Squatting Facets and Trochlear Extensions of Talus Bone in Indian Population

Introduction:The talus is a tarsal bone articulated with the tibia, fibula, navicular, and calcaneus bones to form supratalar, pretalar, and subtalar joints, respectively. A squatting facet is a kind of anomaly that forms on the surfaces where the tibia and talus articulate. The squatting facet states the daily activities and living style of society. Squatting is described as the hyperflexion of the hip and the knee and the movement of hyperdorsiflexion between the leg and the ankle. Materials and Methods: In the present cross‑sectional study, 600 dry adult human tali were taken from the osteology laboratory in the Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, UP, Lucknow. Each talus was examined for the presence of various patterns of articular facets on the neck of the talus and extensions of its trochlear surface. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, as reference code: 121 ECMIIA/P3. Results: In our study, we observed that the lateral, medial, and combined squatting faces are 282 (47.64%), 49 (8.28%), and 22 (3.72%), respectively. Lateral, medial, and continuous trochlear extensions are 126 (21.12%), 120 (20.58%), and 31 (5.36%), respectively, in the Indian population. Conclusion: Modifications of the neck of the talus (squatting facets and trochlear extensions) are the result of prolonged squatting positions, which is a common habit of the Indian population, and incidences of these variations can be used as an anthropological marker for racial and regional differentiation of unidentified bones.

Faces emocionais e sua influência no direcionamento da atenção compartilhada, uma revisão sistemática / Emotional faces and their influence on directing joint attention, a systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e analisar estudos internacionais que façam uma investigação a respeito do foco da atenção, da atenção compartilhada e sua relação com faces emocionais. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com base nas diretrizes do método PRISMA. As bases PubMed e PsycInfo (APA) foram utilizadas para a identificação dos estudos, com base nos descritores em inglês: "joint attention", "attentional network", "gaze", "emotion" e "experimental", combinados com o booleano AND. Resultados: Foram localizados 249 artigos; desses, 223 foram excluídos no processo de seleção e 26 foram lidos na íntegra e selecionados como elegíveis para compor essa amostra. A atenção compartilhada tem um importante papel no desenvolvimento infantil, repercutindo até a fase adulta. Na atenção compartilhada, não apenas o foco da atenção é compartilhado, mas também os objetivos imediatos e de curto prazo, fornecendo dados a respeito das intenções em relação a outros objetos e pessoas no ambiente. Mudanças físicas no rosto, como mudanças de olhar, desempenham um papel na classificação de confiança. Quando o contato visual acontece, ele modula os circuitos neurais relacionados à recompensa, que são expressos quando rostos agradáveis são apresentados. Conclusão: A atenção compartilhada recebe influência das expressões faciais esboçadas por outro sujeito. Os estímulos agradáveis (felizes) são respondidos mais rapidamente do que os estímulos raivosos, isso porque há uma ativação dopaminérgica ativada por esses estímulos, e a expressão de medo aumenta o efeito do olhar de outra pessoa em direção à atenção do observador, o que pode ser explicado por meio do aprendizado ou da seleção natural.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and analyze international studies that investigate the focus of attention, shared attention and its relationship with emotional faces. Methods: A systematic review was performed based on the PRISMA method guidelines. The bases: PubMed and PsycInfo (APA), were used to identify the studies, based on the descriptors in English: "joint attention", "attentional network", "gaze", "emotion" and "experimental" combined with the Boolean AND. Results: 249 articles were located, of which 223 were excluded in the selection process, 26 were read in full and selected as eligible to compose this sample. Shared attention plays an important role in child development that reverberates into adulthood. In shared attention, not only the focus of attention is shared, but also the immediate and short-term goals, providing data regarding intentions towards other objects and people in the environment. Physical changes to the face, such as changes in gaze, play a role in the confidence rating. When eye contact happens, it modulates reward-related neural circuits that are expressed when pleasant faces are presented. Conclusion: Shared attention is influenced by facial expressions outlined by another subject. Pleasant (happy) stimuli are responded to more quickly than angry stimuli, because there is a dopaminergic activation activated by these stimuli, and the expression of fear increases the effect of another person's gaze towards the observer's attention, which can be explained by through learning or natural selection.

Alteraciones olfativas y déficits en la capacidad del reconocimiento emocional en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo general identificar la asociación entre las alteraciones olfativas y el reconocimiento emocional en un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico de traumatismo craneoencefálico. Fue desarrollada bajo un enfoque cuantitativo con diseño no experimental, en donde fueron evaluados 10 pacientes con antecedente de trauma craneoencefálico moderado y severo junto a 10 participantes controles sin daño cerebral. Para las variables sexo, edad y escolaridad los resultados fueron muy similares entre los grupos, con edades promedio de 26 años; la población fue predominantemente masculina, y la mayoría tenía grado de educación superior. En las pruebas de reconocimiento emocional, el grupo control logró un desempeño superior al grupo de casos. Adicionalmente, el grupo control logró mejor capacidad en las pruebas olfativas que el grupo de casos. Se encontró una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre los resultados del reconocimiento emocional y la variable olfativa en el grupo de casos, lo que permite identificar el rol que estructuras del sistema cerebral topográfica y funcionalmente pueden estar participando del procesamiento; a su vez, abre perspectivas de estudios a futuro, en especial a modelos de intervención en los grupos clínicos con afectación por el traumatismo craneoencefálico.

The general objective of this study was to "identify the association between emotional recognition and olfactory alterations in a group of patients with SCD". It was developed under a quantitative approach with nonexperimental design, in which 10 patients with a history of moderate and severe cranioencephalic trauma were evaluated along with 10 control participants without brain damage. For the variables sex, age and schooling the results were very similar among the groups, with average ages of 26 years, the population was predominantly male and most had higher education. In the tests of emotional recognition the control group achieved a superior performance to the group of cases. In addition, the control group achieved better capacity in olfactory tests than the group of cases. A statistically significant correlation was found between the emotional recognition results and the olfactory variable in the group of cases, which allows the identification of the role that topographic and functional brain system structures may be involved in processing; In turn, it opens prospects for future studies especially to intervention models in clinical groups affected by head trauma.

Psychometric properties of the FACES IV package for Spanish adolescents

The family plays an essential role in the life of an adolescent. Hence, an acceptable understanding and an evaluation of family functioning is fundamental for effective interventions with adolescents in the psychological, social, and educational fields. The main purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES IV), the Family Communication Scale (FCS), and the Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS), for assessing the family functioning of Spanish adolescents. The sample was comprised of 1187 adolescents between 14 ?18 years old (49.96% boys and 50.04% girls; M = 16.17; SD = 1.31) from Castile and Leon (Spain), selected from 23 educational centers, 10 university degree courses, and 18 specific juvenile centers for adolescents with either family or behavioral problems. The scales of Balanced Cohesion, Balanced Flexibility and Disengaged showed good convergent validity, while Enmeshed, Rigid, and Chaotic did not. For this reason some items were removed, obtaining a shortened version of FACES IV, that demonstrated acceptable reliability, and good convergent and predictive validity. The FCS and FSS scales yielded excellent psychometric properties. The results confirmed the factorial structure of the FACES IV, its transcultural applicability, and its validity for different ages. The hypotheses of the circumplex model were confirmed, except for the dysfunctionality of two scales, Enmeshed and Rigid, that contrary to what was expected, showed positive correlations with Family Communication, Family Satisfaction, Balanced Cohesion, and Balanced Flexibility. In brief, our results present the FACES IV package as a useful instrument for the assessment of family functioning of Spanish adolescents. Future studies will be necessary to confirm the trend observed for the two aforementioned scales among adolescents. (AU)

Eye tracking studies related to social attention deficits in autism spectrum disorders / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders.Impaired social functioning is a core characteristic of individuals with ASD.Social attention deficits are important manifestation of their impaired social functioning.And it mainly reflected in the gaze on faces and social interactions.Eye movement technology is an objective and sensitive non-invasive measurement tool.Its application makes the measurement of individual core characteristics of ASD more accurate and objective.A review of recent studies revealed that the type of eye-movement stimuli for social attention in patients with AD gradually shifted from face image processing to social interaction scenes, and developed from static presentation to dynamic presentation.Dimensional embodiment of the progress of eye-movement studies of social attention in individuals with ASD.These studies suggest that individuals with ASD are less likely to gaze at the face region and the eye region of the face.More studies are currently using eye-tracking technology, and the analysis of emotional face gaze reveals that, the reduction in eye gaze in individuals with ASD is due to the discomfort associated with threatening faces.These findings validate the " gaze aversion" hypothesis regarding impaired social attention in individuals with ASD.Related neural mechanism studies have found a general lack of attention to social cues in the environment in individuals with ASD.Brain regions such as the amygdala, cingulate gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and anterior insula are associated with social attention in individuals with ASD.Especially with the superior temporal sulcus, the dorsal and ventral sides of the anterior insula, and so on.Future research should explore the cognitive neural mechanisms of social attention deficits in ASD, and the application of advanced information technology, such as eye-tracking technology, in the rehabilitation of patients with ASD.

Construcción y validación del Repositorio de Expresiones Faciales Emocionales Colombianas / Design and validation of the Colombian Repository of Emotional Facial Expressions

Resumen Los rasgos fenotípicos afectan la respuesta hacia los rostros emocionales. En Colombia, no se ha construido y validado un banco de imágenes de rostros emocionales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue construir y validar un banco de fotografías de rostros emocionales colombianos (alegría, ira, tristeza, miedo, asco, sorpresa y expresión neutral/descanso), a través de una metodología similar a la utilizada en el diseño de otros bancos de expresiones emocionales. El estudio se llevó a cabo con 80 participantes (43 mujeres), a los cuales se les presentó cada una de las 70 expresiones emocionales del Repositorio de Expresiones Faciales Emocionales Colombianas (REFEC). A partir de estudios previos en este campo se tomaron como índices de validez el porcentaje de acierto y el coeficiente de kappa de Fleiss (grado de concordancia entre evaluadores). Además, se midió el tiempo de reacción como índice de demanda cognitiva para el reconocimiento de la expresión emocional. Los resultados muestran un porcentaje de acierto superior al de otros bancos de estímulos de expresiones emocionales y un índice de concordancia bueno/excelente (similar al de otros instrumentos). En conjunto, los resultados sugieren que el REFEC es un banco de imágenes de expresiones faciales emocionales válido para su uso en población colombiana.

Abstract Phenotypic traits affect the response to emotional faces. In Colombia, an image bank of emotional faces has not been built and validated. The objective of this study was to build and validate a bank of photographs of Colombian emotional faces (joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise and neutral expression/rest), through a methodology similar to that used in the design of other banks of emotional expressions. The study was carried out with 80 participants (43 women), to whom each of the 70 emotional expressions of the Repository of Colombian Emotional Facial Expressions (REFEC) was presented. From previous studies in this field, the percentage of correctness and the Fleiss kappa coefficient (degree of agreement between evaluators) were taken as validity indices. Additionally, reaction time was measured as an index of cognitive demand for the recognition of emotional expression. The results show a percentage of correctness higher than that of other stimulus banks of emotional expressions and a good / excellent concordance index (similar to that of other instruments). Together, the results suggest that REFEC is a valid image bank of emotional facial expressions for use in the Colombian population.

Variables clínicas asociadas a Adaptabilidad y Cohesión familiar en pacientes con lesión medular / Clinical variables associated with Family Adaptability and Cohesion in patients with spinal cord injury

Antecedentes: Vivir con una persona portadora de lesión medular afecta al entorno y su medio, sobre todo por el grado en que el paciente depende de los familiares. El presente estudio, descriptivo comparativo, examinó la asociación entre las variables clínicas y adaptabilidad y cohesión familiar en pacientes con Lesión Medular. Método: Se utilizó la Escala de evaluación de la cohesión y la adaptabilidad familiar de D. Olson - FACES III. La muestra estuvo constituida por 100 pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, en su mayoría varones (77%). Resultados: No se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas de cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar en cuanto a las variables clínicas (etiología de la lesión, nivel de la lesión, tipo de lesión y tiempo de evolución). Se encontró un tamaño del efecto pequeño en cuanto a adaptabilidad familiar y tiempo de evolución de la lesión (d = 0.36). Conclusión: Inicialmente, las familias, que conviven con un paciente con lesión medular, presentan dificultades respecto a la cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar. Sin embargo, al transcurrir el tiempo, las familias tienden a adaptarse a una nueva condición.

Background: Living with a person with a spinal cord injury affects the family environment and context, especially due to the degree to which the patient depends on the family members. The present study, descriptive and comparative, examined the association between the clinical variables to family functioning in patients with Spinal Cord Injury. Method: The sample was constituted by 100 patients of the National Institute of Rehabilitation, most were males (77%). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in family cohesion and adaptability in terms of clinical variables (etiology of the lesion, level of the lesion, type of lesion and time of evolution). A small effect size was found in terms of family adaptability and time of evolution of the lesion (d = 0.36). Conclusion: Initially, families, who live with a patient with spinal cord injury, present difficulties regarding family cohesion and adaptability. However, as time goes by, families tend to adapt to a new condition.

Dados normativos de um conjunto de faces do Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces em uma amostra brasileira / Normative data of a faces set from Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces in a Brazilian sample / Datos normativos de un conjunto de caras de Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces en una muestra brasileña

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter dados normativos de um conjunto de faces do Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) em uma amostra brasileira. Para isso foi utilizada uma amostra não probabilística (por conveniência) de 100 participantes da cidade de João Pessoa-PB. Esses tinham idades entre 18 e 62 anos (M=21,6; DP=6,2), a maioria do sexo feminino (76%). Os resultados mostraram que os participantes obtiveram um percentual de acerto médio de 76,2%, de modo que expressões de Alegria (94.7%) e Surpresa (90.3%) foram as emoções mais facilmente identificáveis e Medo (40.65%) a mais difícil. Em relação às medidas de intensidade e valência, Nojo seguida de Surpresa obtiveram classificações mais intensas, e Alegria foi a única emoção com valência positiva alta. Esses achados foram bastante similares com àqueles relatados em pesquisas anteriores, fornecendo normas subjetivas de classificação mais adequadas às características da população brasileira.

The goal of this research was to obtain normative data of set of faces from Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) in a Brazilian sample. It was used a non-probabilistic sample (convenience sample) of 100 participants from the city of João Pessoa-PB. Age ranged from 18 to 62 years (M=21.6, SD=6.2), in which the majority was female (76%). Results showed that participants achieved a mean hit rate of 76.2%, and expressions of joy (94.7%) and surprise (90.3%) were the easiest emotions to identify and fear (40.65%) the most difficult. Regarding the measures of intensity and valence, disgust and surprise obtained more intense classifications, and joy was the only emotion with high positive valence. These findings were quite similar to those reported in previous research, providing subjective norms of classification suitable to the characteristics of the Brazilian population.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener datos normativos de un conjunto de expresiones faciales del Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) en una muestra brasileña. Para ello, se utilizó una muestra no probabilística (por conveniencia) de 100 participantes de la ciudad de João Pessoa-PB. Ellos tenían edades entre 18 y 62 años (M=21,6, DP=6,2), la mayoría del sexo femenino (76%). Los resultados mostraron que los participantes obtuvieron un porcentaje de acierto promedio del 76,2%, de modo que las expresiones de Alegría (94.7%) y Sorpresa (90.3%) fueron las emociones más fáciles de identificar y Miedo (40.65%) la más difícil. Con relación a las medidas de intensidad y valencia, Asco seguida de Sorpresa obtuvieron clasificaciones más intensas, y Alegría fue la única emoción con valencia positiva alta. Estos hallazgos fueron muy similares con aquellos reportados en investigaciones anteriores, proporcionando normas subjetivas de clasificación más adecuadas a las características de la población brasileña.

Efeito Kuleshov: a influência do contexto emocional no processamento de faces / Kuleshov Effect: the influence of emotional context on face processing / Efecto Kuleshov: la influencia del contexto emocional en el procesamiento facial

Em 1920, Lev Vladimirovitch Kuleshov relatou que o contexto emocional quando justaposto à face neutra poderia afetar a percepção da face, tornando-a emocional. Na área do cinema este fenômeno foi denominado de efeito Kuleshov. A existência do efeito tem sido cientificamente questionada, e desde então, neurocientistas tentam validar o efeito Kuleshov. Neste artigo iremos sumarizar os diferentes modelos experimentais que têm sido utilizados na investigação do efeito Kuleshov e os resultados encontrados até o momento por meio do método científico; mais precisamente em pesquisas experimentais e da neurociência. Os resultados desses estudos mostram indícios do efeito Kuleshov a nível comportamental e de processamento neuronal, entretanto, nenhum estudo conseguiu comprová-lo.

In 1920, Lev Vladimirovitch Kuleshov reported that the emotional context juxtaposed with the neutral face could affect the face perception making it reported as emotional. In the cinema area, this phenomenon was denominate of Kuleshov effect. The existence of the effect is scientifically questionable, and neuroscientists are engaged in validating the Kuleshov effect. In this article we will summarize the different experimental models that have been used in the investigation of the Kuleshov effect and the results found so far through the scientific method; more precisely in experimental and neuroscience research.The results of these studies show some evidence, however, there is no complete proof of the Kuleshov effect.

En 1920, Lev Vladimirovitch Kuleshov demostró que el contexto emocional, cuando se yuxtaponía con un rostro neutro, afectaba la percepción del rostro, haciéndolo emocional. En el área del cine, este fenómeno se denominaba efecto Kuleshov. La existencia del efecto es científicamente cuestionable, y los neurocientíficos se dedican a validar el efecto Kuleshov. En este artículo resumiremos los diferentes modelos experimentales que se han utilizado en la investigación del efecto Kuleshov y los resultados encontrados hasta ahora a través del método científico; más precisamente en investigación experimental y neurociencia. Los resultados de estos estudios mostran alguna evidencia, sin embargo, no hay una prueba completa del efecto Kuleshov.

Associações entre funcionamento familiar e variáveis sociodemográficas em universitários / Associations between family functioning and sociodemographic variables in university students

A família é um sistema dinâmico e complexo influenciado por aspectos históricos, econômicos, políticos, sociais e culturais. As relações familiares, em algum grau, podem interferir nos processos de saúde e doença de seus membros, assim como a interpretação da experiência de cada indivíduo da família diante desses eventos. Avaliar o sistema familiar, assim como avaliar como ocorre sua dinâmica favorece possíveis intervenções nesse campo, podendo prevenir enfermidades e/ou sofrimento dos sujeitos que fazem parte desse sistema. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação de variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, situação ocupacional, religião e classe socioeconômica) e de caraterísticas familiares (tipo de família e presença/ausência de doença crônica) sobre a percepção de funcionamento familiar em universitários. Este estudo foi do tipo descritivo, exploratório, de corte transversal, apoiado na metodologia quantitativa e de referencial sistêmico. Os dados foram coletados em estudantes universitários de uma universidade pública do interior do Estado de São Paulo e os instrumentos utilizados foram o questionário sociodemográfico e familiar e a escala de avaliação da coesão e adaptabilidade familiar (FACES IV). A análise de dados foi realizada com o programa SPSS 25.0 e foram realizadas medidas de tendência central e de dispersão para variáveis numéricas e calculadas as porcentagens para variáveis categóricas. Para a comparação de variáveis de interesse foi utilizado um teste estatístico específico (t de Student), adotando-se nível de significância p=0,05. Participaram do presente estudo 295 estudantes universitários de cursos de graduação da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (Medicina, Ciências Biológicas/Modalidade Médica, Terapia Ocupacional, Fisioterapia, Nutrição e Metabolismo e Fonoaudiologia). A maioria dos participantes pertencia ao Estado de São Paulo (90,5%), eram do sexo feminino (82,0%), pertencente à faixa etária dos 18 a 22 anos (93,6%), com ensino superior incompleto (96,9%), sem companheiro residindo na mesma residência (99,0%), não trabalhava (61,7%), morava com a família (41,4%), tinha como principal provedor o pai consanguíneo (65,4%), pertencia à família nuclear (75,3%), não possuía membro familiar com doença crônica (73,9%), de religião católica (68%) e pertencia à classe socioeconômica A. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o funcionamento familiar e as variáveis sociodemográficas elencadas, sugerindo que, na presente amostra, o sexo, a situação ocupacional, a religião e a classe socioeconômica possuem baixo poder explicativo sobre o modo como a família opera em termos de coesão, flexibilidade e comunicação. Com parcimônia, aventa-se que esses achados podem ser explicados em função da amostra homogênea e não exposta a vulnerabilidades sociais expressivas, com aspectos protetivos que envolvem, por exemplo, a alta escolarização, o pertencimento a uma universidade pública com rígida política seletiva de ingresso e também a vinculação a configurações familiares consideradas mais tradicionais, embora tais estruturas não devam ser tomadas como sinônimos de ajustamento psicossocial ou de funcionamento emocional adequado. Para estudos futuros, recomenda-se maior diversificação da amostra, bem como instrumentos de rastreio para saúde mental, abrangendo populações mais expostas a vulnerabilidades que possam estar associadas ao funcionamento familiar, ampliando as reflexões sobre os aspectos contextuais que podem repercutir no desenvolvimento do público universitário

he family is a dynamic and complex system influenced by historical, economic, political, social and cultural aspects. Family relationships, at some degree, may interfere with the health and illness processes of their members, as well as the interpretation of each individual's family's experience of these events. Evaluating the family system, as well as evaluating how its dynamics occurs, favors possible interventions in this field, and can prevent illnesses and/or suffering of the subjects that are part of this system. The objective of this study was to verify the association of sociodemographic variables (gender, occupational situation, religion and socioeconomic class) and family characteristics (family type and presence/absence of chronic disease) on the perception of family functioning in university students. This study was descriptive, exploratory, cross - sectional, supported by the quantitative methodology and the theoretical input used was the systemic approach. Data were collected from university students of a public university in the interior of São Paulo and the instruments used were the sociodemographic and family questionnaire and the scale of evaluation of family cohesion and adaptability (FACES IV). Data analysis was performed through the SPSS 25.0 program and measurements of central tendency and dispersion were performed for numerical variables and the percentages for categorical variables were calculated. For the comparison of variables of interest, a specific statistical test (Student's t) was used, adopting significance level p=0,05. A total of 295 undergraduate students from the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo (Medicine, Biological Sciences/Medical Modality, Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy, Nutrition and Metabolism and Speech Therapy) participated in this study. Most of the participants were from the State of São Paulo (90.5%), were females (82.0%), aged 18 to 22 years old (93.6%), with incomplete higher education (96 , 9%), had no partner living in the same household (99.0%), did not work (61.7%), lived with the family (41.4%), had as main provider the consanguineous father (65.4% ), belonged to the nuclear family (75.3%), did not have a family member with chronic disease (73.9%), the family religion was Catholic (68%) and belonged to socioeconomic class A. No significant differences were found between family functioning and sociodemographic variables, suggesting that in the present sample, gender, occupational situation, religion and socioeconomic class have low explanatory power on how the family operates in terms of cohesion, flexibility and communication. With parsimony, it is pointed out that these findings can be explained by the homogeneous sample and not exposed to expressive social vulnerabilities, with protective aspects that involve, for example, high schooling, belonging to a public university with a rigid selective admission policy and also the linkage to family configurations considered more traditional, although such structures should not be taken as synonyms of psychosocial adjustment or adequate emotional functioning. For future studies, a greater sample diversification is recommended, as well as screening tools for mental health, covering populations that are more exposed to vulnerabilities that may be associated with family functioning, broadening the reflections on the contextual aspects that may affect the development of the university public

Characteristics and influencing factors of emotional face recognition on Methamphetamine depend-ence adolescents / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics and influencing factors of methamphetamine dependence adolescents’ emotional faces recognition ability. Methods Eighty-six adolescents methamphet-amine addicts and 85 healthy volunteers were tested by a self-designed questionnaire and an experiment of e-motional faces identification. Results (1)There was no significant correlation between the emotional faces recognition ability of the experimental group with their age,education level and drug time (P>0. 05). (2)The correct number of positive(32. 58 ±8. 56),neutral (32. 76±8. 06),and negative(56. 28±20. 04) emotional faces recognition in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group of positive (35. 64±3. 91),neutral(35. 47±4. 00),and negative(71. 02±8. 62) emotional faces recognition(t=-3. 00,-2. 79,-6. 24,P<0. 05). Meanwhile,the response time of positive(( 401. 32± 175. 13) ms) and negative ((502. 08±194. 42)ms) emotional faces recognition in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group of positive((300. 83±139. 48)ms) and negative((379. 91±197. 30)ms) emotional faces (t=4. 15,4. 08,P<0. 05). Nevertheless,there was no significant difference between the experimental group((400. 90±174. 21) ms) and the control group ((356. 67±156. 70) ms) in the recognition response time of neutral emotional faces (t=1. 75,P>0. 05). Conclusion Methamphetamine dependence impairs the ability of adolescents’ emotional faces recognition,and their positive and negative emotional recognition abili-ty has processing defects. The ability of methamphetamine dependence adolescents to emotional faces recogni- tion is not affected by their age,education level and time of drug uses.

Eyewitnesses memory for faces in actual criminal cases: An archival analysis of positive facial composites / Memória de testemunhas oculares para faces em casos criminais: Uma análise de arquivo de retratos falados positivos / Memoria de testigos oculares para rostros en casos criminales: Un análisis de archivo de retratos hablados positivos

Facial composites are crucial in the criminal justice system. In this archival study, we investigated the assumption that the success of facial composites depends partly on variables related to the crime, which either impairs or facilitates mnemonic processes. When a facial composite is successful in taking an offender to court it is sometimes archived as a positive facial composite, including a photo of the culprit and information about the crime. A total of 88 positive facial composites were investigated. The accuracy of facial composites was tested as a function of five variables related to the crime: type of crime, presence of weapon, retention interval, exposure duration, and disguise. Participants judged the resemblance of the perpetrators' photo with their correspondent facial composite. The results pointed out that only exposure duration was significantly associated with facial composites accuracy. Possible implications and future directions for research using archived facial composites are discussed.

Retratos falados são de extrema importância no sistema de justiça criminal. Neste estudo, nós investigamos a hipótese de que o sucesso de retratos falados depende parcialmente de variáveis relacionadas ao crime, que podem tanto facilitar quanto dificultar processos mnemónicos na elaboração de retratos falados. Quando um retrato falado obtém sucesso em levar um infrator à corte ele é comumente arquivado como um retrato falado positivo, incluindo uma foto do culpado e informações sobre o crime. Um total de 88 retratos falados positivos foram investigados. A acurácia de cada retrato falado foi testada de acordo com cinco variáveis relacionadas ao crime: tipo de crime, presença de arma, intervalo de retenção, tempo de exposição e disfarce. Participantes avaliaram a semelhança entre a foto do culpado e seu respectivo retrato falado. Os resultados apontaram que somente o tempo de exposição foi associado com a acurácia dos retratos falados. Possíveis aplicações e futuras pesquisas usando retratos falados reais são discutidos.

Retratos hablados son de suma importancia en el sistema de justicia criminal. En este estudio, se investigó la hipótesis de que el éxito de los retratos hablados depende en parte de las variables relacionadas con el delito, que pueden facilitar o dificultar los procesos mnemotécnicos en el desarrollo de los retratos hablados. Cuando un retrato hablado tiene éxito en llevar un transgresor a la justicia este es archivado como un retrato hablado positivo, incluyendo una foto del culpable y la información sobre el crimen. Se estudió un total de 88 retratos hablados positivos. La precisión de cada imagen se puso a prueba en función de cinco variables relacionadas con el crimen: tipo de delito, la presencia de armas, intervalo de retención, tiempo de exposición y el encubrimiento. Participantes evaluaron la similitud entre la imagen del culpable y su respectivo retrato hablado. Los resultados mostraron que sólo el tiempo de exposición se asoció con la precisión de retratos hablados. Se discuten las posibles aplicaciones y futuras investigaciones utilizando retratos hablados reales.

Efectos en la amplitud y la latencia del componente n170 ante la presentación de rostros emocionales de ira y miedo / Effects of the presentation of fear and anger emotional faces on the amplitude and latency of the n170 component

Resumen La discriminación de las emociones expresadas a nivel facial es importante para las relaciones sociales, la empatía y la interacción social. El objetivo de este estudio fue observar si existían diferencias en el procesamiento cortical ante dos emociones básicas, la ira y el miedo y definir si la percepción de la ira intensa genera una mayor modulación del componente N170 en amplitud y latencia en comparación con las imágenes de rostros con expresión de miedo intenso. Para este estudio se utilizó la técnica de potenciales evocados con un montaje de 32 canales. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en latencia para las imágenes de rostros que expresan ira intensa, comparados con la condición de imágenes de rostros de miedo intenso. Se encontraron diferencias tanto de la amplitud como de latencia ante imágenes de rostros de ira y miedo intensos en comparación con imágenes de rostros neutros.

Abstract The discrimination of emotions expressed by the facial expressions is important for social relationships, empathy and social interactions. The main aim of this study was to study whether there were differences in the cortical processing to two basic emotions, anger and fear, and whether the perception of intense anger generates a higher modulation in amplitude and latency of the N170 component than intense fear. The technique used was event related potentials with a 32-channel montage. We found significant differences in the latency for images of faces expressing intense anger compared to the condition of images of faces of intense fear, as well as differences in amplitude in latency in response to the presentation of neutral faces in comparison to intense anger and fear.

Análisis factorial de las escalas FACES (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales) con familias en situación de riesgo psicosocial / Factor analysis of FACES (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales) with Families at Psychosocial Risk

Resumen En este artículo se presenta un análisis factorial de las escalas FACES III con una muestra de familias en situación de riesgo psicosocial (N= 324). Los resultados no replican la estructura bidimensional original de la prueba, e indican que solo la escala de cohesión (prescindiendo de tres ítems) obtiene propiedades psicométricas aceptables en esta muestra. Las significativas relaciones de las puntuaciones de esta escala con las de otras dimensiones relevantes del microsistema familiar ofrecen algunas evidencias de la validez de esta solución. Se discute la necesidad de revisar la escala de adaptabilidad propuesta por los autores y reformularla para poder evaluar empíricamente este constructo formulado teóricamente desde el modelo circumplejo del funcionamiento familiar.

Abstract In this article a factor analysis of FACES III with a sample of families at psychosocial risk (N= 324) is presented. The original two-factor structure is not found, and only the cohesion scale (deleting three items) shows adequate psychometric properties with this sample. Significant correlations between the obtained scale and other dimensions of family dynamics (i.e., family self-esteem, parenting alliance and marital satisfaction) evidence validity. The need for reviewing and reformulating the adaptability scale proposed by the authors is discussed, in order to empirically evaluate this theoretical construct from the circumplex model of family functioning.

Test de percepción de diferencias: Estudio normativo del desempeño atencional en escolares argentinos / Perception of differences test (FACES): Normative study of attentional performance in argentine students

La atención juega un rol clave en el desempeño escolar de los niños. Numerosas investigaciones han informado que la capacidad atencional se correlaciona positivamente con las competencias de lectura, escritura y habilidades matemáticas en escolares primarios. En este marco surge la necesidad de evaluar las habilidades atencionales de los niños en el ámbito educativo con instrumentos válidos, confiables y adaptados a la población escolar. El propósito del trabajo realizado fue elaborar los datos normativos del Test de Percepción de Semejanzas y Diferencias (CARAS) y sus indicadores de desempeño atencional. Esta prueba es utilizada para evaluar la atención focalizada y sostenida y la aptitud para percibir, rápida y correctamente, semejanzas, diferencias y patrones estimulantes parcialmente ordenados. La investigaciónfue descriptiva y se empleó un diseño no experimental, seccional-transversal. El análisis se hizo con una muestra estandarizada por muestreo aleatorio estratificado de 4.462 alumnos, de establecimientos escolares públicos de nivel primario del Gran Mendoza (República Argentina) de 7 a 12 años de edad. Como resultado se obtuvieron puntuaciones correspondientes al desempeño atencional:eficacia atencional (EA), eficiencia atencional (FA) y rendimiento atencional (RA), en tiempos parciales de evaluación (t1 y t2) y tiempo total (T), según sexo y edad. Luego se determinaron las frecuencias acumuladas que posteriormente fueron transformadas a rangos percentilares. Con este tipo de estudio normativo se pretende brindar en los diferentes indicadores de desempeño atencional, una mayor precisión diagnóstica en la evaluación del mecanismo atencional en niños.

Attention plays a key role in school performance of children. Different studies have reported that the attentional capacity is positively correlated with the skills of reading, writing and math in primary school. In the teaching-learning process, a child uses different forms of attention. In one task, the child selects relevant information and inhibits the others. Perhaps, should divide his attention and switch his focus of attention between two or more sources of information, holding -intentionally- these activities for a specified time. In this context, it is important evaluate the attentional abilities of children in education with valid, reliable and adapted instruments to the school population. The main perceptual-attentional skills used in assessing attentional tasks are: perception of differences, visual discrimination, visual integration and perceptual speed. These tasks can be characterized as simple, yet include a lot of tests, which requires a relatively large time to be realized. In this way become continuous performance tasks in which the subject must locate significant stimulus to a wider set of stimuli acting distracting way. The purpose of this work was the development of normative data of performance indicators in Perception Test Similarities and Differences or FACES. This test is used to evaluate the focused and sustained attention and the ability to perceive, quickly and correctly, similarities, differences and partially ordered stimulating patterns. As a main feature, the CARAS, has 60 blocks stimuli each composed of three schematic drawings of faces (with elementary strokes representing the mouth, eyes, eyebrows and hair), one of which is different. The task is to determine the different side and cross it off. The research was descriptive and cross-sectional non-experimental design was used. The analysis was performed on a standardized sample stratified random sample of 4.462 students between 7 and 12 years of public primary schools of Mendoza (República Argentina). As a result are obtained performance attentional scores: attentional efficacy (AE), attentional efficiency (AE) and attentional yield (AY) in partial evaluation time (t1 and t2) and total time (T), for each sex and age. These attentional assessment indicators are proposed by the authors in previous work. Mathematical expressions derived from these indicators, emerged from the chronological review of the progress made in this assessment tool and the need to know more accurately the capabilities of the subjects tested. In this context, the term attentional performance is introduced as an inclusive concept of attentional efficiency, attentional efficiency and attentional yield of a subject in visual search tasks. Attentional efficiency allows to evaluate the accuracy with which a child discriminate stimuli within a series of similar stimuli; attentional efficiency (AF) is defined as the cognitive ability to regulate and optimize the attentional mechanism to select and maintain attention for an extended period of time, using minimal resources of time available. Moreover, attentional yield (AY) is the product resulting from the level of effectiveness and efficiency obtained in selection and sustained attentional task. Then, the cumulative frequencies, which were subsequently transformed to percentile ranks, were determined. With this kind of normative study is to provide, in different attentional performance indicators, greater diagnostic accuracy in assessing attentional mechanism in children. The attentional capacity is key to proper cognitive functioning, thus its evaluation is relevant for the purposes of precise diagnosis and adequate psycho-educational intervention programs that interrupt the cycle of failure and frustration helping to increase the feeling of self-efficacy in the school.

Abstinência alcoólica: implicações da síndrome na percepção binocular de profundidade ou relevo da máscara côncava / Alcohol withdrawal: syndrome implications in the binocular perception of depth or relief of concave mask / Abstinencia del alcohol: implicaciones de síndrome en percepción de profundidad binocular o relieve de máscara hueca

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar a percepção binocular da ilusão da máscara côncava em indivíduos com Síndrome de Abstinência do Álcool comparativamente aos saudáveis. Indivíduos saudáveis, com Síndrome de Abstinência do Álcool leve e com moderada, observaram com os dois olhos, a face côncava de uma boneca disposta dentro de uma caixa, a classificam como côncava ou convexa e atribuíram centímetros a sua classificação. Apenas os observadores com Síndrome de Abstinência do Álcool moderada apresentaram um déficit em realizar a inversão visual da máscara côncava, diferindo estatisticamente do grupo de observadores saudáveis. Os grupos não diferiram quanto às atribuições métricas de profundidade ou relevo à máscara côncava. Constatou-se que a máscara côncava é um instrumento efetivo na detecção de possíveis prejuízos perceptuais em indivíduos com Síndrome de Abstinência do Álcool moderada.

This research aimed to investigate the binocular perception of the hollow-mask illusion in individuals with alcohol withdrawal syndrome compared to healthy. Healthy subjects, with mild and moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome, observed with both eyes, the concave face of a doll willing inside of a box. They classified the mask as concave or convex and attributed centimeters your ranking. Only observers with moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome showed a deficit in visual inversion of the concave mask statistically different from the healthy group observers. The groups did not differ with respect to metrics assignments depth or relief with the hollow mask. It was found that the concave mask is an effective tool in detecting possible perceptual impairments in subjects with moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo investigar la percepción binocular de la ilusión de la máscara hueca en las personas con síndrome de abstinencia de alcohol en comparación con los sanos. Los individuos sanos, con síndrome de abstinencia de alcohol leve e moderado, observado con los dos ojos, la cara cóncava de una muñeca dispuestos en una caja, para clasificar como cóncava o convexa y atribuyeron centímetros su ranking. Solamente los observadores con síndrome de abstinencia de alcohol moderada mostraron un déficit en la realización de la inversión visual de la máscara cóncava, estadísticamente diferentes entre el grupo de los observadores sanos. Los grupos no mostraron diferencias con respecto a profundidad métricas asignaciones o criados con la máscara hueca. Se encontró que la máscara cóncava es una herramienta eficaz en la detección de posibles deficiencias de percepción en los individuos con síndrome de abstinencia alcohólica moderada.

Different emotion faces stimulation in patients with major depressive disorder by Event-related Potential N170 / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To investigate effects of three kinds of neutral,happy,sad emotional faces stimulus on sustained attention task using N170 in depression patients to analysis the correlation of depression in patients with depression,anxiety severity and the amplitude and latency of N170.Methods Twenty-eight patients with depression aged from 22 to 69 years (case group),and 31 healthy controls (control group) aged from 20 to 61 years were recruited for the study.Subjects were asked to perform tasks in the selection of attention following randomly presented three kinds of happy,neutral and sad emotional faces stimuli.Brain auditory evoked potential including N170 amplitude and latency were recorded during the tasks.HAMD and HAMA were used to assess the severity of depression and anxiety.Results There was significant difference between case group and control group in N170 latency by three kinds of happy,neutral and sad emotional faces stimulation in the local skull (T5,T6,O1,O2) (P＜0.05).But the difference was not significant in N170 amplitude (P＞0.05).The total score of HAMD in case group had a positive correlation with N170 amplitude by neutral facial emotion stimulation in part of T5 (r=0.443,P=0.018).Conclusion There is significant change in the initial cognitive processing of different emotional faces in the patients with depression.And the severity of depression is related to the N170 amplitude induced by the neutral emotional faces stimulation in some parts of brain.

Descripción de la estructura familiar de una muestra de pacientes con hemofilia. Comparación Argentina-México1 / Description of a Sample of Hemophilia Patients' Family Structures: A Comparison Between Argentina and Mexico

Resumen: Las enfermedades crónicas como la hemofilia rebasan los marcos institucionales sanitarios y abarcan tanto la vida cotidiana de la persona como su entorno social. Esta situación se agudiza cuando el afectado es un hijo de edad pediátrica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir y comparar la estructura de 50 familias que tienen algún miembro que padece hemofilia. Método. Participaron 50 madres y padres de pacientes pediátricos con hemofilia de diferente tipo y grado clínico (27 familias mexicanas y 23 argentinas), quienes respondieron el cuestionario FACES III en un estudio transversal exploratorio descriptivo y correlacional. Resultados. Se en contró en los índices de cohesión que el 86% de las familias presentan una estructura familiar semirrelacionada; respecto a la adaptación, el 88% presentó una estructura rígida. En la comparación entre países, no hay diferen cias significativas en los índices de cohesión; sin embargo, en cuanto a la adaptación, el 100% de las familias mexicanas, presentan una estructura rígida. Discusión. Es necesario un trabajo integral y sostenido desde la perspectiva psicológica que promueva un reequilibro saludable para mejorar la calidad de vida familiar.

Abstract: Chronic diseases such as hemophilia go beyond the containment of institutional health care systems and in volve not only a patient's personal daily life but also their social networks. This situation deteriorates when the affected patient is a child. This paper aims to describe and compare the family structure of 50 families who have a child with hemophilia. Method: The participants were 50 parents of pediatric hemophilia pa tients of different types and severity. Twenty-seven Mexican families and 23 Argentine families answered the FACES III questionnaire for a transversal, exploratory, descriptive and co-relational study. Results: Among the Argentine families, the cohesion indices indicated that 86% of the families have a semi-related structure; regar ding adaptability, 88% showed a rigid structure. Comparing countries, no significant differences were found in the cohesion indexes. For adaptability, on the other hand, 100% of the Mexican families presented a rigid structure. Discussion: We believe that to recover a healthy balance and improve family life quality, integrated and sustained psychological intervention is required.

Influence of repeatedly suprathreshold and subthreshold presentation of sad face on attention bias of college students with depressive symptoms / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the influence of repeatedly suprathreshold and subthreshold presentation of sad face on the attention bias of college students with depressive symptoms.Methods Five hundreds college students were extracted by using the cluster sampling method.The Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)and Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS)as the screening tool were applied to select the healthy control group(C),low-level depression group(B)and high-level depression group(A),20 participants in each group.Twenty neutral faces and 52 sad faces were selected from the emotional faces library researched and prepared by the Institute of Psychology of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Each face was suprathresholdly(1 000 ms)and subthresholdly(14 ms)presented four times to the participants.In the point detection task,the scores of response time,correction rate and attention bias of 3 groups to the emotional faces were recorded.Results (1)There was no statistically significant difference in the correction rate for 4 times suprathreshold and subthreshold presentations of sad faces between three groups;(2)The average response time of the fourth superathreshold and subthreshold presentation of sad faces in the group A was significantly lower than that of the first three times,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.01),but the times of sad emotional face presentation had no statistically significant difference between the group C and B(P＞0.05);(3)compared with the group C,for the suprathesholdly presented sad face,the group A had significant a main effect in the aspects of average score of attention bias and sad emotional face presentation times(F=12.032,P＜0.05;F=91.637,P＜0.05),and had a significant interaction effect among the duration and times of presentation and group types(F=16.766,P＜0.05);(4)the group A showed significant attention bias of suprathresholdly presented sad faces at first,second and third time of presentation,but lost the bias at the fourth time.Conclusion The fourth time of sad face presentation could eliminate the attention bias of college students with high-level depression.

Dysfunctional Patterns of Gamma-Band Activity in Response to Human Faces Compared to Non-Facial Stimuli in Patients with Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Healthy individuals show stronger gamma-band activities (GBAs) for socially relevant stimuli (human faces) than for non-relevant ones. This study aimed to examine whether this gamma-band preference occurs in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: EEG was recorded for 24 patients with schizophrenia and 23 healthy controls while they viewed pictures of human faces, chairs, and nature scenes. The spectral powers of high-beta (20-30 Hz) and gamma (30-80 Hz) frequencies were analyzed along 3 midline cortical regions, and phase synchronization was calculated. RESULTS: Compared to the response to non-facial stimuli, higher event related deactivation to facial stimuli was observed for the high-beta frequency across groups. For the gamma frequency, early-stage GBA was increased and late-stage GBA was decreased for all 3 stimuli in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Preferential GBA patterns (100-200 and 200-300 ms) were found in healthy controls, but not in patients with schizophrenia. Significant correlation existed between negative symptoms and GBA in the frontal region for chair and scene stimuli. There was no significant intergroup difference in phase synchronization pattern. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patients with schizophrenia have deficits in the preferential pattern of GBA for human faces and the deficits in the preferential pattern were mainly influenced by over-response to socially non-relevant stimuli.