ABSTRACT
Estudos apontam que as metas de socialização da obediência são frequentemente valorizadas na criação de filhos. Contudo, a maior parte deles focaliza mães de famílias nucleares, não considerando a pluralidade de configurações familiares do contexto atual. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as metas de socialização da obediência infantil em famílias nucleares, monoparentais e reconstituídas. Participaram da pesquisa pais e mães de 50 famílias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com filhos de até dois anos de idade completos. Os participantes responderam ao Inventário de Metas de socialização/desenvolvimento (Keller et al., 2006). Os resultados não apontaram diferenças significativas na valorização das metas de socialização da obediência entre os três tipos de família. Famílias monoparentais, nucleares e reconstituídas valorizaram com a mesma intensidade a meta "aprender a obedecer aos pais" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) e a meta "aprender a obedecer as pessoas mais velhas" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099). No entanto, em famílias reconstituídas, foi observada uma maior valorização da obediência em pais e mães de meninas quando comparados a pais e mães de meninos (U=16, p=0.012). Além disso, em famílias monoparentais notou-se que quanto mais jovens são os filhos, mais valorizada é a obediência (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Entende-se que a aprendizagem da obediência aparece, de fato, como uma das mais importantes metas de socialização, na medida em que consiste em uma característica priorizada desde os primeiros anos de vida.
Literature shows that socialization goals related to obedience are frequently valued in childrearing practices. However, previous studies were mostly restricted to observation of maternal beliefs in groups of nuclear families, not fully considering the variety of family configurations in modern contexts. The present study aims at investigating socialization goals related to child obedience in nuclear, remarried and single parent families. Parents of 50 families from the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, constituted the sample, all with children up to two years of age. Participants filled the Socialization Goals Inventory (Keller et al., 2006). Results did not reveal significant differences in how parents valued socialization goals of obedience among the three different family types. Nuclear, remarried and single parent families valued the goal "learn to obey parents" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) and "learn to obey older people" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099) with the same intensity. However, in remarried families there was a higher valorization of obedience by parents of girls in comparison of parents of boys (U=16, p=0.012). Moreover, in single parent families, valorization of obedience was negatively correlated with the parents valorization of obedience, the younger their children, the more parents valued obedience as socialization goal (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Obedience appears to be highly valued by different types of Brazilian families, regardless of their configuration, and is prioritized since the first years of children's lives.
Los estudios apuntan que las metas de socialización de la obediencia se valoran en la crianza de hijos. Sin embargo, investigaciones anteriores detuvieron su foco de investigación en madres de familias nucleares, no considerando la pluralidad de configuraciones familiares del contexto actual. Siendo así, el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar las metas de socialización de la obediencia infantil en familias nucleares, monoparentales y reconstituidas. Participaron de la investigación padres y madres de 50 familias de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro con hijos de hasta dos años de edad completos. Los participantes respondieron al Inventario de Metas de socialización / desarrollo (Keller et al., 2006). Los resultados no apuntaron diferencias significativas en la valorización de las metas de socialización de la obediencia entre los tres tipos de familia. Familias nucleares, monoparentales y reconstituidas valoraron con la misma intensidad la meta "aprender a obedecer a los padres" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) y la meta "aprender a obedecer las personas mayores" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099). Sin embargo, en familias reconstituidas, se observó una mayor valoración de la obediencia en padres y madres de niñas cuando comparadas a padres y madres de niños (U=16, p=0.012). Además, en familias monoparentales, se notó que cuanto más jóvenes son los hijos, más valorada es la obediencia (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Se entiende que el aprendizaje de la obediencia aparece como una de las más importantes metas de socialización y consiste en una característica priorizada desde los primeros años de vida.
ABSTRACT
This study analyzes the food frequency for the elderly regarding different family types and finds the factors for nutritional risk, offers a basic reference for providing nutritional support for them. The study referred to the dietary behavioral survey data of 3,680 elderly people (1652 male and 2028 female) from 21 regions in the northern Kyeonggi province. The data was collected through the method of one-to-one interviews and was a part of the Community Health Survey for 2008 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). We classified family types as a household for elderly people living alone, a household of elderly people with a spouse, a household of the elderly with unmarried children and a household of the elderly with married children, and as for intakes of foods, the frequencies of taking fruits, vegetables, kimchi, rice with mixed cereals, meat, fish, bean/tofu/soymilk, milk and dairy products, as well as sweet beverages are calculated on a daily basis and skipped meals are calculated on a weekly basis. Elderly women showed lower income, lower education level, higher unemployment rates, and a higher rate of government healthcare subsidies than elderly men. Elderly women tend to live alone and with their children while elderly men tend to live with their spouse. In both males and females, the intake of fruits and vegetables were the least in the elderly living alone, while the elderly with married children ate the most. In both males and females, the household of the elderly living alone ate significantly less amounts of Kimchi than other family types. Elderly people living alone tended to have significantly less meat and fish, especially women. In the case of rice with mixed cereals, the elderly men living alone and the elderly men with unmarried children ate significantly less amounts than the elderly men living with a spouse. The elderly men living alone took significantly less milk and dairy products than the elderly men with unmarried children while the elderly women living with a spouse took significantly less milk and dairy products than the elderly women with married children. With regards to the frequency of meal-skipping, the elderly living alone had the highest frequency for skipping meals. From this result, having various foods is difficult for the elderly living alone. Furthermore, the elderly living with unmarried children demonstrated a low quality of dietary life compared to those of married children. Hence, it can be concluded that social support is important in order for the elderly to have a balanced diet.