Comentario acerca del caso Belcebú / Commentary on the Beelzebub case / Commentaire sur le cas clinique de Belzébuth / Comentário sobre o caso Belzebu

A partir de la presentación del caso clínico de un niño de 10 años llamado Belcebú, atendido durante la pandemia de forma virtual a lo largo de un año y cuatro meses, se realiza un comentario teórico-clínico puntualizando los aspectos vinculados a:los enunciados identificatorios; el niño en la estructura familiar y, como aspecto más relevante, el lugar del juego producido en las sesiones, el que sostenido por la mirada posibilitadora de la analista, le permitió alniño elaborar y rescribir marcas identitarias,en pos de una subjetivación menos tanática AU

Based on the presentation of the clinical case of a 10-year-old boy named Belcebú, treated virtually during the pandemic for a yearand four months, a theoretical-clinical comment is made, pointing out the aspects related to: the identifying statements; the child in the family structure and, as a most relevant aspect, the place of the play produced in the sessions, which, supported by the analyst's enabling gaze, allowed the child to elaborate and rewrite identity marks, in pursuit of a less thanatic subjectivation AU

Sur la base de la présentation du cas clinique d'un garçon de 10 ans nommé Belcebú, traité virtuellement pendant la pandémie durant un an et quatre mois, un commentaire théorico-clinique est fait, soulignant les aspects liés:aux énoncés identifiants; l'enfant dans la structure familiale et, comme aspect le plus pertinent, la place du jeu produit dans les séances, qui, soutenu par le regard habilitant de l'analyste, a permis à l'enfant d'élaborer et de réécrire des marques identitaires, à la poursuite d'une subjectivation moins thanatique AU

A partir da apresentação do caso clínico de um menino de 10 anos chamado Belcebú, tratado virtualmente durante a pandemia por um ano e quatro meses, é feito um comentário teórico-clínico, apontando os aspectos relacionados: a os depoimentos identificadores; a criança na estrutura familiar e, como aspecto mais relevante, o lugar da brincadeira produzida nas sessões, que, amparada pelo olhar capacitador do analista, permitiu à criança elaborar e reescrever marcas identitárias, em busca de uma subjetivação menos tanática AU

The influence of family structure on depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: the mediating role of emotional neglect / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the influence of family structure on depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and its mechanism.@*METHODS@#The cluster sampling method was used to select the students from seven middle schools in Shanghai, China. An online questionnaire survey was conducted using a self-made general status questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Children's Depression Inventory, and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. The methods including one-way analysis of variance, chi-square test, binary logistic regression analysis, and mediating effect analysis were used to evaluate depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and the difference in childhood trauma and its mediating effect.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the adolescents from nuclear families, the adolescents from three-generation lineal families had a lower risk of depression symptoms (OR=0.794, 95%CI: 0.649-0.972, P<0.05), while those from host families had a higher risk of depression symptoms (OR=4.548, 95%CI: 1.113-18.580, P<0.05). The adolescents from inter-generational families and host families had a significantly higher score on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire subscale of emotional neglect (P<0.05). Emotional neglect played a mediating role in the influence of inter-generational families and host families on depression symptoms in adolescents.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Parents and grandparents have a certain positive effect in family structures. Separation from parents may make adolescents perceive more emotional neglect, which may increase the occurrence of depression symptoms.

Estrutura e dinâmica familiar de pessoas com deficiência intelectual / Family structure and dynamics of people with intellectual disabilities

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de explorar a estrutura e a dinâmica de famílias com um filho com deficiência intelectual. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, a partir do estudo de casos múltiplos, de cinco famílias residentes no Distrito Federal, com análise descritiva e exploratória de entrevistas semiestruturadas para a construção de genogramas, ecomapas, e o ciclo de vital das famílias. Os resultados apresentaram a estrutura e dinâmica familiar através dos dados sociodemográficos, das expectativas atuais e futuras, estratégias de enfrentamento e do ciclo vital. Sugere-se o conhecimento de estratégias familiares adequadas para a transição futura de cuidados no contexto da deficiência intelectual.

This study aimed at exploring the structure and dynamics of families with a child with intellectual disabilities. The qualitative methodology was used, based on the study of multiple cases, of five families living in the Federal District, with descriptive and exploratory analysis of semi-structured interviews for the construction of genograms, ecomapas, and the life cycle of the families. The results presented the family structure and dynamics through sociodemographic data, current and future expectations, coping strategies and life cycle. It is suggested the knowledge of adequate family strategies for the future transition of care in the context of intellectual disability.

Confiabilidad por el método test retest del Barómetro de la Familia versión peruana / Reliability by test retest method of the Peruvian version of Family Barometer

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la confiabilidad del Barómetro de la Familia por medio del método test retest. Método: Estudio de tipo instrumental, se evaluó a 299 personas que vivían con sus parejas y/o hijos al momento de ser evaluados, el 83,6 % de la muestra fueron mujeres. El rango de edad fluctuó entre los 18 y 65 años (M=40,7 años). El Barómetro de la Familia (versión peruana) está compuesto por 98 ítems con diferentes opciones de respuesta (dicotómico, Likert, respuesta múltiple nominal y abierto de respuesta numérica) que evalúan la estructura y la dinámica familiar, además de la percepción que se tiene sobre temas relacionados a la familia como el aborto o el matrimonio. Se aplicaron los estadísticos kappa de Cohen (κ) y coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI). Resultados: La mayoría de reactivos que indagan sobre la estructura, dinámica familiar, violencia y conductas de riesgo son confiables (κ≥ 0,4 o CCI≥ 0,4). Por otro lado, preguntas sobre la separación, matrimonio, homosexualidad y aborto no son confiables (κ< 0,4 o CCI< 0,4). Conclusión: El cuestionario del Barómetro de la Familia demostró ser confiable en la medición de diversas características familiares en la población peruana.

Abstract Objective: It is to determine the reliability of the Family Barometer using the test retest method. Method: An instrumental study, 299 people living with their partners and / or children were evaluated at the time of evaluation, 83,6 % of the sample were women. The age range fluctuated between 18 and 65 years (M = 40,7 years). The Family Barometer (Peruvian version) is made up of 98 items with different response options (dichotomous, Likert, multiple nominal response and open numerical response) that evaluate the family structure and dynamics, in addition to the perception that one has about family related issues like abortion or marriage. Cohen's kappa statistics (κ) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were applied. Results: Most of the items that inquire about the structure, family dynamics, violence and risk behaviors are reliable (κ≥ 0,4 or CCI≥ 0,4). On the other hand, questions about separation, marriage, homosexuality and abortion are not reliable (κ <0,4 or ICC <0,4). Conclusion: The Family Barometer questionnaire proved to be reliable in measuring various family characteristics in the Peruvian population.

Caracterización sociopsicológica de familias de adolescentes con trastornos del comportamiento / Socio-psychological characterization of families of adolescents with behavioral disorders

Introducción: En Cuba, la atención a niños y adolescentes es una prioridad; sin embargo, existen menores que cometen hechos que la ley tipifica como delitos. El papel de la familia en la prevención de conductas desviadas en los menores es esencial; pero en ocasiones las características sociopsicológicas familiares no favorecen los comportamientos adecuados. Objetivo: Analizar las características sociopsicológicas de las familias de adolescentes con trastornos del comportamiento. Métodos: Se empleó como método el estudio de casos múltiples, en el cual se utilizaron la entrevista narrativa, la planilla de composición familiar, el escudo de armas familiar y el test de funcionamiento familiar con los padres; mientras que con los adolescentes, de forma individual, se emplearon el dibujo de la familia y la composición "Mi familia es"... Resultados: Las familias estudiadas se caracterizaron sociodemográficamente por un predominio de la raza negra, del sexo masculino, adultos y un nivel de escolaridad bajo, alto índice de vinculación laboral, con condiciones materiales entre regulares y malas, predominan las familias extensas. Los roles tendieron a ser rígidos y las relaciones fueron generalmente conflictivas. En cuanto al funcionamiento familiar, prevalecieron las familias disfuncionales, con afectación de los indicadores cohesión, armonía y comunicación. Desde la subjetividad familiar se evidenció un amplio conocimiento del contenido de valores espirituales, que no se manifestaron en la práctica cotidiana. Los proyectos de vida expresaron inmediatez y no tuvieron una materialización en la conducta cotidiana. Conclusiones: La manifestación de las características socio psicológicas familiares indicó que estas eran familias en situación de vulnerabilidad social, que es un factor de riesgo para los adolescentes con trastornos del comportamiento(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, is of great importance to care for children and teens; however, there are minors who commit acts that the law classifies as crimes. The role of the family in the prevention of the deviant behaviors is essential, but in many occasions the socio-psychological characteristics of the families doesn't favor adequate behaviors. Objective: To analyze the socio-psychological characteristics of the families of the adolescents with behavioral disorders of the School of Integral Formation "José Martí"; through the study of the categories structure, functioning and family subjectivity. Methods: The method of study of multiple cases is used, in wich it was used narrative interview, family composition board, family coat of arms, family operating test with parents; while with teens, in individual form, it was used family drawing and the composition My family is... Results: The families studied were sociodemographically characterized by a predominance of the black race and male sex, adults, and a low level of schooling, high rate of employment linkage, with bad and regular material conditions, with large families predominating. On the other hand, roles tended to be rigid, relationships were generally conflicting among family members. In terms of family functioning, dysfunctional families prevailed, affecting the cohesion, harmony and communication indicators. From the family subjectivity of the studied families, there was evidence of a broad knowledge of spiritual values that didn´t manifest in everyday practice. Life projects were scarce and had no materialization. Conclusion: The manifestation of family socio-psychological characteristics indicated that these were families in a situation of social vulnerability, like a risk factor for adolescents with behavioral disorders(AU)

Funcionamiento de las parejas parentales y su relación con los conflictos en familias reconstituidas / Operation of the parental couples and their relationship with the conflicts in reconstituted families

Introducción: Los problemas específicos de las familias reconstituidas se asocian con algunas características que presentan las relaciones de los miembros de la pareja actual con sus respectivas exparejas desde la ruptura de la conyugalidad. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el divorcio emocional, el conflicto coparental, el parentaje paralelo y los conflictos familiares que se manifiestan a partir de la inclusión del padrastro o la madrastra en la convivencia. Métodos: Se desarrolló un enfoque mixto de investigación con un diseño de dos etapas de transformación de datos cualitativos en cuantitativos. Participaron 68 familias de la ciudad de Pinar del Río, con tiempos de inclusión del nuevo miembro en el hogar entre 6 meses y 5 años. Resultados: Todos los aspectos evaluados del funcionamiento de las parejas se relacionaron con conflictos que surgieron entre los miembros de la familia reconstituida de la unidad de convivencia e involucraron a familiares no residentes en el hogar. El conflicto coparental que se expresó en las parejas desde la ruptura de la conyugalidad y el divorcio emocional se relacionaron con culpas, conflictos de lealtad y conflictos relacionales; mientras el parentaje paralelo mostró una relación significativa con las culpas. Conclusiones: Las dinámicas relacionales de las parejas parentales son potencialmente conflictivas y constituyen factores de riesgo para la reconstitución familiar y la funcionalidad de las familias reconstituidas(AU)

Introduction: The specific problems of reconstituted families are associated with some characteristics that present the relationships of the members of the current couple with their respective exes since the break-up of conjugality. Objective: To identify the relationship between the emotional divorce, the co-parenting conflict, the parallel parenting and the family conflicts that are manifested from the inclusion of the stepfather or stepmother in the cohabitation. Methods: A mixed approach of research with a two-stage design of qualitative data transformation in the quantitative level. 68 families from Pinar del Rio participated, being from 6 months to 5 years the inclusion time of the new member at home. Results: All the evaluated aspects of the functioning of the couples were related to conflicts that arose between the members of the cohabitation unit in the reconstituted family and those involved family members not residing in the home. The co-parenting conflict that was expressed in the couples from the rupture of conjugality and the emotional divorce were related to guilt, conflicts of loyalty and relational conflicts; while the parallel parenting showed a significant association with the guilts. Conclusions: The relational dynamics of parental couples are potentially controversial and constitute risk factors for the family reconstitution and the functionality of the reconstituted families(AU)

Funcionamiento de las parejas parentales y su relación con los conflictos en familias reconstituidas / Operation of the parental couples and their relationship with the conflicts in reconstituted families

RESUMEN Introducción: Los problemas específicos de las familias reconstituidas se asocian con algunas características que presentan las relaciones de los miembros de la pareja actual con sus respectivas exparejas desde la ruptura de la conyugalidad. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el divorcio emocional, el conflicto coparental, el parentaje paralelo y los conflictos familiares que se manifiestan a partir de la inclusión del padrastro o la madrastra en la convivencia. Métodos: Se desarrolló un enfoque mixto de investigación con un diseño de dos etapas de transformación de datos cualitativos en cuantitativos. Participaron 68 familias de la ciudad de Pinar del Río, con tiempos de inclusión del nuevo miembro en el hogar entre 6 meses y 5 años. Resultados: Todos los aspectos evaluados del funcionamiento de las parejas se relacionaron con conflictos que surgieron entre los miembros de la familia reconstituida de la unidad de convivencia e involucraron a familiares no residentes en el hogar. El conflicto coparental que se expresó en las parejas desde la ruptura de la conyugalidad y el divorcio emocional se relacionaron con culpas, conflictos de lealtad y conflictos relacionales; mientras el parentaje paralelo mostró una relación significativa con las culpas. Conclusiones: Las dinámicas relacionales de las parejas parentales son potencialmente conflictivas y constituyen factores de riesgo para la reconstitución familiar y la funcionalidad de las familias reconstituidas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The specific problems of reconstituted families are associated with some characteristics that present the relationships of the members of the current couple with their respective exes since the break-up of conjugality. Objective: To identify the relationship between the emotional divorce, the co-parenting conflict, the parallel parenting and the family conflicts that are manifested from the inclusion of the stepfather or stepmother in the cohabitation. Methods: A mixed approach of research with a two-stage design of qualitative data transformation in the quantitative level. 68 families from Pinar del Rio participated, being from 6 months to 5 years the inclusion time of the new member at home. Results: All the evaluated aspects of the functioning of the couples were related to conflicts that arose between the members of the cohabitation unit in the reconstituted family and those involved family members not residing in the home. The co-parenting conflict that was expressed in the couples from the rupture of conjugality and the emotional divorce were related to guilt, conflicts of loyalty and relational conflicts; while the parallel parenting showed a significant association with the guilts. Conclusions: The relational dynamics of parental couples are potentially controversial and constitute risk factors for the family reconstitution and the functionality of the reconstituted families.

Influencia de la familia sobre la resiliencia en personas con discapacidad física y sensorial de Arequipa, Perú / Influence of Family over the Resilience of People with Physical and Sensory Disabilities from Arequipa, Peru

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la influencia que ejercía la familia a través de su estructura y funcionalidad, en la resiliencia de personas con discapacidad física y sensorial de la ciudad de Arequipa (Perú). Método: Se trabajó con 240 personas con discapacidad física y sensorial, con una edad entre 12 y 61 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario ad-hoc de estructura familiar y datos sociodemográficos, la Escala de Clima Social Familiar (FES), la Escala de Evaluación del Sistema Familiar (FACES III), y la Escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young. El método utilizado fue cuantitativo, no experimental de tipo predictivo. Resultados: Entre los resultados encontramos que variables de funcionamiento familiar (cohesión y adaptabilidad), además de contar con apoyo económico y trabajo propio, son factores predictores de niveles de resiliencia más altos. Mientras que factores como el sexo, causa de discapacidad, problemas sociodemográficos y estructura familiar no repercuten en los niveles de resiliencia de la persona con discapacidad física y sensorial. Conclusión: Se concluye que la familia y las variables sociolaborales tienen impacto significativo en los niveles de resiliencia de las personas con discapacidad física y sensorial.

Introduction: The objective of this research was to determine the influence of family structure and function on the resilience of people with physical and sensory disabilities in the city of Arequipa (Peru). Method: We assessed 240 people with physical and sensory disabilities; their age was between 12 and 61 years. The Family Social Climate Scale (FES), the Family System Assessment Scale (FACES III), and the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale, an ad-hoc family structure and a sociodemographic data questionnaire were applied. The method used was quantitative, not experimental and predictive. Results: We found that family functioning variables such as cohesion and adaptability; in addition to having economic support and own work are predictive factors of higher levels of resilience. While factors such as sex, cause of disability, sociodemographic problems and family structure do not affect the levels of resilience of the person with physical and sensory disability. Conclusion: We conclude that family and socio-labor variables have a significant impact on the levels of resilience of people with physical and sensorial disabilities.

Profiles and Developmental Goals in Different Families of Rio de Janeiro / Perfis e Metas de Desenvolvimento em Diferentes Arranjos Familiares do Rio de Janeiro / Perfiles y Metas de Desarrollo en Diferentes Tipos de Familia de Rio de Janeiro

Abstract The study of child development goals has been of interest in psychology for decades, however, little is known about the goals of non-nuclear families. The objective of this study was to analyze inter and intragroup differences in the profiles of autonomy, interdependence and related autonomy of couples in different family arrangements in the city of Rio de Janeiro, as well as to investigate the association of these profiles with the development goals they have for their families' children. Fathers and mothers of children up to two years old were interviewed in 50 families (10 single-parent, 20 reconstituted and 20 nuclear). The results indicated an association between the autonomy and valorization of heteronomy goals in reconstituted families and higher interdependence scores in non-nuclear families. It is concluded that the family configuration can influence the relationship between autonomy and goals, and that the autonomy trajectories vary between family arrangements.

Resumo O estudo das metas de desenvolvimento infantil tem sido alvo de interesse na psicologia há décadas, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre as metas de famílias não nucleares. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar diferenças inter e intragrupos nos perfis de autonomia, interdependência e autonomia relacionada de casais em diferentes arranjos familiares na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, assim como investigar a associação destes perfis com as metas de desenvolvimento que estes possuem para os seus filhos. Foram entrevistados pais e mães de crianças de até dois anos em 50 famílias (10 monoparentais, 20 reconstituídas e 20 nucleares). Os resultados indicaram associação entre autonomia e valorização de metas de heteronomia em famílias reconstituídas e os escores mais elevados de interdependência em famílias não nucleares. Conclui-se que a configuração familiar pode influenciar a relação entre autonomia e metas, e que as trajetórias de autonomia variam entre os arranjos familiares.

Resumen El estudio de las metas de desarrollo infantil ha sido objeto de interés en la psicología desde hace décadas, sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre las metas de familias no nucleares. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar diferencias inter e intragrupos en los perfiles de autonomía, interdependencia y autonomía relacionada de parejas en diferentes tipos familiares en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, así como investigar la asociación de estos perfiles con las metas de desarrollo que poseen para sus niños. Se entrevistaron a padres y madres de niños de hasta dos años en 50 familias (10 monoparentales, 20 reconstituidas y 20 nucleares). Los resultados indicaron asociación entre autonomía y valorización de metas de heteronomía en familias reconstituidas y las puntuaciones más elevados de interdependencia en familias no nucleares. Se concluye que la configuración familiar puede influenciar en la relación entre autonomía y metas, y que las trayectorias de autonomía varían entre los arreglos familiares.

Inteligencia emocional, género y clima familiar en adolescentes peruanos / Inteligência emocional, gênero e clima familiar em adolescentes peruanos / Emotional intelligence, gender and family environment in Peruvian adolescents

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y el clima familiar. Se realizó un estudio transversal-correlacional en el que participaron 127 adolescentes del distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho, en Lima, Perú, donde se obtuvo información sobre su edad, género y estructura familiar. Las mediciones del clima familiar (CF) e inteligencia emocional (IE) se hicieron a través de una versión adaptada de la escala del clima social familiar (FES) y una escala de inteligencia emocional. Se utilizó la prueba estadística t de Student para la comparación de las puntuaciones de inteligencia emocional según el género y la estructura familiar, y la r de Pearson para el análisis de correlaciones entre el clima familiar y la inteligencia emocional. Como resultado, se encontraron diferencias de género en empatía (t = 3.445; p < .01) y habilidades sociales (t = 2.711; p < .01) -donde las mujeres presentaron puntuaciones más altas que los hombres-, pero no en la puntuación total de la inteligencia emocional. También, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la autorregulación (t = 2.319; p < .05) y automotivación (t = 2.713; p < .01) de los adolescentes de familias nucleares y monoparentales; y se observó una correlación directa entre el clima familiar y la inteligencia emocional (r = .632; p < .01).

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a relação entre a inteligência emocional e o clima familiar. Realizou-se um estudo transversal-correlacional no qual participaram 127 adolescentes do distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho, em Lina, no Peru, onde obteve-se informação sobre sua idade, gènero e estrutura familiar. As medições do clima familiar (CF) e inteligência emocional (IE) foram feitas através de uma versão adaptada da escala do clima social familiar (FES) e uma escala de inteligência emocional. Utilizou-se o teste estatístico t de Student para a comparação das pontuações de inteligência emocional segundo o gênero e a estrutura familiar, e a r de Pearson para a análise de correlações entre o clima familiar e a inteligência emocional. Como resultado, foram encontradas diferenças de gênero em empatia (t = 3.445; p < .01) e habilidades sociais (t = 2.711; p < .01), onde as mulheres apresentaram pontuações mais altas do que os homens, mas não na pontuação total da inteligência emocional. Também, foram encontradas diferenças significativas na autorregulação (t = 2.319; p < .05) e automotivação (t = 2.713; p < .01) dos adolescentes de famílias nucleares e monoparentais e observou-se uma correlação direta entre o clima familiar e a inteligência emocional (r = .632; p < .01).

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of emotional intelligence and family environment. A cross-sectional and correlational study was executed, involved 127 adolescents in San Juan de Lurigancho District, Lima - Peru. Data obtained were on age, sex, and family structure. Measurements of family environment (FE) and emotional intelligence (EI) were made through an adapted version of the Family Environment Scale (FES) and a EI scale, respectively. Student's t test was used for the comparison of emotional intelligence scores by gender and family structure and Pearson's r for the correlation analysis between family environment and emotional intelligence. The analysis revealed gender differences in empathy (t = 3.445, p <.01) and social skills (t = 2.711, p <.01), where women presented higher scores than men. There were no gender differences in the total score of EI. There were also significant differences in self-regulation (t = 2.319; p <.05) and self-motivation (t = 2.713; p <.01) in adolescents from nuclear and non-nuclear families. Finally, a direct correlation between family environment and emotional intelligence was found (r = .632, p <.01).

Factores sociodemográficos y familiares en menores de España con medida judicial, cívicos e infractores / Socio-demographic and family factors in Spanish children that engage in criminal or civic-minded behavior / Fatores sociodemográficos e familiares em menores espanhóis com medida judicial, cívicos e infratores

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar factores vinculados a la estructura y funcionalidad familiar, así como de carácter sociodemográfico, relacionados con el comportamiento delictivo en adolescentes. Para ello, seleccionamos aleatoriamente una muestra de escolares (n=118) del Principado de Asturias (España), divididos en dos grupos: cívico (n=87) y comportamiento delictivo (n=31), así como un grupo de adolescentes que cumplen Medida Judicial en Régimen Medio Abierto (n=22). Hallamos diferencias significativas en función de características individuales como edad, género y nivel de estudios, siendo los varones con mayor edad los que presentan más conductas delictivas. La formación académica de la madre, la separación conyugal y la ausencia del padre, son factores influyentes en el desarrollo de comportamientos delictivos que deriven en una sanción penal. Proponemos una discusión sobre las implicaciones de los resultados para la prevención de los comportamientos delictivos en menores.

This study aims to analyze factors associated with family structure and functionality, as well as socio-demographic characteristics, related to criminal behavior in adolescents. The authors selected a random sample of students (n=118) from the Principality of Asturias (Spain) that were divided into two groups: civic-minded (n=87) and criminal behavior (n= 31) and a group of adolescents that are currently the subject of court ordered sanctions (n=22). Significant differences were found in terms of individual characteristics such as age, gender and educational level, with older male adolescents presenting the highest levels of criminal behavior. The educational level of mothers, whether parents have separated and absent fathers are influential in the development of criminal behavior that could result in court-ordered punishments. The implications of these results for the prevention of juvenile criminal behavior are discussed.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores associados à estrutura e à funcionalidade familiar, bem como a natureza sociodemográfica, relacionados ao comportamento criminal em adolescentes. Para isso, foi selecionada uma amostra aleatória de estudantes (n=118) do Principado de Asturias (Espanha), divididos em dois grupos: cívico (n= 87) e comportamento criminoso (n=31), assim como um grupo de adolescentes que cumprem Medida Judicial em regime semiaberto (n=22). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em termos de características individuais, tais como idade, sexo e nível de escolaridade, sendo os homens mais velhos os que apresentam maior comportamento criminal. A formação acadêmica da mãe, a separação dos pais e a ausência do pai são fatores que influenciam no desenvolvimento de comportamento criminoso que poderia resultar em sanção penal. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados para a prevenção de comportamento criminoso juvenil.

Socio-emotional development of children of same-sex parents: achievements and future lines of research / El desarrollo socioemocional de los hijos de padres del mismo sexo: logros y líneas futuras de investigación

The influence of parents's sexual orientation in children development has brought special attention in recent years. Research that has explored the effect of family structure in children socio-emotional development have not identified significant differences between offspring of heterosexual- and lesbian-parent whereas interpersonal and social factors have shown a close relation with respect to children social performance. Although outcomes in this field are promising, they remain not conclusive. The majority of the studies have been conducted using cross-sectional designs, samples from non-representative population, measurements focused on psychological difficulties, so forth. General conclusions about socio-emotional development of children of same sex parents are presented, as well as methodological recommendations for future research in this area.

La influencia de la orientación sexual de los padres en el desarrollo de sus hijos ha traído atención especial en los últimos años. La investigación que ha explorado el efecto de la estructura familiar en el desarrollo socioemocional de los individuos no ha identificado diferencias entre los hijos de padres heterosexuales y aquellos criados por madres lesbianas, mientras que los factores interpersonales y sociales han mostrado una relación cercana con el desenvolvimiento social. Aunque los resultados en este campo son prometedores, estos aún no son concluyentes. La mayoría de los estudios han sido de tipo transversal, con muestras de poblaciones no representativas, medidas centradas en dificultades psicológicas, entre otros. Se presentan algunas conclusiones generales con respecto al desarrollo socioemocional de los hijos criados por familias homoparentales, así como algunas recomendaciones metodológicas para futuras investigaciones en esta área.

Tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva y estructura familiar / Duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the family structure

INTRODUCCIÓN: la alimentación influye en el adecuado desarrollo del niño. El establecimiento de la lactancia materna es un aspecto fundamental, y en muchas ocasiones un dilema familiar. OBJETIVO: evaluar las características de la familia, su funcionamiento familiar y su relación con el tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva durante el primer semestre de vida. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación descriptiva y prospectiva entre el 1º de noviembre de 2013 y el 30 de octubre de 2014 en 60 lactantes y sus familias de los consultorios del área rural del Policlínico Universitario "Santiago Rafael Echezarreta Mulkay", de San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Las variables fueron: composición de las familias, evaluación de funcionamiento familiar a partir de la aplicación del FF-SIL a cada madre, y tipos de alimentación recibida en cada uno de los meses. RESULTADOS: al cuarto mes el 46,6 % de los niños recibía lactancia materna exclusiva, y solo el 16,6 % al 6to. mes. El mayor número de familias fueron extensas, nucleares y funcionales. Exhibieron porcentualmente mejores resultados de lactancia materna exclusiva los niños que pertenecían a familias por su tamaño medianas, por su ontogenia nucleares, y con adecuado funcionamiento familiar. CONCLUSIONES: aunque no se obtuvieron cifras idóneas de lactancia materna exclusiva a los 4 y 6 meses de vida, los niños enmarcados en familias medianas y nucleares logran los mejores resultados. También se hizo evidente esta positiva asociación en aquellas familias clasificadas como funcionales según el FF-SIL.

INTRODUCTION: feeding influences the adequate child's development. The breastfeeding is a fundamental aspect that frequently becomes a family dilemma. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the characteristics of the family, its functioning as family and its relation with the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life. METHODS: a prospective and descriptive research study was conducted from November 1st 2013 to October 30th 2014 in 60 breastfed infants and their families who were seen at the physician's offices of the rural area of "Santiago Rafael Echezarreta Mulkay" university polyclinics in San Jose de las Lajas, Mayabeque municipality, who met the inclusion criteria. The variables comprised the composition of the families, the evaluation of their functioning according to the application of FF-SIL to each mother, and types of food taken each month. RESULTS: on the fourth month, 46.6 % of infants were exclusively breastfed whereas just 16.6 % were so on the 6th month. Most of the families were big, nuclear and functional. The best percentages in exclusive breastfeeding went to children from medium-size families, nuclear because of their ontogeny and adequate family functioning. CONCLUSIONS: althoguh the figures of exclusive breastfeeding are not the best for the 4th and 6th months, the children from medium-size and nuclear families achieved the best results. This positive association was also evident in those families classified as good functional ones by the FF-SIL.

La homoparentalidad en el quehacer terapéutico: una mirada inclusiva / The homoparentality in the therapeutic task: an inclusive look

La familia, como estructura, ha venido experimentado importantes modificaciones, las cuales alteran considerablemente sus dinámicas relacionales. Dentro de las tipologías familiares existentes, se encuentra la familia homoparental, que ha reclamado incesantemente su lugar dentro de una sociedad aún heterosexista. Sobre éste planteamiento, el artículo pretende establecer una reflexión acerca de cómo los psicólogos se encuentran preparados para asumir el desafío que implica la intervención de éste grupo de familias, resaltando la importancia que tiene su propia subjetividad, y cómo ésta influencia el proceso conversacional terapéutico, cuando subyacen actitudes prejuiciosas frente a la homosexualidad.

The family as a structure has been experimenting huge changes, which significantly disrupt their relational dynamics. Within existing family types, it is the homoparental family, which has consistently claimed its place in a heterosexist society. About that, this article aims to establish a reflection on how psychologists are prepared to take on the challenge of the involvement of this group of families, highlighting the importance of their own subjectivity and how it influence negatively the therapeutic process, when they are underlying skills prejudiced against homosexuality.

Ter ou não ter?: Uma revisão da literatura sobre casais sem filhos por opção / To have or not to have?: A literature review about voluntarily childless couples

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão narrativa da literatura nacional e internacional sobre casais que não têm filhos por opção. Aborda-se o conceito de casais “voluntariamente sem filhos”, a decisão de não ter filhos segundo a perspectiva do casal, a relação conjugal nesse contexto, o ciclo vital individual e familiar desses casais, bem como sua relação com a rede social. Os estudos sobre o tema têm questionado algumas ideias preconcebidas sobre esses casais: eles não apresentariam maiores dificuldades em seus relacionamentos conjugais nem seriam psicologicamente mais vulneráveis do que casais que optam por ter filhos. Constata-se que a opção por não ter filhos é uma decisão complexa e que exerce um potencial impacto sobre o desenvolvimento da relação. Os casais que não têm filhos por opção compõem um grupo diversificado no que se refere aos motivos atrelados a essa decisão e à maneira como lidam com a mesma.(AU)

This article presents a narrative review of national and international studies about voluntarily childless couples. It discusses the concept of "voluntarily childlessness", the decision not to have children according to the perspective of the couple, the marital relationship in this context, the individual and family life cycle of those couples, as well as their relationship with the social network. Studies on the topic have questioned some preconceived ideas about these couples: they would not present major difficulties in their marital relationships and they would not be psychologically more vulnerable than couples who chose to have children. Note that the option for not having children is a complex decision and it exerts a potential impact on the development of the marital relationship. Voluntarily childless couples comprise a diverse group with regard to the reasons underlying this decision and the way in which they deal with it.(AU)

Problemas emocionais e de comportamento e clima familiar em adolescentes e seus pais / Emotional and behavioral problems and family climate in adolescents and their parents / Problemas emocionales y de comportamiento y el clima familiar para los adolescentes y sus padres

A adolescência é uma fase de mudanças e um período vulnerável para o desenvolvimento de problemas emocionais e de comportamento (PEC). Estes podem surgir em decorrência de crises familiares, consideradas fatores de risco. Este estudo investigou os PEC e sua relação com aspectos do clima familiar na visão de 187 adolescentes e suas mães e pais. Os jovens eram estudantes de escolas públicas do Rio Grande do Sul. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Youth Self-Report (YSR), o Adult Self-Report (ASR) e o Inventário do Clima Familiar (ICF). Os resultados das percepções dos participantes quanto aos sintomas internalizantes e externalizantes indicaram relação da descrição das mães e pais e das mães e filhos, mas não entre descrições de filhos e pais. Os problemas internalizantes maternos correlacionaram-se positivamente com a percepção de Hierarquia dos adolescentes e negativamente com a Afetividade e os externalizantes correlacionaram-se positivamente com Conflito e Hierarquia, e negativamente com Coesão e Afetividade.

Adolescence is a period of many changes and a vulnerable phase for the development of emotional and behavioral problems (EBP). These may happen due to family crises, considered as risk factors. This study investigated EBP and their relation with family climate in the view of 187 adolescents and their mothers and fathers. The youngsters were students from public schools in Rio Grande do Sul. The used instruments were Youth Self-Report [YSR], Adult Self-Report [ASR] and Family Climate Inventory. The results of the participants’ perceptions, considering internalizing and externalizing symptoms, indicated a relation between mothers and fathers’ and mothers and children’s descriptions, but not between fathers and children’s. The maternal internalizing problems were positively correlated with the perceived Hierarchy of adolescents and negatively with Affection; the externalizing problems were positively correlated with Conflict and Hierarchy, and negatively with Cohesion and Affection.

La adolescencia es una fase de cambios y un periodo vulnerable para el desarrollo de problemas emocionales y de comportamiento (PEC). Estos pueden aparecer en consecuencia de crisis familiares, consideradas como factores de riesgo. Esta investigación abordó los PEC y su relación con los aspectos de un clima familiar en el enfoque de 187 adolescentes y sus padres. Los jóvenes fueron estudiantes de escuelas publicas de Rio Grande do Sul. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron YSR, ASR y ICS. Los resultados de las percepciones de los participantes en relación a los síntomas internalizantes y externalizantes indican relación de la descripción entre madres y padres, y de las madres e hijos, pero no aborda descripciones de hijos e padres. Los problemas internalizantes maternos se correlacionan positivamente con la percepción de la Jerarquía de los adolescentes y negativamente con la Afectividad, y los externalizantes se relacionan positivamente con Conflicto y Jerarquía, y negativamente con Cohesión y Afectividad.

Association between family structure and food group intake in children

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTOVES: Family has an impact on dietary intake of children as a proximal food environment and family structures are changing and becoming more diverse. This study was performed to identify the association between family structure and food group intake of children aged 3-18 years in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 3,217 children with complete data on variables for household information, dietary intake and sampling weights were obtained from 2010-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Children's family structure was classified into 3 groups (Living with both parents, Living with one parent and Living without parents). To evaluate children's food group intake, scores of individual food groups ('Grains', 'Meat, Fish, Eggs and Beans', 'Vegetables', 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products') was calculated from percent adherence to the recommended servings of the Korean Food Guidance System (KFGS). 'Food group mean score' was obtained by calculating the average of five food group scores. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, number of family members, and household income, children living with both parents had higher scores in 'Fruits' (P < 0.01), 'Milk and Dairy products' (P < 0.05), and mean score of individual food group score (P < 0.001) compared to children living with one parent. Individual food group scores and mean scores of individual food group scores were associated with different socio-demographic factors in study children. Family structure was associated with 'Fruits,' 'Milk and Dairy products' score and mean scores of food group scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that different approach might be required to solve nutrition problem in children depending on their family structure and other socio-demographic factors.

Conocimientos y actitudes hacia el VIH/SIDA: diferencias entre adolescentes españoles con padres casados y divorciados / Knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS: differences between Spanish adolescents with married or divorced parents

Objective This study is the first to examine whether the level of knowledge and the attitudes that a Spanish-speaking sample of adolescents have towards HIV/AIDS, both variables traditionally associated with risky practices, differs in function of having married or divorced parents, in order to determine whether the family situation should be included in the prevention programs. Materials and Method An observational cross-sectional study was carried out in fifteen secondary schools from five Spanish counties. Participants were 342 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years, 50% with divorced parents. Participants completed the HIV/AIDS Knowledge Scale on Spanish Adolescents and the Scale of Attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. Results Adolescents with divorced parents reported more favorable attitudes towards HIV/AIDS (p<.01; d=0.32), condom use (p<.05; d=0.24), conducting HIV tests (p<.05; d=0.28), and people living with HIV (p<.001; 0.32). Conclusions The results suggest that divorced parents could transmit to their children favorable attitudes towards AIDS and prevention methods. Including sessions with parents in the prevention programs is highlighted, aiming to encourage parents to transmit their adolescent children positive attitudes to prevent AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Objetivo Examinar por primera vez con una muestra de habla hispana si existen diferencias entre los adolescentes con padres casados y divorciados en el nivel de conocimientos y en sus actitudes hacia el VIH/SIDA, variables tradicionalmente asociadas con las prácticas sexuales de riesgo, a fin de conocer si la situación familiar debe tenerse en cuenta en los programas de prevención. Material y método Se trata de un estudio transversal observacional, en el que participaron quince centros escolares de cinco provincias de España. Los participantes fueron 342 adolescentes de entre 14 y 17 años, el 50% de ellos con padres divorciados. Completaron de forma anónima la Escala de Conocimientos sobre el VIH/SIDA para Adolescentes Españoles y el Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia el VIH/SIDA. Resultados Los adolescentes con padres divorciados mostraron actitudes más favorables hacia el VIH/SIDA (p<.01; d=0.32), uso de preservativo (p<.05; d=0.24), realización del test del VIH (p<.05; d=0.28), y hacia las personas que viven con el VIH (p<.001; 0.32). No se hallaron diferencias significativas en el nivel de conocimientos en función de la estructura familiar. Conclusiones Los resultados sugieren que los padres divorciados transmiten a sus hijos una actitud más favorable hacia el uso del preservativo. Se recomienda incluir en los programas de prevención sesiones dirigidas a los padres, para fomentar la transmisión a los hijos de actitudes favorables al sexo seguro que les prevengan del SIDA y de otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual.

"Eu fico comparando": expectativas maternas quanto ao segundo filho na gestação / "I keep making comparisons": maternal expectations during pregnancy regarding the second child

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as expectativas e os sentimentos de gestantes de segundo filho em relação ao bebê. Participaram 25 mulheres, no último trimestre de gestação, com idades entre 28 e 43 anos. Todas residiam com o pai dos dois filhos, em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada, submetida à análise qualitativa de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram diferentes expectativas maternas quanto ao segundo filho, tanto em relação ao sexo e ao nome, como quanto às características emocionais e físicas, com destaque para as comparações com o primogênito. As mães grávidas do segundo bebê depararam com o desafio de acolher e aceitar o desconhecido. O significado do segundo filho para a mãe ainda precisa ser contemplado em estudos sobre o tema.

The present study aimed to investigate the expectations and feelings of pregnant women regarding their second child. A total of 25 second-time mothers, aged 28 to 43, in the last trimester of their second pregnancy, took part in the study. They lived with their partners, in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A semi-structured interview was carried out, which was analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. The mothers reported their expectations concerning the second child regarding gender, name, and physical and emotional characteristics, often making comparisons with the firstborn. Mothers who are expecting a new baby are faced with the challenge of welcoming and accepting the unknown that the new infant represents. The meaning the second child has for the mother must be explored in future studies on the subject.