Formulation and evaluation of Buccal mucoadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium using 23 factorial designs

Buccal tablets

Diclofenac sodium

Drug release

Mucoadhesion

Mucoadhesive tablets

Release kinetics

Estimation of Energy Expenditure among Malaysian Young Adults: A Pilot Study Comparing Heart Rate Monitoring (HRM) Method and Activity Diary (AD) Method

Introduction: Accurate yet inexpensive methods for measuring free-living energy expenditure (EE) are much needed. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of heart-rate monitoring method (HRM) in measuring EE as compared to the established activity diary (AD) were used simultaneously in 34 young adults (18 females, 16 males, mean age 21.5 ± 1.5 years). Estimates of the EE from HRM were based on individually measured and published energy cost of various activities. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and its components (EE during sleep, during rest and during physical activity) were compared using Student paired-t tests. Results: TDEE from HRM method averaged 8.17 ± 2.00 MJ/day compared to 8.50 ± 1.28 MJ/day from AD method. Although large intra-individual differences were found (ranging from -36.9% to 47.4%), there was no significant difference between the two methods (mean difference -3.6 ± 19.4%). The limits of agreement (mean ± 2SD) were -3.77 and 3.11 MJ/day. There were no significant differences for any of the TDEE components between the two methods, except for EE during sleep (p<0.05). Conclusion: HRM method was found to be a feasible method for assessment of EE, and was comparable to AD for group assessment of TDEE and its components

Determinacion dll gasto energetico (ge) por el etodo factorial en patinadores Cubanos de velocidad / Determinatio of energetic waste by the factorial method in high velocity skiiers

Se estudiaron 4 varones y 5 hembras del equipo cubano de patinaje velocidad para estimar su estado nutricional, GE y establecer recomendaciones nutricionales. U n microciclo tipo de las etapas de preparación general (G) y especial (E) constituyó el marco de medición. El GE se determinó mediante método factorial. Se realizó estadística inferencial para considerar diferencias entre variables por sexo y etapas para p ≤ 0,05. Para calcular las recomendaciones nutricionales se estimó el NAF. Se observaron características morfológicas similares a las reportadas en patinadores colombianos, así como un IMC adecuado. El GE por entrenamiento fue significativamente diferente en las dos etapas y el GET fue superior en la de PG. Energéticamente, se observó tendencia a valores superiores en los hombres en todos los indicadores, excepto para las actividades discrecionales durante la etapa de PE y el NAF de ambas y las recomendaciones dependieron de la etapa de preparación de estos patinadores.

Four and five female and male speed roller skaters of Cuban team were studied for nutritional status and energy cost estimation even as energy recommendations. A microcycle type of general (G) and special (S) training phases was the frame for measuring. EC was determined by factorial method. Inferential statistics for estimating differences between variables by sex and phases of training was for p ≤ 0,05. In order to make energy recommendations a PAL was also estimated. Morphological characteristics were similar to those reported in Colombian roller skaters and BMI was adequate. Sport training energy cost was significantly different in both phases and TEC was higher in G. It was observed that male skaters showed a trend to have higher values for all variables with the exception of discretionary activities in S and PAL for both phases. Energy recommendations depended on training phase of speed roller skaters.