ABSTRACT
Resumen El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia ha aumentado especialmente en universitarios. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: identificar cuáles son las drogas que están consumiendo los jóvenes y cuáles son los fundamentos de los programas de prevención. Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión narrativa de publicaciones científicas bajo criterios de estándares internacionales. Los resultados muestran énfasis en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. La marihuana, como sustancia ilegal, es la más consumida y es considerada como el canal de iniciación para el consumo de otras sustancias. En conclusión, se destacan como factores de riesgo: el ciclo vital y la facilidad de acceso; y como factores protectores: la satisfacción con la carrera y la visión positiva de futuro. Asimismo, las prácticas preventivas deben apuntar hacia tres esferas: reconocimiento de las consecuencias negativas que trae el abuso de drogas, comunicación clara, sistemática y eficiente, y fomento de la toma de decisiones acertadas de los jóvenes.
Abstract The consumption of psychoactive substances in Colombia has increased, both legal and illegal, especially in university students, if we review the national studies on consumption developed by the Colombian Drug Observatory (2016), we can conclude that not only does consumption increase, but the age of onset decreases, which also constitutes greater needs for care in specialized services for substance abuse. Research questions arise: what are the substances consumed by young university students in Colombia? What risk and protective factors are prioritized in university contexts for the prevention of substance abuse? The objectives of this research were: to identify which drugs are being consumed by young people and how the foundations of prevention programs are established. Methodologically, to carry out the present narrative review, a search was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Dialnet databases. A chain search was also performed and other studies were located using bibliographic reference lists of the studies retrieved in the primary search. This is a narrative review was carried out under criteria of international standards. The critical evaluation of the articles consisted of the complete reading of the study, its evaluation and filling of the data collection instrument. Those studies published in duplicate or found in more than one database were considered only once. Once all the sources were integrated, it was decided to organize the evidence found by cities, consumption substances, risk perception, risk and protection factors. The results show an emphasis on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana as an illegal substance is the most consumed and considered the initiation channel for other substances. After these, relatively significant use of inhalants, cocaine and LSD is shown. It is evident that the consumption of psychoactive substances presents a behavior similar to that reported by epidemiological studies, the prevalence of consumption is higher for legal substances, as well as the age of onset is lower for these. In conclusion, the following stand out as risk factors: the life cycle and ease of access; and as a protective factor: satisfaction with the career and a positive vision of the future. With this panorama, the Ministry of National Education of Colombia (MEN) (2008) proposes as a strategy to reduce academic dropout, the creation of psychological support programs for students that are focused on the identification and monitoring of people at risk of consumption of psychoactive substances. It is necessary to build campaigns within the framework of social advertising in two scenarios: one, communications conceptualized by professionals towards public awareness training; and two, prevention campaigns to focus on areas and foci of influence, sectored and atomized to specific problems, specific substances and target adopting public. Likewise, the preventive practices that must be incorporated must aim at three areas: recognition of the negative consequences of drug abuse; clear, systematic and efficient communication; and to the promotion of sound decision-making by young people.The promotion of mental health in national health systems and professional health organizations need prevention campaigns with the participation of communities. Within the limitations of this study, this article is the product of the narrative review carried out for Colombia, as it is described geographically, only characterization of three of the regions is obtained and with a strong emphasis on studies of the capital city (Bogotá ), the other two regions that are not described are areas with an active presence of illicit crops that generate a permanent relationship of the communities with the substances, and even with indigenous groups with consumption associated with their cultural identity, aspects that are not reflected by not have information on these areas.
ABSTRACT
Este artigo apresenta fatores de risco e de proteção presentes no desenvolvimento infantil, familiar e escolar de uma criança com baixo desempenho escolar. Participaram do estudo uma criança de oito anos, sua mãe e sua professora. Para a avaliação do desenvolvimento da criança, da família e da escola, foram utilizadas medidas de autorrelato, estratégias lúdicas, testes psicológicos e entrevistas. A criança apresentou boas condições emocionais e cognitivas, mas seu desenvolvimento psicomotor indicou fragilidades. No desenvolvimento familiar, foram identificadas práticas parentais de punição inconsistente e monitoria negativa. No contexto escolar, há valores condizentes com um espaço de promoção do desenvolvimento infantil, mas as práticas pedagógicas se mostram insuficientes para otimizar a aprendizagem da criança.
This article presents risk and protection factors present in the child, family and school development of a child with low school performance. The study included an eight-year-old child, her mother and her teacher. Self-report measures, playful strategies, psychological tests and interviews were used to assess the development of the child, the family and the school. The child presented good emotional and cognitive conditions, but her psychomotor development indicated weaknesses. In the family development, parental practices of inconsistent punishment and negative monitoring were identified. In the school context, there are values consistent with a space for promoting child development, but pedagogical practices are insufficient to optimize the child's learning.
Este artículo presenta factores de riesgo y protección presentes en el desarrollo del niño, la familia y la escuela de una niña con bajo rendimiento escolar. El estudio incluyó a una niña de ocho años, su madre y su maestra. Para evaluar el desarrollo de la niña, la familia y la escuela, se utilizaron medidas de autoinforme, estrategias lúdicas, pruebas psicológicas y entrevistas. La niña presentó buenas condiciones emocionales y cognitivas, pero su desarrollo psicomotor indicaba debilidades. En el desarrollo familiar, se identificaron prácticas parentales de castigo inconsistente y monitoreo negativo. En el contexto escolar, existen valores consistentes con un espacio para promover el desarrollo infantil, pero las prácticas pedagógicas son insuficientes para optimizar el aprendizaje de los niños.
ABSTRACT
A violência intrafamiliar é aquela praticada por familiares, constituindo-se em grave violação dos direitos da criança e do adolescente. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar se Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) reconhecem sinais de violência intrafamiliar, se fazem notificação, se conhecem fatores de risco e proteção e se na sua formação receberam informações sobre essas temáticas. Participaram do estudo 119 ACS que responderam três questionários. Constatou-se que os conhecimentos sobre sinais de violência, em especial, de violência sexual e psicológica, sobre notificação, sobre fatores de risco e proteção e sobre práticas parentais e habilidades sociais infantis deveriam fazer parte de cursos de capacitação dos ACS, bem como de toda a Equipe de Saúde, pelo fato de atuarem cotidianamente com as famílias no território. Conclui-se que os ACS não tiveram acesso aos conhecimentos produzidos pela psicologia do desenvolvimento infantil que poderiam orientar sua ação protetiva e preventiva junto às famílias (AU).
Domestic violence is normally practiced by relatives, constituted in serious violation of the rights of the child and the adolescent. The objective of this study was to investigate whether Community Health Agents (CHA) recognize signs of intra-family violence, if they make the notification, if they know risk and protection factors and if in their training they received information about these issues. A total of 119 ACS respond to three questionnaires. We found that knowledge about signs of violence, especially sexual and psychological violence, about notification, about risk and protection factors, and about parental practices and children's social skills should be part of CHA training courses, as well as the Health Team, because they work with families on a daily basis. It is concluded that the ACS did not have access to the knowledge produced by the child development psychology that could guide their protective and preventive action with the families (AU).
La violencia intrafamiliar es aquella practicada por familiares, constituido en grave violación de los derechos del niño y del adolescente. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si los Agentes Comunitarios de Salud (ACS) reconocen señales de violencia intrafamiliar, se hacen notificación, si conocen factores de riesgo y protección y si en su formación recibieron informaciones sobre esas temáticas. En este estudio 119 ACS respondieran a tres cuestionarios. Se constató que los conocimientos sobre señales de violencia, en especial, de violencia sexual y psicológica, notificación, factores de riesgo y protección, prácticas parentales y habilidades sociales infantiles deberían formar parte de cursos de capacitación de los ACS, así como de todo el equipo de salud, por el hecho de actuaren cotidianamente con las familias. Se concluye que los ACS no tuvieron acceso a los conocimientos da psicología del desarrollo que podrían orientar su acción proyectiva y preventiva junto a las familias (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Domestic Violence/psychology , Community Health Workers/psychology , Knowledge , Training Courses , Risk Factors , Delivery of Health Care , Psychology, DevelopmentalABSTRACT
Con la finalidad de proporcionar una mayor comprensión y caracterización de la naturaleza del burnout académico en estudiantes universitarios, se realiza una revisión del concepto, su evolución y extrapolación del contexto laboral al académico universitario, y se propone su delimitación y relación con condiciones clínicas comórbidas como depresión y ansiedad. Adicionalmente, se revisa la investigación empírica que establece relaciones del síndrome con el engagement académico, factores de riesgo y de protección, y sus consecuencias en la salud mental y en el desempeño académico de los estudiantes universitarios.
In order to provide a better understanding and characterization of the nature of academic burnout in university students, a review of the concept, its evolution and extrapolation of the work context to the university academic context is performed. It is proposed its delimitation, differentiation and relationship with comorbid clinical conditions like depression and anxiety. Additionally, this paper reviews empirical research that establishes relationships of the academic burnout with the academic engagement, risk factors and protective, and its impact on mental health and academic performance of college students.
ABSTRACT
This pilot study was an approach to determine the health outcomes (nutritional status, cognitive status, mental health and educational status), and the presence of health risk behaviors (aggressive behavior/ delinquency, hazardous/harmful drinking, substance use/abuse and tobacco use) of adolescents who have been exposed all their lives to lead. Besides, we could identify individual, familial and social factors, such as lead exposure, that were related to them. The sample included 40 adolescents (25 females and 15 males), aged 12-19 years, who participated as children in the Childhood Lead Exposure Surveillance Program (CLESP), conducted in a metallurgical area of Mexico. The 100% of the participants were reported neurologically healthy by medical clinical examination. The 15% were below 70 points of the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, higher than the expected percentage in the general Mexican population. Moreover, we detected the presence of health risk behaviors. The protective factors identified were mean cell volume, adolescent education, father education and living in an apartment. Risk factors identified were: sleep hours, mono-parental family, positive family history of substance use/abuse, residents by household, having social security, tibia bone lead, and childhood blood lead (p<0.05). The gender and exercise variables were accounted for both risk and protection. The health problems that we found were mostly related to individual factors, followed by familial and social factors. The lead exposure explained, in minor proportions, the multivariate models; however, for every 1 pg lead/g bone mineral increased in the tibia and 1 pg/dL increase in blood lead during childhood; the Perceptual Organization/Perceptual Reasoning Index and Processing Speed Index are decreased by 1.21 and 1.11~points, respectively. The detection of protective and risk factors enable the design of an intervention program as an extension of CLESP. The health of these adolescents can be improved by avoiding some risk factors and fostering protective factors at individual, family and community levels.
Este estudio piloto fue una aproximación para determinar el estado de salud (nutricional, cognitivo, salud mental y educacional) y las conductas de riesgo para la salud (agresión/delincuencia, consumo riesgoso/ dañino de alcohol, uso/ abuso de sustancias y consumo de tabaco) de adolescentes que han estado expuestos toda su vida al plomo. Se identificaron factores individuales, familiares y sociales; así como la exposición al plomo, que estuvieran relacionados con ellos. Se incluyeron 40 adolescentes (25 mujeres y 15 hombres) de 12 a 19 años de edad, quienes participaron siendo niños en el Programa de Vigilancia Infantil de Exposición a Plomo (PVIEP), conducido en un área metalúrgica de México. El 100% estaba neurológicamente sano por examen médico. El 15% obtuvo menos de 70 puntos en la Escala Total del Coeficiente Intelectual, porcentaje mayor al esperado en la población general mexicana. Además se detectó la presencia de conductas de riesgo. Los factores protectores identificados fueron volumen corpuscular medio, educación del adolescente, educación del padre y vivir en departamento. Los factores de riesgo fueron horas de sueño, familia monoparental, familia con antecedentes de uso/abuso de sustancias, número de residentes en la vivienda, tener seguridad social, plomo en tibia y plomo en sangre durante la infancia (p<0.05). El género y el ejercicio fueron variables tanto de riesgo como de protección. Los problemas de salud encontrados estuvieron mayormente asociados a factores individuales, seguidos por factores familiares y sociales. La exposición a plomo explicó en menor proporción los modelos multivariados, sin embargo, por cada 1 ug plomo/g de hueso mineral incrementado en tibia y 1 ug/dL de plomo incrementado en sangre durante la infancia, el Indice de Organización Perceptual/Razonamiento Perceptual e Indice de Velocidad de Procesamiento, disminuyeron 1.21 y 1.11 ~puntos, respectivamente. La detección de factores de riesgo y protección permitirá el diseño de un programa de intervención como parte del PVIEP. La salud de estos adolescentes puede ser mejorada aminorando algunos factores de riesgo y fomentando factores de protección, desde el nivel individual, familiar y/o comunitario.
ABSTRACT
No Brasil, a morte de jovens provocada por armas de fogo tem vitimado inúmeras famílias, exigindo ajustes no sistema familiar para lidar com a perda. Este estudo de caso teve por objetivo investigar fatores de risco e de proteção que interferiram na reorganização da família de um jovem vitimado por homicídio por arma de fogo, nos primeiros cinco anos após o episódio. Participaram da pesquisa a mãe e uma das irmãs da vítima, que responderam a um questionário de caracterização do sistema familiar e a uma entrevista semiestruturada, submetida à análise dos núcleos de sentido. Foram identificados três núcleos: os sentimentos vivenciados frente à perda, o modo como a família lidou com a situação e as mudanças decorrentes do homicídio. O estudo apontou a presença tanto de fatores de risco quanto de proteção que influenciaram as relações interpessoais e a reorganização da família do jovem.
In Brazil, the death of young adults caused by firearms has victimized many families, what requires adjustments at the family system in order to handle with the loss. This case study aimed to investigate risk and protective factors related to the reorganization of a family after the death of a young son by firearm, in the first five years after the episode. The victims mother and one of the sisters answered a questionnaire for characterizing the family system and participated in a semi-structured interview, which was submitted to the analyses of units of meaning. Three units of meaning were identified: feelings about the loss, coping with the situation, and changes in the family. The study indicated risk and protection factors that influenced family dynamics and its reorganization facing the loss.
En Brasil, la muerte de jóvenes por armas de fuego ha victimado muchas familias, exigiendo ajustes en el sistema familiar para poder enfrentar la pérdida. Este estudio de caso tuvo por objetivo investigar factores de riesgo y protección que interfirieron en la reorganización de la familia de un joven, víctima de homicidio por arma de fuego, en los primeros cinco años pasados del episodio. Participaron del estudio la madre y una de las hermanas de la víctima, que contestaron a un cuestionario de caracterización del sistema familiar y concedieron una entrevista semi-estructurada basada en el análisis de los núcleos de sentido. Fueron identificados tres núcleos: sentimientos vividos frente a la pérdida, forma como la familia actuó frente a la situación y los cambios en el sistema familiar después del episodio. El estudio mostró la presencia tanto de factores de riesgo como de protección, que influenciaron las relaciones personales y la reorganización de la familia ante la pérdida del joven.
Subject(s)
Humans , Family , Firearms , HomicideABSTRACT
El abuso de drogas legales e ilegales entre los jóvenes es un serio problema de salud pública, tanto en el ámbito internacional como en México. Ante este fenómeno se ha recomendado fortalecer las acciones preventivas que promuevan estilos de vida saludables en los jóvenes. Sin embargo, en México existen pocas iniciativas encaminadas a la prevención del consumo de drogas en jóvenes, en particular dirigidas a los universitarios, quienes constituyen uno de los segmentos de la población que se encuentra en mayor riesgo de consumir sustancias nocivas para la salud. El propósito de esta investigación fue desarrollar un taller y evaluar sus efectos preventivos sobre el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas en estudiantes universitarios, a través de proveer herramientas que aumentaran los factores protectores y disminuyeran los factores de riesgo. Dentro de los cambios más significativos producto de la intervención se encontró que el 92.5% de los estudiantes participantes presenta un cambio en todos aquellos aspectos que se relacionan con un cuidado en su salud de manera integral; el 100% de los estudiantes sugiere la presencia o significado de sufrimiento, y el 96.29% sugiere la presencia de metas y sentido de vida. Hubo una disminución de 74.07% en los factores de riesgo, y un aumento en los factores protectores de un 70.37% en los estudiantes después de haber concluido el taller preventivo. La investigación muestra la factibilidad de prevenir el consumo de drogas en estudiantes universitarios a través de inducir el cambio en la apreciación del cuidado de su salud, el sufrimiento y del sentido de vida mediante talleres que aumentan los factores protectores. De esta forma, queda patente que talleres como el ensayado en nuestro estudio ofrecen un apoyo empírico a los programas de intervención primaria.
The abuse of both legal and illegal drugs among young people has become a serious public health problem, both in the international arena as well as in Mexico. To face this phenomenon, the strengthening of preventive measures that promote healthful life styles among our youth has been recommended. In Mexico, however, few initiatives exist aimed at preventing drug consumption by young people, particularly college students, who make up one of the high-risk segments of the population regarding the use of health-endangering substances. The purpose of this research was to deliver a workshop and evaluate its preventive effects on the abuse of alcohol and other drugs on the part of college students, by means of providing them with tools for increasing protective factors and reducing risk factors. Among the most significant changes product of this intervention it was found that 92.5% of the participants modified aspects related to holistic health care; 100% of the students reported finding a meaning to suffering, whereas 96.29% confirmed having developed goals and a purpose in life upon conclusion of the workshop. Risk factors diminished by 74%, whereas protective factors increased by 70% at the end of the intervention. This research shows the feasibility of preventing drug abuse among college students by inducing a change in their appraisal of health care, suffering and purpose of life by means of workshops that increase protective factors. Thus, it becomes evident that workshops like the ones tested in our study offer empirical support to primary intervention programs.
O abuso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas entre os jovens é um grave problema de saúde pública internacional no México. Para afrontar este fenômeno tem sido recomendado reforçar as medidas preventivas destinadas a promover estilos de vida saudáveis nos jovens. No entanto, no México há poucas iniciativas destinadas a prevenir uso de drogas pelos jovens, sobretudo dirigidas a estudantes universitários, que constituem um dos segmentos da população com maior risco de consumir substâncias nocivas para a saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma oficina e avaliar seus efeitos de prevenção ao consumo de álcool e outras drogas entre estudantes universitários, fornecendo ferramentas para aumentar os fatores de proteção e diminuir os de risco. Entre os resultados mais significativos da intervenção constatou-se que 92,5% dos alunos participantes apresentam uma mudança nos aspectos relacionados com o cuidado total da saúde, 100% sugerem a presença ou o sentido do sofrimento, e 96,29% sugerem a presença de metas e propósito de vida. Nos alunos, os fatores de risco diminuíram 74,07% e os de proteção aumentaram 70,37% dos alunos após a conclusão da oficina de prevenção. A pesquisa mostra a viabilidade de prevenção ao uso de drogas entre estudantes universitários induzindo mudanças na avaliação dos cuidados de sua saúde, seu sofrimento e sentido da vida através de oficinas que aumentem os fatores de proteção. Assim, é evidente que as oficinas, como no nosso estudo, fornecem suporte empírico para programas de intervenção primários.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Students , Drug UsersABSTRACT
El objetivo de la investigación fue detectar las variables individuales y sociales que contribuyen al fortalecimiento del proceso de resiliencia en 210 adolescentes escolarizados de ambos sexos de un nivel socioeconómico bajo, residentes en la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina). La investigación permitió detectar dos grupos (resilientes- no resilientes), los cuales fueron comparados en relación a las características sociodemográficas y con las variables en estudio. Se observaron diferencias significativas en relación con auto-concepto, soporte social, inteligencia y sucesos estresantes de vida por problemas personales. El análisis realizado a través de la regresión múltiple logística indica que el autoconcepto es la variable mejor predictora de la resiliencia, seguida de soporte social y autorregulación de habilidades (cognitivas- emocionales).
The goal of this investigation was to detect individual and social variables that contribute to the strengthening of the resilience process in 210 school adolescents (male and female) of a low social-economic level residing in the City of Córdoba (Argentina). The research carried out detected two groups (resilient and non-resilient) which were compared in relation to social demographic characteristics and with variables now being study. The research found significant differences concerning self-concept, social support, intelligence and stressful situations in life due to personal problems. The analysis done through the logistic multiple regressions indicates that self-concept is the best predictable variable of resilience, followed by social support and self-regulation skills (cognitive and emotional).
ABSTRACT
A gravidez é a primeira causa de internações (66 por cento) em moças com idade de 10 a 19 anos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), e a aids tem sido responsável pelos anos potenciais de vida perdidos entre jovens. Neste estudo, buscou-se identificar a percepção dos adolescentes quanto à contaminação de HIV e aos fatores de risco relacionados à prática de sexo sem proteção. Para isso, selecionaram-se 32 adolescentes, distribuídos em dois grupos pertencentes à classe A e dois à classe D, conforme especificações da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (Abep). O método utilizado para coleta e análise dos dados foi o Grupo Focal. Os resultados apontados como causa dessa prática foram: os adolescentes têm pouca oportunidade de ter relações sexuais e não fazem uso das informações que possuem para se proteger. As conseqüências da prática de sexo desprotegido relatadas foram HIV/doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) e gravidez precoce. Os fatores de proteção apresentados envolviam evitar o sexo e selecionar parceiros.
The pregnancy is the first cause of internments (66 percent) in young women with age of 10 the 19 years in net SUS and the AIDS has been responsible for the potential years of lost life between young. In this study, one searched to identify the perception of this risk between adolescents in relation to AIDS and the risk factors related to sexual practice without protection. For this, one selected 32 adolescents, distributed in two pertaining groups to the classroom and the two to Classroom D, as specifications of the Abep. The method used for collection and analysis of data was the Focal Group. The pointed results as cause of this practical demonstrated little chance for this practice and restricted use of the protection information that had. The told consequences had been HIV/DST and precocious pregnancy. The presented factors of protection involved to prevent the sex and to select partners.
El embarazo es la principal causa de hospitalizaciones (66 por ciento) niñas en edades comprendidas entre 10 a 19 años en la red del SUS, y el SIDA se ha encargado de años potenciales de vida perdidos entre los jóvenes. En este estudio se buscó identificar la percepción de los adolescentes en relación a la contaminación de SIDA y los factores de riesgo asociados a la práctica sexual sin protección. Para ello, recogió 32 adolescentes, distribuidos en dos grupos pertenecientes a la clase A y dos de clase D, según especificaciones de Abep. El método utilizado para la recolección y análisis de datos fue la Coordinadora de Grupo. Los resultados de relieve como una de las causas de esta práctica mostró pocas oportunidades de tener relaciones sexuales y el uso de la información restringido exclusivamente a proteger la bodega. Las consecuencias fueron notificados de VIH/ETS y los embarazos precoces. Los factores de protección para evitar la participación de los profesionales del sexo y seleccionar socios.
ABSTRACT
El propósito fue identificar los factores asociados a retraso en el crecimiento en niños de una región semi-rural en Arandas, Jalisco, México. En estudio transversal analítico se incluyeron 432 niños de 12 a 120 meses. Se analizaron variables sociales, demográficas, económicas, dietéticas y patológicas. Se utilizó la puntuación Z del índice talla/edad (< -1 DE y < - 2 DE) para evaluar el déficit de crecimiento. Con la prueba de chi cuadrada y la razón de momios (IC 95 por ciento) se estimaron los factores de riesgo y protección. Los factores de riesgo fueron: > tres niños en la familia [RM 1.71 (1.01, 2.87)], consumo de sodas azucaradas > 4 veces por semana [RM 2.36 (1.19-4.73), ingreso familiar mensual < 200 USA dólares [RM 3.5 (1.28, 9.76)] y gasto per cápita en alimentación < 10 por ciento de un salario mínimo (100 USA dólares al mes) [RM 1.81 (1.06, 3.09)]; edad < 24 meses [RM 2.02 (1.09, 3.75)], adición de azúcar al biberón [RM 8.56 (1.84, 54.9)], modificación de la dieta durante la diarrea [RM 2.40 (1.02, 5.77)] ingestión de leche < 4 veces a la semana [RM 2.71 (1.55, 4.73)] y casi significativo: consumo de frijoles [RM 1.75 (0.98, 3.13)]. Factores de protección: familia nuclear [RM 0.28 (0.09, 0.85)] y dilución adecuada de la fórmula de alimentación [RM 0.71 (0.60, 0.85)]. En el modelo de regresión los factores de riesgo fueron: consumo de sodas, frijoles y adición de azúcar u otros edulcorantes al biberón.
The purpose was to identify risk factors associated to deficit on linear growth in children from a semi-rural population in Arandas, Jalisco, Mexico. In a cross sectional study 432 children, 12 to 120 months old were included. Social, demographic, economical, dietetic and pathological characteristics and deficit in the height /age index (< - 1 and - 2 z score) were considered. A chi square test and Odds Ratio (CI 95 percent) to identify the risk and protection factors were also obtained. Risk factors for height/age deficit were: > 3 children in the family [OR 1.71 (1.01, 2.87)], soft drinks consumption > 4 times a week [OR 2.36 (1.19-4.73)], familys monthly income < 200 USA dollars [OR 3.5 (1.28, 9.76)] and per capita food expenses < 10 percent of a minimum salary (100 USA dollars a month) [OR 1.81 (1.06, 3.09)]; age < 24 months [OR 2.02 (1.09, 3.75)], adding sweeteners to the bottle [OR 8.56 (1.84, 54.9)], diet modification during diarrhea [OR 2.40 (1.02, 5.77)], milk intake < 4 times a week [OR 2.71 (1.55, 4.73)] and nearly significant, bean consumption [1.75 (0.98, 3.13). Protection factors: nuclear family [OR 0.28 (0.09, 0.85)] and an adequate infant formula dilution [OR 0.71 (0.60, 0.85)]. In multivariate models associated factors to deficit of height were higher consumption of soft drinks, beans and the addition of sweeteners to the bottle. In addition to socioeconomic variables, lower consumption of high quality food and proteins and higher intake of legumes were important risk factors for mild and moderate deficit height/age.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Developmental Disabilities/diet therapy , Developmental Disabilities/economics , Developmental Disabilities/pathology , Growth and Development , Risk Factors , Child Nutrition Sciences , Pediatrics , Rural PopulationABSTRACT
Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con fracaso al tratamiento de la tuberculosis en Medellín-Colombia, durante enero 2003 a diciembre 2004, para generar información útil que reoriente los programas de control. Metodología: Estudio de casos-controles, los casos fueron pacientes nuevos que iniciaron tratamiento antituberculoso en el Programa de Control de Tuberculosis de Medellín y que egresaron como fracaso con baciloscopia positiva al sexto mes de tratamiento. Los controles fueron pacientes nuevos que iniciaron tratamiento en el Programa y culminaron con esputo negativo al sexto mes. La muestra se conformó por todos los pacientes reportados como Fracaso y un número mayor de pacientes reportados como Curados, con una razón de 1:5. Resultados: Pertenecer al género masculino (OR=5,23 IC:1,2425,35; p=0.009); pertenecer al grupo de familia no nucleada (OR=8,19 IC:8-39,83; p=0.03); recibir atención en una institución de salud privada (OR=6,67, IC:1,8425,08; p=0.0005) se comportaron como un factor de riesgo para el fracaso en el tratamiento antituberculoso. Recibir atención en una institución pública es un factor de protección para el fracaso al tratamiento (OR=0,13 IC: 0,050,34; p=0.0005). Conclusiones: El fracaso de la Terapia debe ser intervenido para evitar la resistencia a medicamentos y la transmisión de enfermedad en la comunidad, dando prioridad a grupos de: hombres, sin familia constituida y del régimen privado de salud...
Objective: To determine the factors associated to the failure in the treatment of tuberculosis in Medellín, Colombia from January 2003 to December 2004, in order to gather useful information to redefine the control programs. Methodology: An analytical study of Cases and Controls was carried out. The chosen Cases were all patients that started anti-tuberculosis treatment in the Tuberculosis Control Program of Medellín and left the programas failing cases before the sixth months of treatment. The Control group was made up of patients who started the treatment in the program and were released as cured. The sample population was made up of all patients reported as failure cases and a five times bigger number of patients reported as cured. Results: It was found that being a male (OR= 5, 23.CI: 1,24-25,35; p= 0.009) and not belonging to a nuclear family group (OR= 8,19. CI: 8-39,83; p=0.003) were factors associated to TB treatment failure. In regards to non-conventional risk factors, it was found that being affiliated to Private health service institutions(OR=6,67. CI: 1,84-25,08; p=0.0005), becomes a risk factor with a strong association to TB treatment failure. On the other hand, receiving attention in Public institutions decreases the risk of TB treatment failure (OR=0,13. CI: 0,05-0,34; p= 0.0005). Conclusions: The failure of the therapy must be intervened to avoid resistance to medication and transmission of the disease in the community, giving priority to the group conformed by males, affiliated to the private health service system and whose dont belong to a nuclear family.