Status risk factors and prevention and control strategies of familial aggregation of Helicobacter pylori infection / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the status of familial aggregation of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in Jinniu District, Chengdu, and analyze its risk factors so as to provide a basis for developing prevention and control strategies of family aggregation of Hp infection. Methods A total of 172 subjects in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College · 416 Hospital of Nuclear Industry from January 2022 to January 2023 were selected as the research subjects. All subjects underwent 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) to diagnose whether there was Hp infection. Analyze the current situation of family aggregation of Hp infection in the region, collect general data of survey subjects, analyze the relevant factors affecting Hp family aggregation infection, and develop prevention and control strategies based on this. Results A total of 242 people from 97 households were surveyed, and the Hp family aggregation rate was 29.33%. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in family aggregation of Hp infection in terms of different age groups (χ2=9.719, P=0.008), marital status (χ2=8.496, P=0.014), occupations (χ2=19.462, P2=5.457, P=0.019), previous Hp test results (χ2 =4.131, P=0.042) and test results after treatment (χ2=12.000, P=0.001), with statistical significance (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the frequency of dining out 2 days or more per week and a positive Hp test results in the past were risk factors for family aggregation of Hp infection, while the occupation of teachers/medical staff/management/technology personnel and a negative Hp results after treatment were protective factors (P<0.05). Conclusion Family aggregation of Hp infection is related to family members' occupation, frequency of dining out, previous Hp test results and Hp test results after eradication, which deserves attention in clinical practice.

Investigation of a family cluster of COVID-19 in a district of Shanghai in 2021 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of a family cluster of COVID-19 in a district of Shanghai， and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of cluster epidemic of COVID-19. MethodsField epidemiological survey was applied to study the cases and close contacts of a family cluster of COVID-19 in a district of Shanghai in 2021. Descriptive analysis of epidemiological survey data was conducted and real-time fluorescent quantification （RT-PCR） was used to detect new coronavirus nucleic acid for the collected specimens. ResultsCase A was the source of infection in the home aggregated epidemic. There were 2 second-generation cases infected in the whole incubation period. Case B and C were transmitted by case A through eating together. The PCR test results were negative both in the close contacts outside the family of primary contacts as well as in the close contacts to primary close contacts. ConclusionCOVID-19 is highly contagious and populations are generally susceptible. It is easy to cause family aggregated epidemic situation. Asymptomatic infection should be detected early and isolated. We should strengthen the tracking and management of close contacts of COVID-19 cases， and identify the second-generation cases as soon as possible.

Agregación familiar para la hipertensión arterial / Family aggregation of arterial hypertension

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es una de las enfermedades crónicas causada por la interacción de los factores etiopatogénicos genéticos y ambientales. Objetivo: Determinar la existencia de agregación familiar en la hipertensión arterial. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles, para determinar la agregación familiar de la hipertensión arterial. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes (257) con factores de riesgo de hipertensión arterial; la muestra quedó conformada por 60 pacientes distribuidos en 30 pacientes hipertensos (casos) y 30 pacientes sin el diagnostico (controles). La información recogida se procesó mediante la utilización del paquete estadístico Epinfo. Resultados: En el grupo casos, predominaron familiares de primer grado con antecedentes de hipertensión (43,9 por ciento) y para los controles, los familiares de grado 2 fueron los que representaron 44,1 por ciento. Los malos hábitos dietéticos se presentaron como el factor de riesgo de mayor frecuencia en ambos grupos con 28,7 por ciento y 47,5 por ciento, respectivamente. Para los pacientes con antecedentes familiares positivos (OR= 1,93, p= 0,008 IC 95 por ciento=1,18-3,16) tuvieron más riesgo de padecer hipertensión al igual que para el factor de riesgo obesidad (OR= 9,03, IC 95 por ciento= 2,80-29,1 p =0,0001). Conclusiones: Se determinó la existencia de agregación familiar para la hipertensión arterial, con mayor riesgo de padecer la enfermedad en las personas con historia familiar en primer grado positiva para la hipertensión y la presencia de obesidad(AU)

Introduction: Arterial hypertension is one of the chronic diseases caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental etiopathogenic factors. Objective: To determine the existence of family aggregation of arterial hypertension. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study of cases and controls was carried out to determine the family aggregation of arterial hypertension. The universe consisted of all (257) patients diagnosed with risk factors for high blood pressure; the sample was made up of 60 patients distributed in 30 hypertensive patients (cases) and 30 patients without diagnosis (controls). The information collected was processed using the Epi info statistical software. Results: In the group of cases, first-degree relatives with history of hypertension predominated (43.9 percent ). In the group of controls, second-degree relatives represented the 44.1 percent . Bad dietary habits were presented as the most frequent risk factor in both groups with 28.7 percent and 47.5 percent , respectively. Patients with positive family history (OR= 1.93, p = 0.008 95 percent CI = 1.18-3.16) and those suffering from obesity (OR = 9.03, 95 percent CI = 2.80-29.1 p = 0.0001) were at higher risk of developing hypertension. Conclusions: The existence of family aggregation of arterial hypertension was determined. People with first-degree positive family history of hypertension and presenting obesity were at higher risk of suffering from the disease(AU)

Epidemiological investigation on the first family aggregation epidemic of corona virus disease 2019 in Yangzhou / 上海预防医学

Objective To explore the transmission pattern of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the population by describing an imported case of novel coronavirus infected pneumonia epidemic situation. Methods Using the method of field investigation, epidemiological investigations were carried out for the imported COVID-19 case and the close contacts related to this epidemic cluster.Data were collected concerning the date of onset, isolation of the case and close contacts.The novel coronavirus nucleic acid was collected from the throat swabs of the case and close contacts.These samples were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. Results In this epidemic cluster, there was one confirmed case, that had been exposed to 36 people (12 in the family and 24 outside the family) and 2 in the family were nucleic acid positive and diagnosed as asymptomatic infections. Conclusion COVID-19 transmission proves to be mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact, which easily causes family aggregation epidemic.

Epidemiological survey on a family aggregation COVID-19 in Y County, Chenzhou City, Hunan / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate epidemic characteristics of a family aggregation COVID-19, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of family aggregation epidemic. Methods] Field epidemiological methods were used to investigate the cases and close contacts of a family aggregation COVID-19 in Y County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province. Descriptive statistical analysis was used on epidemiological data . The 2019-nCoV nucleic acid was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. Results It was found that Ms. Deng was infected with COVID-19 and became the infectious source of the family aggregation epidemic , who had lived in Wuhan Hubei Province. Her boyfriend Mr. Cao became a second-generation case of COVID-19..Another two asymptomatic but infected persons were family members living with Ms.Deng . Conclusion COVID-19 easily spreads within families. The awareness of family members' protection, the education of new coronavirus pneumonia prevention and control in key groups should be strengthened to avoid the occurrence and spread of family aggregation epidemic.

Agregación familiar para cáncer de cuello uterino / Family aggregation for cervical cancer

Introducción: El cáncer de cuello uterino es una neoplasia maligna originada en el cuello del útero, principalmente en la zona de transformación donde confluyen células escamosas y glandulares. Objetivo: Determinar la existencia de agregación familiar para cáncer de cuello uterino. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal de casos y controles (estudio de agregación familiar) en pacientes atendidas en consulta de Oncología Ginecológica. Hospital General Universitario Vladimir Ilich Lenin, desde septiembre de 2017 a febrero de 2018. La muestra quedó conformada por 60 mujeres con el diagnóstico histológico de cáncer de cuello uterino (casos) y por 60 mujeres sin diagnóstico de enfermedad oncológica (controles). Ambos grupos fueron tomados de las áreas de salud pertenecientes al municipio Holguín y pareados por edad. Resultados: En el grupo casos existió una mayor frecuencia en el antecedente familiar para cáncer de cuello uterino, siendo más elevada para los familiares de 1er grado (31 familiares, 41,3 por ciento). El antecedente de infecciones vaginales se presentó como el factor de riesgo de mayor frecuencia, con 36,7 por ciento en el grupo casos y 37,1 por ciento en el grupo controles. Se determinó un riesgo aproximadamente 4 veces mayor de padecer cáncer de cuello uterino en aquellos individuos con historia familiar positiva de 1er grado, mientras que las mujeres con antecedentes de infecciones vaginales tenían 4,8 más riesgo de padecer cáncer de cuello uterino. Conclusiones: Mediante esta investigación se determinó que existe agregación familiar para cáncer de cuello uterino, mostraron un riesgo mayor de enfermar las pacientes con historia familiar positiva para la enfermedad y antecedentes de infecciones vaginales(AU)

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm originating in the cervix uteri, mainly in the transformation area where squamous and glandular cells converge. Objective: Determine the existence of family aggregation for cervical cancer. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional case-control family aggregation study was conducted of patients attending the Gynecologic Oncology Service at Vladimir Ilich Lenin General University Hospital from September 2017 to February 2018. The sample was 60 women with a histological diagnosis of cervical cancer (cases) and 60 women without an oncological diagnosis (controls). Both groups were recruited from the health areas in the municipality of Holguín and paired by age. Results: In the case group there was a greater frequency of family antecedents of cervical cancer, which was higher for first-degree relatives (31 relatives, 41.3 percent). A history of vaginal infection was the most common risk factor with 36.7 percent in the case group and 37.1 percent in the control group. It was determined that the risk for cervical cancer is approximately fourfold greater among individuals with a positive first-degree family history, whereas women with antecedents of vaginal infection were at 4.8 times greater risk for cervical cancer. Conclusions: The study determined the existence of family aggregation for cervical cancer, with a greater risk for the disease among women with a positive family history and antecedents of vaginal infection(AU)

Agregación familiar en pacientes con hipertensión arterial / Family Aggregation in Patients with Arterial Hypertension

Introducción: actualmente, la hipertensión arterial es considerada como un trastorno poligénico y multifactorial, en el cual la interacción de múltiples genes entre sí y con el medio ambiente es importante. Objetivos: describir el comportamiento de la agregación familiar de la hipertensión arterial. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal en el Policlínico Alex Urquiola en el periodo de enero a agosto de 2016. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por los 54 pacientes y la muestra por 20, seleccionados a través de muestreo de tipo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Se les aplicó una encuesta estructurada y se realizó análisis informático de los resultados. Resultados: el grupo etario predominante fue el de 50 a 59 años (55 por ciento); mientras que el grupo menos representado fue el de 30 a 39 años (10 por ciento). En cuanto al grado de parentesco con los familiares hipertensos, predominaron los que tenían familiares de II grado (55 por ciento). El sedentarismo predominó como factor de riesgo. Conclusiones: se demostró agregación familiar para la hipertensión arterial en estas familias. Predominaron el grado de parentesco II y el factor de riesgo sedentarismo. Considerándose importante la prevención primaria en cada área de salud, para poder modificar factores de riesgo(AU)

Introduction: Hypertension is nowadays considered a polygenic and multifactorial disorder, in which the interaction of multiple genes with one other and with the environment is important. Objectives: To describe the behavior of family aggregation of arterial hypertension. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed Alex Urquiola Polyclinic, from January to August 2016. The study universe consisted of 54 patients and the sample consisted of 20 patients, chosen by simple probabilistic randomization. They were given a structured survey, after which we carried out the computerized analysis of the results. Results: The predominant age group was 50-59 years (55 percent), while the least represented group corresponded to the ages 30-39 years (10 percent). As for the degree of kinship to hypertensive relatives, there was a predominance of those who had relatives of grade II (55 percent). The sedentary lifestyle predominated as a risk factor. Conclusions: Family aggregation for hypertension was proved in these families. The was a predominance of the second degree of relation and sedentary risk factors. We consider that primary prevention is important in each health area, for the modification of risk factors(AU)

Interacción genoma-ambiente en la aparición de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en una población del municipio Plaza de la Revolución / Genome-environment interaction in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population living in Plaza de Revolucion municipality

INTRODUCCIÓN: en Cuba, ha sido una prioridad para la Genética Médica abordar el estudio de enfermedades complejas y en particular de la Diabetes Mellitus, por su alta prevalencia en el país. OBJETIVO: determinar la interacción del genoma y el ambiente en la aparición de la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación observacional analítica de casos y controles con base poblacional, en el periodo abril 2012 a abril 2014, en el municipio Plaza de la Revolución de la provincia La Habana. En una muestra de 52 pacientes y 104 sujetos sanos apareados por la edad y la zona geográfica de residencia con los casos, en proporción 2:1. Para explorar los factores ambientales se recogió información de los sujetos sobre: actividad física, sedentarismo, obesidad, dieta rica en grasas saturadas, dieta rica en azúcares refinados, consumo de vegetales, consumo de alcohol y tabaquismo. Para determinar los factores genéticos se recogieron los antecedentes de familiares de primer, segundo, tercer y cuarto grado afectados. RESULTADOS: se determinó que un individuo que presente antecedentes familiares de primer grado, tiene un riesgo 3,25 veces más de presentar la enfermedad que aquel que no lo presente. Al analizar la interacción del genoma y el ambiente se pudo observar que los factores ambientales incrementaron el riesgo genético de padecer Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 aproximadamente 2 veces. Los resultados son un punto de partida para establecer a nivel de atención primaria, una estrategia de prevención de la enfermedad en el marco del asesoramiento genético dirigido a las familias afectadas. CONCLUSIONES: la interacción genoma-ambiente incrementa el riesgo de padecer la enfermedad si se compara con el riesgo atribuible por ambos factores: genético y ambiental de manera independiente. Se evidencia que la DM tipo 2 no solo es un ejemplo de interacción genoma ambiente, sino de interacción gen-gen, pues muchos genes descritos para la obesidad son comunes a los genes que se han estudiado para la DM tipo 2, y para los síndromes de resistencia insulínica.

INTRODUCTION: addressing the study of complex diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus, has been a medical genetics priority in Cuba due to the high prevalence of disease nationwide. OBJECTIVE: to determine the interaction of the genome and the environment in occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: observational analytical population-based case and control study conducted in the period of April 2012 to April 2014 in Plaza de la Revolucion municipality, La Habana province. The sample was made up of 52 patients and 104 healthy subjects paired by age and location of residents with the cases in 2:1 ratio. For the screening of environmental factors, information was gathered from the subjects about physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, saturated fat-rich diet, and refined sugar-rich diet, consumption of vegetables, alcohol-taking and smoking. for identification of genetic factors, the histories of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree relatives, who were affected, were taken. RESULTS: it was determined that the risk of suffering diabetes in a subject with a family history of disease in his first degree relatives is 3.25 times higher than that one who does not. When analizing the interaction between the genome and the environment, one could observe that the environmental factors increased the genetic risk of having type 2 diabetes mellitus by 2 times approximately. These results are starting point to draw a preventive strategy of the disease at the primary health care within the genetic counseling program aimed at the affected families. CONCLUSIONS: the genome-environment interaction increases the risk of diabetes if compared with the attributable risk of both factors, genetic and environment, independently. It was evidenced that type 2 diabetes mellitus is not only an example of genome-environment interaction but gen-gen interaction as well, since many genes described for obesity are the same as the ones studied for type 2 diabetes mellitus and for insulin-resistance syndromes.

Propuesta de una estrategia preventivo-educativa para la interacción genoma-ambiente en la aparición de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 / Proposal of a preventive-educative strategy for the interaction genoma-environment in the emergence of diabetes mellitus type 2

Se efectuó un estudio analítico de casos y controles de los pacientes nacidos entre 1928-1979 con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente "José Martí Pérez" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta junio del 2012, a fin de proponer una estrategia preventiva educativa para la interacción genoma-ambiente en los afectados. Fueron seleccionados 76 casos y 152 controles mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple y la técnica de densidad por apareamiento (2:1), según edad, sexo y lugar de residencia. Se obtuvo un genoma predisponente con factores ambientales adversos en la aparición de la enfermedad, aunque existía una adecuada percepción del riesgo de enfermar en los controles y un elevado conocimiento sobre las complicaciones de la citada afección en los casos; por tanto, la estrategia propuesta puede contribuir a elevar el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo genéticos y ambientales asociados a la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, así como disminuir la incidencia de la enfermedad en esta área de salud.

An analytic cases and controls study of the patients born from 1928 to 1979 with diabetes mellitus type 2, belonging to «José Martí Pérez¼ Teaching Polyclinic was carried out in Santiago de Cuba from January to June, 2012, in order to propose an educational preventive strategy for the interaction genoma-environment in the affected patients. Seventy six cases and 152 controls were selected by means of a single random sampling and the technique of density through mating (2:1), according to age, sex and residence place. A predisposing genoma with adverse environmental factors was obtained in the emergence of the disease, although an appropriate perception of the risk of becoming sick existed in the controls and a high knowledge on the complications of the mentioned disorder in the cases; therefore, the proposed strategy can contribute to elevate the knowledge of the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with the diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as to decrease the incidence of the disease in this health area.

Estudios sobre las bases genéticas de la hipertensión arterial / Studies about the genetic bases of high blood pressure

Entre las causas determinantes para el incremento de los valores de la presión arterial, se sabe que tanto las de origen genético como las ambientales desempeñan un importante papel, clasificando como una enfermedad multifactorial. Las bases genéticas de la enfermedad están firmemente establecidas y el desarrollo en el campo de la genética molecular ha sido vertiginoso por lo que el avance en el conocimiento de las alteraciones genéticas causantes de la hipertensión arterial resulta de gran importancia. Se realizó una revisión sobre los diferentes estudios efectuados recientemente en relación con las bases genéticas de la hipertensión arterial. La información aportada por estos análisis en el futuro, resulta muy importante para la selección de pacientes de alto riesgo, puesta en marcha de medidas preventivas adecuadas, así como el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos y terapia individualizada

It is known that among the main causes of the increase in high blood pressure levels, the causes of both genetic origin and environmental origin play an important role, thus classifying it as a multifactor disease. The genetic bases are well established in the disease and the development in the field of molecular genetics has been vertiginous. That is the reason why the advances in the knowledge of the genetic alterations that cause high blood pressure are of paramount importance. A review about the different studies that were carried out recently in relation to the genetic basis of high blood pressure was made. The information shown for the future in these analyses is of great importance for high-risk patients' selection, the implementation of adequate preventive measures and the development of both new drugs and individualized therapy

Investigation on patients with familial aggregation of hepatitis B in southeast district of Chongqing * / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the incidence of familial hepatitis B viral (HBV ) infection in the southeast part of Chongqing ,and provide information for its prevention and treatment .Methods 295 patients with HbsAg positive came from 110 families were selected and divided to different groups by gender and marital status .We investigated the infections of HBV in three generations of the immediate families .This research focused on the difference between mother-to-child transmission and father-to-child transmission ,the status of receiving HBV vaccine ,the morbidity and mortality of cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma ,the cause of death ,and the impact of gender in three generations .Results Of the 110 cases ,the HBsAg positive rate for children with HBsAg positive mothers (more than 66 .7% ) was significantly higher than that with positive father (less than 1 .1% ) ,while there was no significant difference between male spouses and female spouses (22 .2% versus 20 .5% ,P>0 .05) .Only 23 .2% received HBV vac-cine and 2 .7% got immune globulin of HBV .8 .5% of the 295 persons had cirrhosis and 4 .4% of them had primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC);19 patients from 16 families died of liver diseases .39 cases of 110 patients got antiviral treatment regularly .Con-clusion As well as father-to-child transmission and close contact ,mother-to-child transmission contributed to familial HBV infec-tion ,and even more common .The high rate of familial HBV infection in this area was associated with low rate of vaccination and immune globulin of HBV .The leading cause of the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic cirrhosis was substandard treatment .

Interacción genoma-ambiente en la aparición de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 / Genome-environment Interaction in the ocurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Se efectuó un estudio analítico y observacional de casos y controles en el área de salud perteneciente al Policlínico "Josué País García" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el trimestre de septiembre a noviembre del 2010, con vistas a determinar la interacción genoma-ambiente en la aparición de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2. El grupo de estudio contempló a 80 integrantes con dicha enfermedad, seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio simple; y el tomado como control, 160 personas sin ella. Se aplicó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado, con un nivel de significación de 0,05, y se calculó la oportunidad relativa para evaluar la magnitud de asociación entre las variables. Los factores de riesgo más significativos resultaron ser la obesidad y el sedentarismo, así como la existencia de la afección en familiares de primer grado en los integrantes del grupo de casos. Asimismo, se evidenció la interacción de un genoma predisponente con los factores ambientales adversos, por lo que se recomienda trabajar en la atención primaria de salud sobre la base de los agentes de riesgo conocidos, que pueden influir en la inicio de esta entidad clínica.

An analytic and observational study of cases and controls was carried out in the health area belonging to "Josué País García" Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, during the trimester from September to November, 2010, with the purpose of determining the interaction genome-environment in the ocurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study group was constituted by 80 patients with this disease, selected by means of simple random sampling; and the control group included 160 people without it. The X² test, with 0,05 significance level was applied, and the odds ratio was calculated to evaluate the association magnitude between the variables. The most significant risk factors were obesity and sedentary lifestyle, as well as the existence of the disorder in first degree relatives from patients of the case group. Likewise, the interaction of a predisposing genome with the adverse environmental factors was evidenced, for what it is recommended to work in the primary health care on the base of the well-known risk agents which may influence in the beginning of this clinical entity.

Factores ambientales y genéticos asociados al cáncer de mama en féminas del área de salud 28 de septiembre / Environmental and genetic factors associated with breast cancer in women from 28 de September health area

El cáncer de mama ocupa, tanto por el número de pacientes diagnosticadas como fallecidas por esta causa, uno de los primeros lugares en el mundo y también en Cuba; razones estas que justificaron la realización de un estudio analítico observacional de casos y controles en el área de salud 28 de Septiembre de Santiago de Cuba durante el cuatrimestre enero-abril de 2009, que incluyó a 40 mujeres con cáncer mamario (consideradas como casos), registradas en el Servicio de Patología de Mama y seleccionadas mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple, así como a 80 controles sin este diagnóstico, para determinar los posibles factores ambientales y genéticos que pudieron haber influido en la aparición de esta neoplasia. Se aplicó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado, con un nivel de significación de 0,05 y se calculó la oportunidad relativa (odds ratio) para evaluar la magnitud de asociación entre variables y por intervalo de confianza. Se halló asociación de antecedentes patológicos familiares de ese tipo de cáncer en los casos, sobre todo en parientes de primer grado y más significativo en el grupo con la enfermedad, en el que también se observó más comúnmente agregación familiar de la afección. Se concluyó que esa formación neoplásica fue más frecuente en mujeres de 51 a 65 años, con menopausia tardía y hábitos tóxicos.

Breast cancer, for the number of diagnosed patients and those dead by this cause, is in one of the first positions in the world and also in Cuba; reasons why an analytic observational case-control study in 28 de Septiembre health area of Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January to April 2009, which included 40 women with breast cancer (considered as cases), who were recorded in the Service of Breast Pathology and selected by a simple random sampling, as well as 80 controls without this diagnosis, to determine possible environmental and genetic factors influencing the occurrence of this malignancy. The chi-square test was performed with a significance of 0,05, and odds ratio was calculated to evaluate the extent of association between variates and by confidence interval. An association of family medical history of this type of cancer was found in the cases, particularly in first-degree relatives and more significantly in the group with this disease, in which disease family aggregation was also observed more commonly. It is concluded that this malignancy was more frequent en women between 51 and 65 years with late menopause and toxic habits.

Family aggregation of primary hypertension among children and adolescents in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the association between histories of hypertension in parents and level of blood pressure in their children so as to provide strategy for early intervention. Methods 19 088 children aged 6-17 years were selected in Beijing with stratified random cluster sampling method,and data on influencing factors including parental history of hypertension and other related environmental factors were collected.Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were examined.SPSS 13.0 was used for data analyses.Results The average prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents was 9.13%based on the blood pressure criteria Beijing Children and Adolescents Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) set in 2004.Familial aggregation of hypertension in children and adolescents was observed (P＜0.001).There were positive associations between the numbers of parents with history of hypertension and both SBP and DBP of their offspring.Partial regression coefficients appeared to be 0.980 (95%CI:0.524-1.437) and 0.832 (95%CI:0.463-1.201) respectively,after controlling for con founding variables including gender,age,residential regions,body mass index (BMI),pubertal development,histories of smoking and drinking alcohol,fat intakes,physical exercises,parents' education level etc.Results from multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed that when compared with children whose parents did not have hypertension,the odds ratios of children having high blood pressure with only paternal history,only maternal history or with both parental histories were 1.688 (1.385-2.059),1.559 (1.164-2.087) and 1.273 (0.673-2.406),respectively,after adjustment for confounding factors.Conclusion Parental history of hypertension seemed to be an important independent risk factor for high blood pressure to their offspring.Heredity factors should be emphasized in the development of prevention and intervention on hypertension in children and adolescents.

Children and Parental Factors Affecting Cholesterol Levels of First-grade Students in Elementary School in Gwacheon

BACKGROUND: Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. Cholesterol level in childhood is related to the development of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. This study aimed to investigate cholesterol levels of first grade students in elementary school, to analyze the relationship between the children's cholesterol levels and those of parents' and to evaluate the factors influencing children's cholesterol levels. METHODS: In 2004, a sample of 108 first-graders in elementary school in Gwacheon city and their 216 parents were included in this study. Height, weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumference and blood pressure were measured and bio-chemical data were obtained. The children's birth weight, eating habits, physical activity, occupation, educational background, married status, mean monthly income of each family were obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient between children's cholesterol and fathers' cholesterol was 0.331 (P<0.001). The correlation coefficient between children's cholesterol and mothers' cholesterol was 0.364 (P<0.001). The mean total cholesterol level in children differed significantly according to mother's smoking status, mother's overeating due to stress and mother's diet restriction tendency for weight control. In multiple linear regression analysis of children's cholesterol as dependent variable, the explanation power (R(2)) of the model including children's sex, father's age and cholesterol levels, mother's age and cholesterol levels was 0.281. The explanation power (R(2)) of the other model including variables of the previous model and children's fruit consumption, parent's eating out tendency, mother's smoking status, mother's other behavior during mealtime, mother's overeating due to stress and mother's diet restriction tendency for weight control was 0.388. In final model, only the parent's cholesterol levels had significant effect on children's cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: It was parent's cholesterol level that affected significantly on the children's cholesterol level.

Clinical and pathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma with family aggregation / 中国普通外科杂志

0.05).The gender ratio(male-to-female)、the HBV infection rate and the 3-year recurrence rate after surgery in Group FH was higher than that in Group NF(P