Ethics in infectious diseases: latent challenges. Part I / Ética en enfermedades infecciosas: retos latentes. Parte I

Abstract Infectious diseases socially imply individual and community medical problems. Therefore, they require actions aimed at social processes that affect the well-being of the individuals without losing sight of social groups. Faced with this panorama, we ask ourselves: is there a direct relationship between ethics and infectious diseases? To elucidate an answer, let us remember the peak period of the COVID-19 pandemic when guidelines based on ethical principles were issued to facilitate medical decisions on allocating scarce resources in periods of maximum demand. In those moments, since there was no inclusive component of society, the decisions made produced massive criticism. The reactions demonstrated the need to analyze in detail the criteria that had been considered correct. Consequently, we affirm that bioethical principles are transcendental in medical decisions and must be examined, not only for the individual but also with a view to public health. Moreover, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has lived with us for decades, and it continues to show its tragic face in the form of new cases, chronic illnesses, and deaths. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS brings us closer to a complex reality where the fight against disease and global health are interrelated with other problems, such as the need to reduce inequality, for which human rights, gender equality, social protection, and the development of research projects, where the ethics committees in research in community processes are constituents.

Resumen Las enfermedades infecciosas implican problemas médicos individuales y comunitarios, por lo que requieren acciones dirigidas a procesos sociales que incidan en el bienestar de los individuos, sin perder de vista a los grupos sociales. Nos preguntamos: ¿existe relación directa entre la ética y las enfermedades infecciosas? Para dilucidar una respuesta, recordemos el periodo más álgido de la pandemia por COVID-19, cuando se emitieron guías fundamentadas en principios éticos para facilitar las decisiones médicas en la asignación de recursos escasos en periodos de máxima demanda. Al no haber un componente inclusivo con la sociedad, las decisiones que se tomaron produjeron críticas masivas, que demostraron la necesidad de analizar a detalle los criterios que se habían considerado correctos. En consecuencia, afirmamos que los principios bioéticos son trascendentales en las decisiones médicas y deben ser examinados, no solo frente al individuo, sino de cara a la salud pública (bien común e individualidad). Por otra parte, la epidemia del SIDA (síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida) convive con nosotros desde hace décadas. ONUSIDA (Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA) nos acerca una realidad compleja, como es que la lucha contra la enfermedad y por la salud global se interrelaciona con otros problemas como la necesidad de reducer la desigualdad, por los derechos humanos, la igualdad de género, la protección social y el desarrollo de proyectos de investigación, donde los comités de Ética en investigación en procesos comunitarios son constituyentes.

Analysis of key factors affecting fair competition in the process of government procurement in public hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To study the current process and steps of government procurement in China, analyze the key factors affecting fair competition in the process of government procurement in public hospitals, and put forward feasible operational suggestions to promote fair competition in government procurement.Methods:Delphi method was used to construct the index system of the key factors affecting fair competition during the process of government procurement of public hospitals. The weight of the index system was determined by the analytic hierarchy process, and the key factors were quantitatively analyzed.Results:The index system affecting fair competition in the process of government procurement of public hospitals included 1 first-level index, 8 second-level indexes and 21 third-level indexes. Through calculation and analysis, it was concluded that the key factors affecting fair competition were feasibility study, market research, contract performance acceptance, procurement demand confirmation and project approval, with their comprehensive weights of 0.228 5, 0.144 0, 0.085 9, 0.072 9 and 0.060 4, respectively.Conclusions:We should properly expand the scope of feasibility study, fully carry out market research, reasonably set government procurement demand parameters, and strengthen contract performance acceptance and payment management, so as to promote the fair competition of government procurement in public hospitals.

The FAIRness of data management plans: an assessment of some European DMPs / FAIRness dos planos de gestão de dados: uma avaliação de alguns PGDs Europeus / FAIRness de los planes de gestión de datos: una evaluación de algunos PGDs Europeos

The FAIR principles have become a data management instrument for the academic and scientific community, since they provide a set of guiding principles to bring findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability to data and metadata stewardship. Since their official publication in 2016 by Scientific Data ­ Nature, these principles have received worldwide recognition and have been quickly endorsed and adopted as a cornerstone of data stewardship and research policy. However, when put into practice, they occasionally result in organisational, legal and technological challenges that can lead to doubts and uncertainty as to whether the effort of implementing them is worthwhile. Soon after their publication, the European Commission and other funding agencies started to require that project proposals include a Data Management Plan (DMP) based on the FAIR principles. This paper reports on the adherence of DMPs to the FAIR principles, critically evaluating ten European DMP templates. We observed that the current FAIRness of most of these DMPs is only partly satisfactory, in that they address data best practices, findability, accessibility and sometimes preservation, but pay much less attention to metadata and interoperability.

Os princípios FAIR tornaram-se um instrumento de gestão de dados para a comunidade acadêmica e científica, uma vez que fornecem um conjunto de princípios orientadores que facilitam a localização, acessibilidade, interoperabilidade e reutilização de dados e metadados. Desde sua publicação oficial em 2016 pela Scientific Data - Nature, esses princípios receberam reconhecimento mundial e foram rapidamente endossados e adotados como pilares da gestão de dados e das políticas de pesquisa. No entanto, quando postos em prática, apresentam ocasionalmente desafios organizacionais, jurídicos e tecnológicos que podem levar a dúvidas e incertezas quanto ao esforço em implementá-los. Logo após sua publicação, a Comissão Europeia e outras agências de financiamento começaram a exigir nas suas propostas de projetos um Plano de Gestão de Dados (PGD) com base nos princípios da FAIR. Este artigo relata a aderência dos PGDs aos princípios FAIR, avaliando criticamente dez modelos europeus de PGD. Observamos que o nível de FAIRness da maioria dos PGDs analisados ainda é parcialmente satisfatório, uma vez que abordam as melhores práticas de dados, localização, acessibilidade e, às vezes, preservação, mas dão pouca atenção aos metadados e a interoperabilidade.

Los principios FAIR se han convertido en una herramienta de gestión de datos para la comunidad académica y científica, ya que proporcionan un conjunto de principios rectores que facilitan la localización, accesibilidad, interoperabilidad y reutilización de la gestión de datos y metadatos. Desde su publicación oficial en 2016 por Scientific Data - Nature, estos principios han recibido reconocimiento mundial y fueron rápidamente respaldados y adoptados como pilares de la política de investigación y gestión de datos. Sin embargo, cuando se ponen en práctica, ocasionalmente presentan desafíos organizativos, legales y tecnológicos que pueden generar dudas e incertidumbres sobre el esfuerzo para implementarlos. Poco después de su publicación, la Comisión Europea y otras agencias de financiación comenzaron a exigir en sus propuestas de proyectos un Plan de Gestión de Datos (PGD) basado en los principios de FAIR. Este artículo informa sobre la adherencia de los PGD a los principios FAIR, evaluando críticamente diez modelos europeos de PGD. Observamos que el nivel de FAIRness de la mayoría de los PGD analizados sigue siendo parcialmente insatisfactorio, ya que abordan las mejores prácticas de datos, ubicación, accesibilidad y, a veces, preservación, pero prestan poca atención a los metadatos y la interoperabilidad.

Análisis del Papel de los Intermediarios en el Mercado Agrícola Tradicional. Caso de Estudio Antioquia, Colombia / Analysis of the Role of Intermediaries in the Traditional Agricultural Market. Case Study Antioquia, Colombia / Análise do Papel dos Intermediários no Mercado Agrícola Tradicional. Estudo de Caso Antioquia, Colômbia

Resumen: Introducción: En este trabajo se analiza la participación de los intermediarios en el mercado agrícola tradicional de frutas y hortalizas en fresco en el departamento de Antioquia, Colombia; sus resultados sirven de apoyo para explicar las relaciones entre intermediarios con productores, consumidores y otros intermediarios. Objetivo: es analizar el papel de los intermediarios y su poder de negociación; a fin de explorar las diferentes interacciones, condiciones del sistema y las ventajas y desventajas, se analiza las similitudes que presentan algunos intermediarios de plazas de mercado. Materiales y métodos: para ello se realizó entrevistas y un cuestionario estructurado a 26 intermediarios ubicados en 13 municipios de las 9 subregiones de Antioquia, adicionalmente se realizaron algunos cuestionarios a intermediarios de tiendas de barrio, consumidores y productores para contrastar diferentes puntos de vista; a la información obtenida se le realizó análisis de conglomerados, análisis multivariado, comparación de varias muestras y análisis de componentes principales. Resultados: arrojaron que los intermediarios eliminan fronteras de negociación definiendo criterios de comercio, tienen gran participación tanto en procedencia como en oferta y presentan similitudes entre una zona y otra que no precisamente corresponden a proximidades geográficas. Conclusión: En suma, frente a la alta participación de estos agentes en las cadenas de suministro de alimentos, son ellos quienes aprovechan las fallas y dinámicas del sistema para definir reglas de negociación cuando están en su rol de vendedores a otros intermediarios o cuando están en el rol de compradores a productores.

Abstract Introduction: This paper analyzes the participation of intermediaries in the traditional agricultural market for fresh fruits and vegetables in the department of Antioquia, Colombia; their results serve as support to explain the relationships between intermediaries with producers, consumers, and other intermediaries. Objective: is to analyze the role of intermediaries and their bargaining power; In order to explore the different interactions, system conditions and the advantages and disadvantages, the similarities that some marketplace intermediaries presents are analyzed. Materials and methods: For this purpose, interviews and a structured questionnaire were conducted with 26 intermediaries located in 13 municipalities of the 9 subregions. From Antioquia; additionally, some questionnaires were made to intermediaries of neighborhood stores, consumers and producers to contrast different points of view. The information obtained was subjected to a cluster analysis, multivariate analysis, comparison of several samples and an analysis of main components. Results: showed that intermediaries eliminate negotiation borders by defining trade criteria, they have a large participation both in origin and on offer and show similarities between area and area that do not precisely correspond to geographical proximity. Conclusion: In sum, given the high participation of these agents in the food supply chains, it is they who take advantage of the failures and dynamics of the system to define negotiation rules when they are in their role as sellers to other intermediaries or when they are in the role from buyers to producers.

Resumo Introdução: Este artigo analisa a participação dos intermediários no mercado agrícola tradicional de frutas e verduras frescas no departamento de Antioquia, Colômbia; seus resultados servem de suporte para explicar as relações entre intermediários com produtores, consumidores e outros intermediários. Objetivo: é analisar o papel dos intermediários e seu poder de barganha; A fim de explorar as diferentes interações, condições do sistema e as vantagens e desvantagens, são analisadas as semelhanças que alguns intermediários de mercado apresentam. Materiais e métodos: para o efeito, foram realizadas entrevistas e um questionário estruturado com 26 intermediários localizados em 13 municípios das 9 sub-regiões. de Antioquia, adicionalmente, alguns questionários foram feitos a intermediários de lojas de bairro, consumidores e produtores para contrastar diferentes pontos de vista. Resultados: Sobre as informações obtidas foram realizadas uma análise de conglomerado, uma análise multivariada, uma comparação de várias amostras e uma análise de componentes principais, e os resultados mostraram que os intermediários eliminam as fronteiras da negociação definindo critérios comerciais, eles têm uma grande participação tanto na origem como em oferta e mostram semelhanças entre uma área e outra que não correspondem exatamente à proximidade geográfica. Conclusão: Em suma, dada a alta participação desses agentes nas cadeias de abastecimento de alimentos, são eles que se aproveitam das falhas e da dinâmica do sistema para definir regras de negociação quando estão na função de vendedores para outros intermediários ou quando estão em o papel dos compradores aos produtores.

Divulgación de la carrera de Bibliotecología: Una mirada desde la Feria Vocacional de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), 2019 / Promotion of the library science career: A look from the Vocational Fair of the University of Costa Rica (UCR) 2019

Resumen: Elegir una carrera universitaria es una decisión compleja que impacta el desarrollo profesional, personal y el futuro de todo individuo. Como apoyo a este proceso, las universidades ayudan a estudiantes que están terminando la secundaria y que se encuentran en una transición hacia la educación superior, mediante la organización de ferias vocacionales; por lo anterior, el presente artículo narra la experiencia de divulgación de las carreras ofrecidas por la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información (EBCI) de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) en el marco de la Feria Vocacional 2019, donde se explica cómo se diseñaron e implementaron las estrategias de divulgación a través de la creación de diferentes actividades experienciales sobre labores cotidianas de la persona profesional en Bibliotecología, la generación de material gráfico y audiovisual sobre la carrera y la confección de recursos para apoyar el discurso expuesto. Así mismo, se evalúan las estrategias y los recursos utilizados tanto con el personal colaborador como con la comunidad estudiantil que visitó el evento. Se concluye que las actividades experienciales son recibidas por los participantes con mayor anuencia y que les permite tener una visión más real de la carrera, además, se recomienda utilizar este tipo de recursos para futuras ferias vocacionales.

Abstract: Choosing a university career is a complex decision that impacts the professional, personal and future development of every individual. To support this process, universities offer grants to students who are finishing their secondary studies and who are in a transition to higher education, by organizing vocational fairs. This article narrates the experience of dissemination of the careers offered by the School of Library and Information Sciences of the University of Costa Rica within the framework of the 2019 Vocational Fair. It explains how the dissemination strategies were designed and implemented by creating of different experiential activities on the daily tasks of the professional person in library science, the generation of graphic and audiovisual material on the career and the preparation of resources to support the exposed discourse. Likewise, the strategies and resources used are evaluated both with the collaborating staff and with the student community that visited the event. Finally, it is concluded that the experiential activities are received by the participants with greater consent and that it allows them to have a more real vision of the career, in addition, it is recommended to use this type of resources for future vocational fairs.

Política lingüística de uso del lenguaje inclusivo de género y las revistas científicas de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) / Gender fair use of language linguistic policy and the scientific journals of the University of Costa Rica (UCR)

Resumen Este artículo presenta un mapeo sobre la implementación de la política lingüística de uso de lenguaje inclusivo de género en las revistas científicas de la Universidad de Costa Rica que se encuentran en el Portal de Revistas. La información analizada se basó en una revisión documental de los sitios web de las publicaciones del Portal de Revistas de la universidad, las respuestas a un cuestionario en línea con una muestra por conglomerado que resulta representativa dentro de los títulos y, por último, en observaciones y comentarios de personas encargadas de procesos editoriales. Uno de los principales hallazgos refiere a que un 66 % de revistas no ha discutido en sus comités editoriales la política de lenguaje inclusivo de género de la Universidad, que data del año 2003, y el restante 34 % que sí lo ha hecho, se encuentra en distintos niveles de proximidad respecto a la implementación de dicha política lingüística. En la discusión se toman en cuenta distintas características de las revistas, el proceso editorial y el contexto para proponer mejoras en la implementación de esta política universitaria.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a mapping on the implementation of the language gender fair use of language in the academic journals of the University of Costa Rica that are part of Portal de Revistas (official website of the journals). The analyzed information is based on a documental review of the websites of each title in the research website, the answers to an online questionnaire with a cluster sampling that results representative for the total number of journals, and the observations and comments of the people in charge of the editorial processes. One of the main findings is that 66% of the editorial committee of the journals has not discussed the university policy of gender fair use of language (stablished in 2003) and the other 34%, that has discussed this subject, presents different levels of proximity to the execution of this language policy. In the discussion, we take into consideration the characteristics of the journals, the editorial process, and the context to purpose improves in the implementation of this university policy.

A produção da Educação Física brasileira sobre fair play e racismo no esporte: estado da arte de teses e dissertações / Academic production of brazilian Physical Education about fair play and racism in sports: state of the arte of dissertations and thesis / La producción de la Educación Física brasileña sobre fair play y racismo en el deporte: estado del arte de tesis y disertaciones

Fair Play (FP) refere-se a atitudes moralmente boas na prática esportiva e reprova o racismo. No Brasil, o esporte começou a se desenvolver após o fim da escravidão, de modo que o racismo acompanha a sua história. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo mapear e analisar a produção acadêmica da Educação Física brasileira sobre a temática do FP e do racismo no esporte. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica de teses e dissertações produzidas nos principais Programas de Pós-Graduação de Educação Física brasileiros. Levantaram-se 32 teses e 103 dissertações, das quais cinco teses e dez dissertações foram analisadas. Essa considerável redução ocorreu porque poucos trabalhos relacionam diretamente as duas temáticas. Entre os analisados, destacaram-se aqueles que tratam sobre o futebol, especialmente sobre violência entre torcidas. Houve também uma expressiva parcela de trabalhos que realçou a importância do FP e do combate ao racismo na Educação Física escolar.

Fair Play (FP) refers to morally good attitudes in sports and disapproves racism. In Brazil, sports started to develop after abolishing the slavery, so that racism accompanied sports history. The aim of this study was mapping and analyzing the academic production of Brazilian Physical Education about FP and racism in sports. For this purpose, literature review of dissertations and thesis were performed in main graduate programs of Brazilian Physical Education. 32 dissertations and 103 thesis were found. Of these, five dissertations and ten thesis were considered relevant and analyzed because few works directly relate FP and racism. Soccer was the most discussed topic, especially about fans violence. FP importance in scholar Physical Education to combat racism was also related in many of these dissertations and thesis.

Fair Play (FP) se refiere a actitudes moralmente buenas en la práctica deportiva y reprueba el racismo. En Brasil, el deporte comenzó a desarrollarse después del fin de la esclavitud, de modo que el racismo acompaña su historia. La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo mapear y analizar la producción académica de la Educación Física brasileña sobre FP y racismo en el deporte. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de tesis y disertaciones producidas en los principales Programas de Postgrado de Educación Física brasileños. Se levantaron 32 tesis y 103 disertaciones, de las cuales cinco tesis y diez disertaciones fueron analizadas. Esta considerable reducción ocurrió porque pocos trabajos relacionan directamente las dos temáticas. Entre los analizados, se destacaron aquellos que abordan el fútbol, especialmente la violencia entre hinchas. También hubo una expresiva parte de trabajos que acentuó la importancia del FP y del combate al racismo en la Educación Física escolar.

A critical analysis of rising intolerance and growing polarisation: Lynching / 国际药学研究杂志

“Fear of law and veneration for the Scomm and of the law constitutes the foundation of a civilized society. Lynching is an affront to the rule of law and to the exalted values of the Constitution itself. We may say without any fear of contradiction that lynching by unruly mobs and barbaric violence arising out of incitement and instigation cannot be allowed to become the order of the day.”-Tehseen S. Poonawalav. Union of India The term ‘Law’ do not just have a mere existence rather is being enacted and enforced for the betterment of the public at large. For benefits of the citizens various basic rights has been conferred upon them and accordingly their social behaviour is being regulated. Citizens in return is required to mandatorily abide by the enforced laws. From the era of divinity, the study of various religion has always laid emphasis on to the laid down norms to regulate the human conduct in the society. Law has been the crucial part of this man-made society. The very basic purpose of law is to keep a check upon the actions of the individual and to protect the society from various criminal activities. But Lynching, an act, comprising of violence which sets aside the laid down laws is gradually becoming a fear for the public at large. It signifies that people are seeking for instant justice for any form of crime thereby creating a threat to the existing laws which are meant to preserve and protect the society. Nothing else can define the act of Lynching in a best possible way then this statement given by Mahatma Gandhi: “an eye for an eye can turn the whole world blind.”.

Los efectos del sexismo, los estereotipos implícitos y el lenguaje inclusivo en la brecha de género / The effects of sexism, implicit stereotypes and gender-fair language in the gender gap

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar la forma en que ciertas condiciones sociales y mecanismos psicológicos refuerzan los roles tradicionalmente asignados a los diferentes géneros. Además, se propone exponer las ventajas que brinda el uso del lenguaje inclusivo en este respecto. Para ello, se desarrolla la teoría del sexismo ambivalente. Tanto el sexismo en su cualidad hostil como benevolente tiene efectos negativos en la disminución de la brecha de género, sin embargo, el sexismo benevolente tendría efectos más perniciosos en el corto plazo. En segundo lugar, se enuncian las implicaciones de los estereotipos como cogniciones sociales implícitas. La participación diferencial de los géneros en ciertos ámbitos lleva a formas de cognición social que dificultan que, por ejemplo, las mujeres sean consideradas en igualdad de condiciones que los varones para realizar grandes logros. Por último, se analiza al lenguaje inclusivo como posible herramienta para reducir la brecha de género

The aim of this work is to describe how certain social conditions and psychological mechanisms strengthen the attribution of traditional roles to individuals with different genders. Moreover, it intends to introduce some of the benefits that gender-fair language (GFL) brings to this matter. Firstly are developed the guidelines of the ambivalent sexism theory. Hostile and benevolent sexism have negative effects for the gender gap, however, benevolent sexism seems to be more damaging in the short term. Secondly are stated the implications of stereotypes as implicit social cognitions. The dissimilar participation of the different genders in most domains leads to forms of social cognition that make it difficult, for example, for women to be acknowledged as great goal achievers on equal terms as men. Finally, GFL is analyzed as a possible tool to reduce the gender gap

Caracterização da feira livre de Rio Pomba, MG e qualidade dos alimentos artesanais comercializados

Objetivou-se nesse trabalho caracterizar o perfil dos integrantes da feira livre da cidade de Rio Pomba, MG, bem como, determinar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica dos alimentos comercializados. Foram aplicados questionários aos feirantes contendo questões referentes à origem das matérias-primas, da água, modo de processamento, dentre outras. Amostras indicativas dos alimentos foram coletadas, acondicionadas a 4,0 °C e encaminhadas para realização de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Constatou-se falta de padronização durante o processamento da maioria dos produtos lácteos. Além disso, 57,1% das amostras desses alimentos estavam em desacordo com o preconizado pela RDC nº 12 da ANVISA. Entretanto, em relação à qualidade microbiológica, as amostras dos demais alimentos avaliados estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente. Portanto, há necessidade de treinamento e capacitação dos feirantes quanto às boas práticas de fabricação, bem como quanto às tecnologias empregadas a fim de garantir a produção de alimentos seguros e que atendam aos requisitos de qualidade estabelecidos na legislação.

The objective of this study was to characterize the profile of the members of the free market in the city of Rio Pomba, MG, Brazil, as well as to determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of foods commercialized. Questionnaires containing questions regarding the origin of raw materiais, water, processing methods, among others, were applied to fairs. Indicative samples of foods were collected, conditioned at 4.0 °C and sent to perform physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes. There was a lack of standardization during processing of most dairy products. In addition, 57.1% of these foods samples were in disagreement with the standard recommended by the RDC n° 12 of ANVISA. However, in relation to the microbiological quality, samples of other foods evaluated were in agreement with the current legislation. Therefore, there is a need for training of fairs on good manufacturing practices, as well as on the technologies used to ensure the production of safe foods, which meet the quality requirements established in the legislation.

Mycobacteria in Minas cheese commercialized in open fairs in São Paulo, Brazil / Mycobacteria em queijos tipo Minas comercializados em feiras-livres de São Paulo, Brasil

Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a disease that affects dairy herds throughout the Brazilian territory, constituting a neglected zoonosis transmitted by raw milk and its derivatives. In this study, we evaluated the presence of M. bovis and other mycobacteria in Minas cheese obtained from open fairs in the city of São Paulo between 2012 and 2013. Samples (n = 133) were decontaminated using hexa-cetylpyridinium chloride and seeded on Stonebrink­Leslie medium. The isolates were submitted to molecular identification by TB Multiplex PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene and amplicon nucleotide sequencing. From 16 cheese samples (12%), we obtained 26 putative colonies of Mycobacterium spp, none of which belonged to any of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, or Mycobacterium intracellulare complexes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that sample sequences were grouped in a clade that includes only non-tuberculous mycobacteria with proximity to sequences obtained from Mycobacterium novocastrense (3 sequences), Mycobacterium holsaticum (1 sequence), and Mycobacterium elephantis (2 sequences). Although no epidemiological evidence was found regarding the importance of oral transmission of mycobacteria in healthy people, their importance in the immunosuppressed population remains uncertain.(AU)

Mycobacterium bovis é o agente da tuberculose bovina, doença que acomete o rebanho em todo território brasileiro e é uma negligenciada zoonose transmitida pelo leite e seus derivados. Este trabalho avaliou a presença de M. bovise outras micobactérias, em queijo minas meia-cura, obtidos em feiras-livres na cidade de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2012 e 2013. As amostras (n = 133) foram descontaminadas pelo método HPC (hexa-cetyl-pyridinium chloride) e semeadas em meio Stonebrink Leslie. Os isolados foram submetidos à identificação molecular por PCR TB multiplex, pesquisando-se o gene 16S rRNA, e ao sequenciamento nucleotídico. Dezesseis amostras (12%) possuiam 26 colônias sugestivas de Mycobacterium spp, mas nenhuma delas pertencia aos complexos Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium e Mycobacterium intracellulare. A análise filogenética mostrou que todas as amostras estavam agrupadas em clados que incluem apenas micobactérias não tuberculosas (MNT), sendo que algumas possuiam proximidade com sequências obtidas de Mycobacterium novocastrense (3 sequências), Mycobacterium hosaticum(1 sequência) e Mycobacterium elephantis (2 sequências). Embora no momento não haja evidência epidemiológica da importância da transmissão oral das micobactérias pra indivíduos saudáveis, sua importância na população imunossuprimida ainda é incerta.(AU)

"Please pay $800 to read this article": An open letter to paywall companies / "Por favor pague $800 para leer este artículo": Una carta abierta para las compañías de pago

Abstract Significant amounts of economic resources are spent by poor countries for access to scientific information that is blocked by pay-walls, and when fees are corrected for local economies, they can be the equivalent of hundreds of dollars per article. Pay-walls, is controlled by a small group of companies in rich countries, block knowledge from the societies that need it most. These companies should adjust their fees according to local economies: this would be fairer and would benefit everyone, including the same companies.

Resumen Los países pobres gastan cantidades significativas de recursos económicos en acceso a la información científica bloqueada por los llamados "muros de pago" o paywalls, y si se ajustan los precios según las economías locales, pueden ser equivalentes a cientos de dólares por artículo. Estos paywalls, controlados por un pequeño grupo de empresas de los países ricos, bloquean el conocimiento a las sociedades que más lo necesitan. Estas empresas deberían ajustar sus tarifas de acuerdo con las economías locales: eso sería más justo y beneficiaría a todos, incluidas las mismas empresas.

Ecology of Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in a Mexican tropical forest: adaptation to environmental disturbances / Ecología del Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) en un bosque tropical mexicano: adaptación a las alteraciones ambientales

Abstract Worldwide big cats are at risk of extinction, and anthropogenic factors and natural habitat disturbances represent the biggest threats for their survival. It is essential to know the natural resources use by these predators and the way these big felids can adapt to changes. It is unknown how the puma (Puma concolor) selects and uses resources, what environmental factors determine its presence and how this species is affected by natural disturbances in Mexican tropical forests. This study was performed in the Eden ecological reserve and surroundings, in the North of Quintana Roo, Mexico, an area dominated by tropical semideciduous (medium forest) and secondary forest (acahual). Camera samplings were carried out during 2008, and from 2010 to 2012. Habitat variables, activity patterns and species associations were also spatially and temporally analyzed using achi-squared test and overlapping coefficients. General Linear Models (GLM) were used in order to determine which variables influence the presence of cougars in the study area. Cougars used vegetation and paths in different proportions as the availability of these resources. The years with more changes (P < 0.05) were 2008 and 2011. This predator was active throughout the day, but changed its activity patterns over the years. The cougar was spatio-temporally associated with six mammals and two big terrestrial birds: Pecari tajacu (∆ = 0.52), Meleagris ocellata (∆ = 0.55), Crax rubra (∆ = 0.58), Didelphis sp. (∆ = 0.64), Mazama temama (∆ = 0.66), Leopardus pardalis (∆ = 0.68), Dasypus novemcinctus (∆ = 0.73) and Panthera onca (∆ = 0.87). After testing 90 GLM models, the model with a lower AIC value described the activity patterns of prey and co-predators. The vegetation and water in the reserve were important variables for the cougar. However the variables that determined and modified the presence of the species were activity patterns of co-predators and the potential preys. The factors that negatively affected the presence of the species were fire, human presence, and habitat displacement to less favorable habitats to avoid jaguar. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 78-90. Epub 2018 March 01.

Resumen Los grandes felinos a nivel mundial se encuentran en peligro de extinción. Los factores antropogénicos y las alteraciones naturales representan una gran presión para su sobrevivencia. Es esencial conocer el efecto de estos sobre los depredadores y cómo los felinos se adaptan y usan los recursos naturales. Se desconoce el modo en que el puma (Puma concolor) selecciona y utiliza recursos, cuáles son los factores ambientales que determinan su presencia y cómo esta especie se ve afectada por alteraciones naturales en los bosques tropicales mexicanos. Este estudio se realizó en la reserva ecológica de El Edén y sus alrededores en el norte de Quintana Roo, México, área dominada por selva tropical semidecidua (selva mediana) y bosque secundario (acahual). Se realizaron muestreos con cámaras durante 2008 y 2010-2012. Las variables de hábitat, patrones de actividad y asociaciones de especies también se analizaron espacial y temporalmente mediante una prueba de chi-cuadrado y coeficientes de traslape. Se utilizaron modelos GLM para determinar qué variables influyen en la presencia de pumas en el área de estudio. El puma utiliza la vegetación y caminos en diferente proporción a la de su disponibilidad. Los años con más cambios (P <0.05) fueron 2008 y 2011. Este depredador está activo durante todo el día, pero cambió sus patrones de actividad durante los años. El puma está asociado espacio-temporalmente con siete mamíferos: Pecari tajacu (Δ = 0.52), Meleagris ocelata (Δ = 0.55), Crax rubra (Δ = 0.58), Didelphis sp. (Δ = 0.64), Mazama temama (Δ = 0.66), Leopardus pardalis (Δ = 0.68), Dasypus novemcinctus (Δ = 0.73) y Panthera onca (Δ = 0.87) y dos grandes aves terrestres. Después de probar 90 modelos GLM, el modelo con un valor menor de AIC es el de patrones de actividad de presas y co-depredadores. La vegetación y la disponibilidad de agua en la reserva son variables importantes para el puma. Sin embargo, las variables que determinan y modifican la presencia de la especie son los patrones de actividad de los co-depredadores y las presas potenciales. Los factores que afectan negativamente la presencia de la especie son el fuego, la presencia humana y el desplazamiento a habitas menos favorables para evadir al jaguar.

Los patrones culturales del Contador Público en la aplicación del valor razonable / The cultural patterns of the Public Accountant in the application of fair value / Os padrões culturais do Contador Público na aplicação do valor justo

Resumen Este trabajo busca conseguir una perspectiva sobre la receptividad de una contabilidad a valor razonable por parte del profesional contable local, mediante datos y textos obtenidos acerca de las percepciones de los Contadores Públicos en relación con tal concepto prescrito por la NIIF 13. Se aplica un enfoque mixto que, además de estimar el tamaño de la muestra de contadores locales a encuestar permita extraer de ella otra submuestra intencional de contables que fungen como ejecutivos o jefes de al menos otro contador supuestamente capacitados para recabar de ellos, mediante el cuestionario GLOBE y de una entrevista en profundidad, una visión de la racionalidad institucional que distingue principios, prácticas y símbolos organizacionales. La comprobación de validez y Habilidad de los resultados se logra mediante una triangulación metodológica de la información obtenida en cada una de las fases de la investigación. Los resultados revelan posturas ideológicas de los contadores en sus teorizaciones sobre la interacción entre la gerencia y los contables en la búsqueda de un nuevo constructo para la contabilidad a valor razonable, los auditores en sintonía con los valores del mercado y los de empresas en propensiones hacia la comparación entre las oportunidades que ofrece el mundo global y las de su pertenencia al desarrollo institucional. Esta reflexión metodológica concluye con la caracterización de una lógica histórica, económica y cultural implicada por la adopción del valor razonable en Colombia. Códigos JEL: M41 , D46, C51.

Abstract The Colombian mining has acquired an important role in the economy of the country. Despite its relevancy, environmental and social impacts are not insignificant, on the contrary the scope of this deterioration has demanded the adoption of public policies to counteract it. The country is lagging behind in Latin America in environmental policy particularly as regards manage of so called mining environmental liabilities and abandoned, inactive, paralyzed or orphaned mine closure requiring measures to mitigate them or remedy them, in addition to the management of risks of effects both current and future. For a suitable management of these liabilities, it is convenient the design and application of a risk matrix incorporating good mining practices in order to mitigate and prevent further damage to socio-environmental surroundings. This paper seeks to obtain a perspective on the receptiveness of a fair value accounting by the local accounting professional, through data and texts obtained on the perceptions of the Public Accountants in relation to such concept prescribed by IFRS 13. A mixed approach is applied which, In addition to estimating the size of the sample of local accountants to be surveyed, allows one to extract from it another intentional subsample of accountants who function as executives or heads of at least one other accountant, supposedly trained to collect from them, using the GLOBE questionnaire and An in-depth interview, a vision of institutional rationality that distinguishes organizational principles, practices, and symbols. The verification of validity and reliability of the results is achieved through a methodological triangulation of the information obtained in each of the phases of the research. The results reveal ideological positions of the accountants in their theorizations about the interaction between management and accountants in the search for a new construct for fair value accounting, auditors in tune with market values and those of firms in propensities towards The comparison between the opportunities offered by the global world and those of its institutional development. This methodological reflection concludes with the characterization of a historical, economic and cultural logic implied by the adoption of fair value accounting in Colombia. JEL classification: M41 , D46, C51.

Resumo Este artigo procura obter informações sobre a capacidade de resposta da contabilidade ao valor justo pelo profissional contábil local, através de dados e textos obtidos sobre as percepções de contadores públicos em relação a esse conceito prescrito pela IFRS 13. Uma abordagem é aplicada mista que, além de estimar o tamanho da amostra local para sondar contadores, permitem extrair dela outra subamostra intencional de contadores que servem como executivos ou chefes de pelo menos mais um balcão, supostamente capaz de obtê-los através do questionário GLOBO e de uma entrevista aprofundada, uma visão de racionalidade institucional que distingue princípios, práticas e símbolos organizacionais. A verificação da validade e confiabilidade dos resultados é conseguida através de uma triangulação metodológica da informação obtida em cada uma das fases da investigação. Os resultados revelam as posições ideológicas dos contadores em suas teorias sobre a interação entre gerentes e contadores na busca de um novo constructo para contabilidade ao valor justo, auditores em sintonia com os valores de mercado e de empresas em propensão para a comparação entre as oportunidades oferecidas pelo mundo global e as que pertencem ao desenvolvimento institucional. Esta reflexão metodológica conclui com a caracterização de uma lógica histórica, econômica e cultural, implicada pela adoção de valor razoável na Colômbia. Classificações JEL: M41 , D46, C51.

Revelation of the second-generation national health care reform in Taiwan area on the equity and sustainability of the medicare fund in mainland China / 中国卫生政策研究

This paper analyzes the reform backgrounds, mechanisms and measures of financing and payment taken in the second-generation national health insurance (NHI) in Taiwan. The results indicate that in 2nd NHI, the rate was adjusted more flexibly, supplementary insurance premium was charged to enlarge the financial source by im-plicating additional subsidies and expanding the sources of financing, multiple payment methods and auxiliary assis-tive means were used to control the growth of medical expenses, social insurance payments are specified in terms of category or clear payment projects and standards, new health technology assessments are used as new basis for deci-sion making, etc. by greatly alleviating the financial deficit, which helped achieve the financial balance again. Many features of the 2nd NHI in Taiwan, especially like its diversified financial resources and financing methods, global budget of control fees and DRGs payment systems, making evaluation criteria for medical quality control and health insurance reimbursement project development and so on, are worth learning for the mainland China.

Computation of Various Domination Numbers of Rolf Nevanlinna (RNP) Collaboration Graph

ABSTRACT In this paper, we compute various Domination numbers like Outer Connected Domination (OCD), Doubly Connected Domination (DCD), Fair Domination (FD), Independence Domination (ID), 2-Packing (2-P) for Rolf Nevanlinna Prize Winners's Collaboration Graph (RNPCG).

Perfil e percepções dos feirantes em relação ao trabalho e segurança alimentar e nutricional nas feiras livres / Profile and Perceptions of Marketers Regarding of Work and Food and Nutritional Security of the Free Fairs

As feiras livres de Juiz de Fora procuram fomentar a participação dos feirantes e dos pequenos produtores no abastecimento e na oferta de produtos de alta qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico dos feirantes e suas percepções sobre o trabalho e sobre as condições de segurança alimentar e nutricional nas feiras da cidade de Juiz de Fora (MG). Trata-se de um estudo com delineamento transversal, descritivo e quantitativo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 100 feirantes das 15 feiras da cidade, existentes no período do estudo, utilizando um questionário elaborado para a pesquisa. Os dados foram descritos por meio da distribuição de frequências absolutas e relativas utilizando o programa Excel, processados e analisados por meio do programa Epi Info 7.2.1.0. Utilizou-se o teste de Qui-quadrado para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis (p<0,05). O perfil dos feirantes é representado por homens (64%, n=64) de meia idade, casados (57%, n=57), com escolaridade até o ensino fundamental (37%, n=37) ou médio (48%, n=48) e que atuam nas feiras há mais de uma década (59%, n=59). As feiras têm caráter familiar e são, por vezes, os únicos meios para obtenção do sustento (64%, n=64) dos feirantes. Dentre os problemas enfrentados, o mais citado foi a falta de segurança (32%, n=32). Apesar do relato de preocupação com a higiene (75%, n=75), foram presenciadas condições distantes da garantia de segurança alimentar. São necessárias ações educativas aos feirantes e apoio governamental para melhoria das condições de trabalho dos feirantes e para a garantia da segurança alimentar e nutricional.

The free fairs of Juiz de Fora seek to foster the participation of small producers in the supply and in the offering of high quality products. The aim of this study was to describe the socioeconomic and demographic profile of the marketers and their perceptions about the work and about the food and nutritional security conditions at the fairs of the city of Juiz de Fora (MG). This is a study with a cross-sectional delineation, descriptive and quantitative. Interviews were conducted with 100 marketers from the 15 free fairs, existing in the study period, using a questionnaire developed for the research. The data were described by means of the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies using the Excel program, processed and analyzed through the program Epi Info 7.2.1.0. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between the variables (p <0.05). The profile of the marketers is represented by men (64%, n = 64) of middle age, married (57%, n = 57), with schooling until middle school (37%, n = 37) or medium (48% n = 48) and working in fairs for over a decade (59%, n = 59). The free fairs have a family character and are sometimes the only means to obtain livelihoods (64%, n = 64) from the marketers. Among the problems faced, the most cited was lack of security (32%, n = 32). Despite the reports of concern about hygiene (75%, n = 75), conditions far removed from food security were observed. Educational actions are required to the marketers and government support to improve the work conditions of the marketers and to guarantee food and nutritional security.

A inatingível meta do intangível e as consequências sociais: do the true cost à moda livre / The unattainable goal of intangible assets and the social consequences: from the true cost to free fashion / El objetivo inalcanzable de los activos intangibles y las consecuencias sociales: desde the true cost hasta la moda libre

O presente artigo pretende refletir teoricamente sobre a busca desmedida da elevação de valor de marcas de grandes empresas do segmento fast fashion em contraste com as consequências sociais geradas para a própria sociedade que consome tais marcas. A reflexão se dá a partir do que Max Weber chama de“novo espírito do capitalismo”, com base no conceito de “capital imaterial” de André Gorz e articulada ao documentário sobre a indústria da moda The True Cost. Na contrapartida do cenário da aquisição exacerbada, vale destacar o surgimento e a propagação da publicidade social como uma via alternativa que visa possibilitar o equilíbrio entre os atores da cadeia de produção a exemplo do que vem sendo chamado de comércio justo.

This article aims to reflect theoretically on the unrestrained pursuit of valorization of brands of large companies in the segment fast fashion, in contrast to the social consequences generated for the society it self that consumes products of these same brands.The starting point for analysis is what Max Weber calls the“new spirit of capitalism”, based on the André Gorz’s concept of “intangible capital”, and on the documentar The True Cost about the fashion industry. In contrast with the exacerbated consumerism, it is important tomention the emergence and propagation of social advertising as an alternative route that aims to provide the balance between all the people involved in the production chain, like what has been called fair trade.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar teóricamente sobre la busca desenfrena da del valor de elevación de marcas de grandes empresas en el segmento de fast fashion, en contraste con las consecuencias sociales generadas para la misma sociedad que consume ese tipo de marcas. La reflexión parte de lo que Max Weber llama “nuevo espírito del capitalismo”, basado en el concepto de “capital inmaterial” de André Gorz y en el documentario acerca de la industria de la moda The True Cost. En contrapartida a las compras excesivas,vale la pena señalar la aparición y propagación de la publicidad social como una ruta alternativa que tiene como objetivo permitir el equilibrio entre los actores de la cadena de producción como el ejemplo dado porel que se ha llamado comercio justo.

Determination of Chlorinated Persistent Organic Pollutants in Infant Hair by Gas Chromatography_High Resolution Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

Infant hair is a good medium to assess the cumulative exposure level of infant in the mother ' s body. Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants were ubiquitous and with the highest volume concentration in the human body. In this experiment, 20 infant hairs were collected from Beijing. The sample was overnight incubated in HCl, extracted with the mixture of hexane and dichloromethane, and cleaned up by a cartridge filled with alumina and acidified silica. The final eluate was concentrated, and 16 kinds of typical chlorinated persistent organic pollutants were detected with gas chromatography_high resolution mass spectrometry ( HRGC_MS). The results showed that the detection limit of the target compounds in sample was 1. 00-2. 50 μg/kg, the recovery of surrogate in all samples was more than 67 . 6%, and the range of recoveries for target compounds in spiked sample was 62. 5%-92. 3%. The positive rate is 100% for hexachlorobenzene,β_HCH and p, pˊ_DDE, 85% for γ_HCH, 50% for PCB28, and 40% for PCB52. The concentrations of Hexachlorobenzene, HCHs, DDTs and PCBs were 5. 48-8. 40 μg/kg, 3. 86-27. 1 μg/kg, 1. 16-18. 3 μg/kg and 2. 20-22. 1 μg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations were 7. 84 μg/kg for hexachlorobenzene, 6. 93 μg/kg for HCHs, 5. 53 μg/kg for DDTs, and 3. 44 μg/kg for PCBs. The method and the analysis results can be used to evaluate the accumulation level and cumulative exposure level of 16 target compounds for fetal in motherˊs body.