequence of P. linteus, the cDNA full-length sequence of PlERG24 was obtained by PCR, its bioinformatics was analyzed by Ex PASy and other online analysis software, and its expression pattern in mycelia of P. linteus was analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results: The full-length cDNA of PlERG24 gene was 1 412 bp, which encoding a protein of 441 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 49 358.61 and isoelectric point of 5.28; ERG24 protein was a hydrophobic protein without signal peptide, which was presumably located in the plasma membrane with six phosphorylation sites. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that amino acid sequences of ERG24 in P. linteus were genetically closely related to ERG24 in Sanghuangporus baumii. The qRT-PCR results showed that gene expression of PlERG24 reached the highest level of 6.36 at 25d during the growth cycle of mycelia in P. linteus. Conclusion The full length of PlERG24 gene was obtained, which lays a foundation for further studies on gene function and genetic regulatory mechanism of ergosterol biosynthesis.

Structure and application of Ganoderma polysaccharide peptide GL-PPSQ2 / 中草药

Objective To study the structure of active polysaccharide peptide purified from Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract, and used as a reference substance for the determination of polysaccharide peptide content in G. lucidum products. Methods GL-PPSQ2 was obtained by hot water extraction, separation and purification with membrane ultrafiltration and gel-filtration chromatography. The physicochemical determination and spectral date were used for structural identification. The content of polysaccharide peptide was detected by HPLC with UV detector, water was used as mobile phase and the flow rate was 1 mL/min. Results GL-PPSQ2 was a pure polysaccharide peptide with purity above 97%, molecular weight of 5.0 × 104, polysaccharide content of 87.17%, and yield of 0.49%. The monosaccharides composition analysis showed that GL-PPSQ2 was glucose-based polysaccharide with a small amount of mannose, which contained 16 kinds of amino acids with the total amount of amino acids of 5.04%. Based on the methylation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, the repeating unit of GL-PPSQ2 was composed of →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→backbone, with four repeating units connected a long chain branch at O-6 which was composed of α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)- β-D-Glcp-(1→ and →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ in sequence. Conclusion The active polysaccharide peptide was isolated and purified by membrane technology and gel chromatography. The method was simple and rapid, which provided a scientific basis for the quality control of polysaccharide peptide in G. lucidum extract and its products.

Effect of Isaria felina on immune function of immunosuppressed mice / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the effects of Isaria felina (IF) on immune function in mice with immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide. Methods: The kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, positive group (lentinan, 200 mg/kg), high, medium, and low dose groups of IF (400, 200, 100 mg/kg). Except for the control group, the other five groups were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide to establish an immunosuppression mouse model. The drug was administered once a day for a total of 10 d. Then the body mass growth, liver index, thymus index, spleen index and blood routine indexes were examined; The carbon profile method and the delayed immune response (DTH) was used to determine the non-specific immune function and the cellular immune function in mice; The content of TNF-α in serum of mice was determined by double antibody sandwich ELISA. Results: Compared with the control group, the growth value of body mass, spleen index, white blood cells, red blood cells and other blood routine indexes, phagocytic index, plantar thickness difference and TNF-α content of model group were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), which suggested that the establishmeng of immunocompromised mouse models induced by cyclophosphamide was successful. Compared with the model group, spleen index, white blood cells, red blood cells and other blood routine indexes, phagocytic index, plantar thickness difference and TNF-α content in each dose group of IF were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: I. felina has immunoprotective effects on mice with immunodeficiency induced by cyclophosphamide.

Study on growth and metabolites accumulation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium by cadmium stress / 中草药

Objective: To study the effects of cadmium stress on mycelial growth and accumulation of metabolites in Ganoderma lucidum, and to explore the mechanisms affecting growth and accumulation of metabolites, and to provide evidence for controlling cadmium in the production and cultivation of G. lucidum. Methods: The mycelium of G. lucidum was cultured under the conditions of heavy metal ion cadmium concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 4, 10, and 40 mg/L, and its biomass accumulation, intracellular ROS level, membrane oxidative damage, anti-oxidant enzyme activity, and ROS regulation related enzyme expression were analyzed. Results: When the concentration of cadmium reached 4 mg/L, the mycelial growth was inhibited. The levels of intracellular ROS, H2O2, and MDA increased significantly, increasing by 76%, 46% and 325%, respectively, and increased with the increase of cadmium concentration; The NADPH expression levels of oxidase gene (NOXA), superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1 and SOD4), and CATalase gene (CAT) were significantly up-regulated. When the cadmium concentration reached 10 mg/L, the inhibitory effect was significant. The colony growth diameter and the dry weight inhibition rate of fermentation mycelium were 26.15% and 32.78%, respectively. The total triterpenoid inhibition rate of G. lucidum was 33.7%, and the inhibition rate of total protein synthesis was 30.3%. Inhibition of polysaccharides was not significant. When the cadmium concentration reached 40 mg/L, the expression levels of Ascorbate peroxidase gene (APX) and Glutathione peroxidase gene (GPX) were significantly up-regulated. With the increase of cadmium concentration, the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, and GPX increased first and then decreased. When the concentration of cadmium reached 1 mg/L, the activity of GPX decreased and the activity of APX increased significantly. Exogenous addition of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and vitamin C (VC) had significant effects on cadmium-induced G. lucidum clearance of ROS and reduction of MDA content. Conclusion: Cadmium stress causes the decrease of mycelial production and metabolite accumulation of G. lucidum, which may be due to the inhibition of GPX activity by cadmium ions, resulting in the accumulation of H2O2, causing the increase of ROS level and membrane oxidative damage, inhibiting mycelial growth and accumulation of metabolites, and regulating NOX. Up-regulation of gene expression results in an increase in anti-oxidant enzyme activity and expression to increase the clearance of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the cadmium content should be controlled within the range of 1 mg/L during the production process.

Treatment of superior mesenteric artery embolism by percutaneous mechanica thrombectomy with the Solitaire FR stent system / 中国实用外科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technical feasibility,safety,and clinical outcome of mechanical thrombectomy with Solitaire FR stent system for embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery(SMA).METHODS: The clinical data of 6 patients with embolic occlusion of the SMA treated by mechanical thrombectomy with Solitaire FR stent system between January 2015 and June 2018 in Binzhou City People's Hospital were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS: Superior mesenteric artery occlusion was initially diagnosed by computed tomography(CT)in all patients.A successful thrombus removal of superior mesenteric arterial by Solitaire FR stent system was observed in the 6 patients.Five patients had recovered well after operation and no complications such as artery dissection,perforation and hemorrhage or intestinal ischemia.One patient underwent bowel resection.CONCLUSION: The arterial mechanical thrombectomy with solitaire FR stent system are characterized with high rate of recanalization,fine security,minimal invasion and less complications in patients with acute superior mesentericvarterial embolism.

Transcriptomic analysis in Anemone flaccida rhizomes reveals ancillary pathway for triterpene saponins biosynthesis and differential responsiveness to phytohormones / 中国天然药物

Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt is a perennial medicinal herb that contains pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins as the major bioactive constituents. In China, the rhizomes are used as treatments for a variety of ailments including arthritis. However, yields of the saponins are low, and little is known about the plant's genetic background or phytohormonal responsiveness. Using one-quarter of the 454 pyrosequencing information from the Roche GS FLX Titanium platform, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify 157 genes putatively encoding 26 enzymes involved in the synthesis of the bioactive compounds. It was revealed that there are two biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins in A. flaccida. One pathway depends on β-amyrin synthase and is similar to that found in other plants. The second, subsidiary ("backburner") pathway is catalyzed by camelliol C synthase and yields β-amyrin as minor byproduct. Both pathways used cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYPs) and family 1 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) to modify the triterpenoid backbone. The expression of CYPs and UGTs were quite different in roots treated with the phytohormones methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. This study provides the first large-scale transcriptional dataset for the biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins and their phytohormonal responsiveness in the genus Anemone.

Antibacterial mechanisms of ethyl acetate extract from endophytic fungi Alternaria alternata against Staphylococcus aureus / 中草药

Objective To investigate the effect of ethyl acetate extract (B06e) from fermentation liquid of an endophytic fungus Alternaria spp. on the cell membrane integrity and the permeability of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of B06e against S. aureus was measured by double dilution method; The changes of electric conductivity of bacterial culture, A260 and A280 before and after treated by B06e were analyzed, respectively. Besides, the changes of cell membrane permeability before and after by B06e was measured by flow cytometry. The effect of B06e on the cell membrane structure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results The results showed that MIC value of B06e against S. aureus was 50 μg/mL. The conductivity of 3 × MIC treatment group was 1.06 times of the value of the control group; after treatment of B06e, the values of A260 and A280 were significantly higher than those of the control group: The beta-galactosidase activity of 3 × MIC treatment group was 9.43 times more than the value of the control group; Flow cytometry analysis showed that 3 × MIC treatment group by propidium iodide (PI) staining of positive cells was 47.63 times more than the control group; SEM and FT-IR analysis showed that the structure of bacterial cell changed after B06e treatment. Conclusion B06e can kill S. aureus cell by increasing the permeability of its cell membrane and destroy cell membrane integrity.

Cloning and expression analysis of GlPS1, GlPS2 gene in Glehnia littoralis / 中草药

Objective: To clone the full-length cDNA sequences of psoralen synthase (PS) genes from Glehnia littoralis so as to perform the bioinformatic and expression pattern analysis. Methods: Based on our previous transcriptome sequencing data of G. littoralis, the gene sequences GlPS1 and GlPS2 with high expression level were screened. The 3’cDNA ends of GlPS1 and GlPS2 genes were cloned by the RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) method and the full-length cDNA of genes were assembled by using DNAMAN software. And then encoded GlPS proteins were analyzed by the bioinformatics tools. The issue specific expression of GlPS1 and GlPS2 genes were detected using qPCR. Results: The full-length cDNA of GlPS1 gene was 1 885 bp, which encoding a protein of 495 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 55 740.7 and isoelectric point of 8.28; The full-length cDNA of GlPS2 gene was 1 971 bp, which encoding a protein of 502 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 56 363.9 and isoelectric point of 6.62. GlPS1 and GlPS2 proteins belong to the cytochrome P450 superfamily, which share one transmembrane zone acting as hydrophilic protein. Phylogenetic analysis showed GlPS1 and GlPS2 were genetically closely related to the PS of Pastinaca sativa, Apium graveolens, Ammi majus. Higher expression of GlPS1 gene was observed in roots than leaves. However, GlPS2 gene was expressed at a relatively higher level in flowers than in roots. Conclusion: The full-length cDNA of GlPS1 and GlPS2 genes were obtained and the expression patterns were explored in G. littoralis for the first time, which provided a foundation for further studies on gene function and genetic regulatory mechanism of GlPS.

Fractionation, structural characterization, and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum / 中草药

Objective To extract, separate, and purify polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum with alkali from the residue after water extraction, characterize the basic physicochemical properties and structural features in detail, and study the immunomodulatory activity in vitro. Methods The polysaccharide LZJ-015 was isolated and purified from the dry fruiting bodies of G. lucidum by alkaline extraction and ethanol precipitation following Q-Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange chromatography column. Monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of LZJ-0.15 was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with PMP precolumn derivatization and high performance gel permeation chromatography-multiple angle laser (HPGPC-MALLS), respectively. The detailed structure of polysaccharide LZJ-0.15 was characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and 1H-13C HSQC spectrum. The immunomodulatory activity of G. lucidum polysaccharide was test by RAW264.7 cells phagocytose neutral red experiment. Results The molecular weight, molecular radius, and Mw/Mn of LZJ-0.15 were determined to be 24 700, 46.6 nm, and 1.019, respectively. The monosaccharide composition was confirmed to be mainly composed of glucose (92.3%). LZJ-0.15 was →3) Glc (β1→and→6) Glc (β1→linked glucan indicated by NMR spectrum. Moreover, G. lucidum polysaccharide exhibited good immunomodulatory activity in our study. Conclusion G. lucidum polysaccharide LZJ-0.15 from alkaline extraction showed better immune activity than the polysaccharide extracted from water, which would be potentially developed as an effective immunomodulatory agent.

Lanostane triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum and its activities. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified from the 95% ethanol extract of G. lucidum by silica gel CC, MPLC, HPLC, and so on. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase compared with those of the positive control acarbose. Results: A total of 11 lanostane triterpenoids were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of G. lucidum and identified as ganoderanol A (1), ganoderic acid H (2), ganoderic acid AM1 (3), ganoderic acid D (4), methyl ganoderate D (5), ganolucidic acid E (6), 11α-hydroxy-3,7-dioxo-5α-lanosta-8,24 (E)-dien-26-oic acid (7), ganoderenic acid D (8), lucidenic acid A (9), methyl lucidenate F (10), and lucidenic acid B (11). Conclusion: Among them, compound 1 is a new compound. Additionally, compounds 1 and 5 show moderate inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase.

Molecular cloning and characterization of an inorganic phosphate transporter protein encoding gene in Polyporus umbellatus / 中草药

Objective To clone an inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) gene from Polyporus umbellatus and perform the bioinformatics and expression mode analysis. Methods Using RT-PCR.to clone the full-length cDNA of PiT. The characteristics of physiochemical properties, conserved domains, signal peptide and transmembrane domain of the predicted PiT protein were determined by using bioinformatic tools. Results A inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) gene (NCBI: KU179154), designated as PuPiT, was cloned from Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia by RT-PCR. The full open reading frame cDNA sequence of PuPiT was 1 590 bp, encoding a putative PiT protein with 530 amino acids with a molecular weight of 57 552, and a theoretical pI of 6.82. The amino acids possess 12 membrane-spanning domains. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that PuPiT had the highest similarity with PiT from Moniliophthora rorer, and had high similarity with Moniliophthora roreri, Laccaria bicolor, and Heterobasidion irregulare. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that PuPiT expressed in both the symbiotic part and non-symbiotic part. Meanwhile, the expression of PuPiT in the symbiotic part was significantly up-regulated, about 12 times more than that in the non-symbiotic part. This result showed that PuPiT might play an important role in the Pi accumulating. Conclusion Molecular cloning and characterization of the novel PuPiT gene will be useful for further functional determination of the gene involving in phosphorus translocation regulation and symbiotic process.

Tetrastichus giffardianus on pupae of Anastrepha in Brazil / Tetrastichus giffardianus em pupas de Anastrepha no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is recorded for the first time parasitizing Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae ) in fruits of umbu-cajazeira Spondias sp. (Anacardiaceae) in Brazil.

RESUMO: Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é registrado pela primeira vez parasitando Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em frutos de umbu- cajazeira Spondiassp. (Anacardiaceae) no Brasil.

Determinación de IgG contra Chlamidya trachomatis en mujeres con artritis de la Ciudad de Bogotá D.C. Un estudio piloto / Determination of IgG in women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and reactive- arthritis from Bogota, Colombia: a pilot study

Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de IgG contra C. trachomatis en mujeres entre 18 a 30 años con diagnóstico de artritis de la ciudad de Bogotá D.C. Métodos. Los grupos de estudio están compuestos por un grupo de casos AR (mujeres con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide y reactiva) y un grupo control. Se obtuvieron muestras de suero y se realizó la determinación cuantitativa de IgG contra C. trachomatis, la determinación PCR (proteína C reactiva) y FR (factor reumatoide). Resultados. Las variables de talla y peso descritas en la población de estudio, muestran un comportamiento homogéneo, por lo cual no interfieren en los resultados obtenidos. Las medias se compararon por los test Mann Whitney y t test no pareado. El porcentaje de resultados positivos en la determinación cualitativa de PCR fueron de: 36,6% para el grupo de casos y 14,5% para el grupo control. En la determinación cualitativa de FR el porcentaje de resultados positivos fueron: 48,8% para el grupo de casos y 5,3% para el grupo control. Finalmente, el porcentaje de resultados positivos en la determinación de anticuerpos IgG específicos contra C trachomatis fue de 2,4% para el grupo de casos y 22,4% para el grupo de controles. Las variables de PCR y FR mostraron mayor frecuencia de resultados positivos en el grupo de casos, en comparación con el grupo control, lo cual se correlaciona con la existencia de procesos inflamatorios propios del desarrollo de artritis. Sin embargo el grupo control presentó mayor frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG específicos contra C. trachomatis en comparación con el grupo de casos. Estos resultados hacen necesario evaluar a futuro, el comportamiento de las pacientes del grupo control con resultados positivos de IgG contra C. trichomatis que permitirían observar una posible aparición de síntomas relacionados con artritis.

Objective. Evaluate the presence of IgG in women infected with C. trachomatis, and diagnosed with arthritis, aged 18-30 years, in Bogota, Colombia. Methods. This project is composed of two study groups: Firstly, female cases diagnosed with rheumatoid reactive-arthritis and secondly, a control group. Quantitative determination of IgG in serum samples from patients with C. trachomatis. Were determined also, PCR determination (C reactive protein) and RF (rheumatoid factor) were performed. The statistical analysis included the comparison of means, using Mann Whitney and unpaired t test. Results. Patient samples that were positive by PCR: 36.6% for the female case group, and 14.5% for the control group. In the qualitative determination of RF positives, results were: 48.8% for the case group and 5.3% for the control group. Finally, the percentages of positive results for IgG antibodies determination against C. trachomatis were: 2.4% for the case group and 22.4% for the control group. PCR and FR variables showed higher frequency of positive results in the female case group compared with the control group, which correlates with the presence of inflammatory processes, where it is typical in the development of arthritis. However, the control group had increased frequency of specific IgG antibodies against C. trachomatis, when it is compared with the case female group. These results need to be evaluated in the future, where, the control group that tested positive for IgG against C. Trachomatis, would allow to observe the possible apparition of symptoms related to arthritis.

Genomic Analysis of Fungal Species No.11243 Mutant Strains Provides Insights into the Relationship between Mutations and High Productivity.

Aims: FR901469 is a novel antifungal antibiotic produced by fungal species No.11243. Although we have several FR901469 high-producing mutant strains, the mechanism of high productivity is unclear. This study aims to unravel the relationship between mutations and FR901469 productivity. Methodology: We performed genome sequence analysis of mutant strains and detected mutated genes. Subsequently, we classified mutated genes into functional categories and searched the categories in which mutated genes were accumulated as generations progressed. Results: We found that genome regions of two scaffolds were amplified and one of those contained putative FR901469 biosynthesis gene cluster. Moreover, we detected totally 396 mutated genes from 14 mutant strains and the genes within the “Replication, recombination and repair”, “Signal transduction mechanisms” and “Transcription” categories accumulated this mutation. Conclusion: Our study suggests that productivity improvement occurs via the following two mechanisms: the amplification of putative FR901469 biosynthesis gene cluster and mutations of genes categorized as “Replication, recombination and repair”, “Signal transduction mechanisms” and “Transcription”.

Comparing study on the hyoid bone position after treatment of class Ⅲ malocclusion using improved appliance FR Ⅲ / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aims to compare the changes of hyoid bone position before and after treatment of Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion using improved appliance FR Ⅲ.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion were chosen and divided into two groups, namely, experimental and control. Each group had 20 patients. The young patients in the experi-mental group were treated using improved appliance FR Ⅲ, whereas those in the control group were treated using classic appliance FR Ⅲ. The hyoid bone position of the two groups were comparatively analyzed using an X-ray film before and after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the condition before treatment, the condition after treatment showed that the hyoid bone position of young patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion treated using improved appliance FR Ⅲ, H-FH, H-S, H-Ptm, and Ar-H-Me exhibited an increased angle (P<0.01), whereas the hyoid bone position of those treated using H-MP and H-Gn showed a decreased angle (P<0.01). The hyoid bone position of young patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion treated using classic appliance FR Ⅲ, H-FH, H-S, and H-Ptm had an increased angle (P<0.05). Moreover, the hyoid bone position of those treated using Ar-H-Me had an increased angle (P<0.01), and the hyoid bone position of those treated using H-MP and H-RGn had a decreased angle (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Compared with the hyoid bone position before treatment, the hyoid bone position after treatment of the young patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion treated using improved appliance FR Ⅲ may move backward and downward, and the mandibular and hyoid bone position may move through clockwise rotation. The mandibular and hyoid bone position of young patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion treated using classic appliance FR Ⅲ obtained a large angle by moving clockwise. The man-dibular bone moves backward and downward, thereby improving the hyoid bone in backward and upward directions. This condition makes a significant difference in treating the hyoid bone position of young patients with functional Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion.
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Induction of human MCF-7 breast cancer cell apoptosis by Inonotus obliquus and study on its mechanism / 中草药

Objective: To study the induction of human MCF-7 breast cancer cell apoptosis by inotodiol isolated from Inonotus obliquus, a traditional Chinese medicinal fungi. Methods: Inotodiol was isolated from the crude ethanol extract of I. obliquus and purified. Inotodiol at different concentration and human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line were co-incubated. Relative cell viabilities were determined by MTT method; apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V/PI dual staining with flow cytometry; The protein expression levels of Caspase-3 and Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) were detected by Western blotting. Results: Inotodiol reduced the viability of MCF-7 cells dose-and time-dependently. Moreover, inotodiol induced the apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. The data of Western blotting showed that inotodiol up-regulated the expression levels of cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP, in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion: Inotodiol could induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, which provides novel information for clinical application of inotodiol and its preparations for the breast cancer patients.