ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: The study of adipose tissue has gained increasing importance in the biomedical area due to its implications for health and obesity. Obesity is a situation of great concern mainly in the Western world due to its high prevalence and morbidity. Experimental studies on obesity often need a model where it is possible to carry out experiments, drug testing, and other therapeutic procedures, which are typically not possible in humans. Although several animals are used for obesity studies, rodents are by far the most used animals, and among rodents, mice are particularly indicated for this investigation. This mini review will introduce the challenging classification of obesity in rodents, paralleling human obesity, defining and classifying what an obese mouse is. The text will differentiate between white adipose tissue (WAT, aimed at endocrine secretion and lipogenesis) and brown adipose tissue (BAT, aimed at thermogenesis) and describe the browning process of white adipocytes in an adaptation to increase thermogenesis. The text will also describe the various types of body fat in mice with their differences and indications for investigation and teach how to recognize and dissect these fats. At the end of this introductory reading, the young researcher is expected to have acquired sufficient knowledge to start an experimental investigative project on obesity.
RESUMEN: El estudio del tejido adiposo ha ganado una importancia creciente en el área biomédica por sus implicaciones para la salud y la obesidad. La obesidad es una situación de gran preocupación, principalmente, en el mundo occidental debido a su alta prevalencia y morbilidad. Los estudios experimentales sobre la obesidad a menudo necesitan un modelo en el que sea posible realizar experimentos, pruebas de drogas y otros procedimientos terapéuticos, que normalmente no son posibles en humanos. Aunque se utilizan varios animales para estudios de obesidad, los roedores son, con mucho, los animales más utilizados y, entre los roedores, los ratones están especialmente indicados para esta investigación. Esta mini revisión presenta la desafiante clasificación de la obesidad en roedores, en paralelo con la obesidad humana, definiendo y clasificando qué es un ratón obeso. El texto diferencia entre tejido adiposo blanco (WAT, destinado a la secreción endocrina y lipogénesis) y tejido adiposo marrón (BAT, destinado a la termogénesis) y describe el proceso de pardeamiento de los adipocitos blancos en una adaptación para aumentar la termogénesis. El texto también describe los diversos tipos de grasa corporal en ratones con sus diferencias e indicaciones para la investigación y enseña cómo reconocer y diseccionar estas grasas. Al final de esta lectura introductoria, se espera que el joven investigador haya adquirido los conocimientos suficientes para iniciar un proyecto de investigación experimental sobre la obesidad.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology , Obesity , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on chondrocytes co-cultured with infrapatellar fat pads.Methods Twenty-four infrapatellar fat pads and cartilages from female knee trauma patients aged between 25 and 35 were cut and stained using hematoxylin-eosin staining.Chondrocytes were isolated from part of the integrated surface of the cartilages to be cultured in vitro.They were then randomly divided into a normal chondrocyte group (the control group),a normal chondrocyte+FCM (fat conditioned medium) group (the model group),a normal chondrocyte+ FCM + LIP US group (the treatment group),and a normal chondrocyte+ FCM + LIPUS + GRGDSP (an integrin inhibitor) group (the inhibited group).The treatment group and inhibited group received LIPUS at 40 mW/cm2 for 20 min once a day,while the other groups received sham LIPUS treatment.Five days later,the cells were collected and western blotting was used to examine the expression of type Ⅱ collagen (COL2),aggrecan (Acan),matrixmetalloproteinase (MMP)-13,integrin β1,phosphorylation-focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) and phosphorylation p38 (p-p38).Results Western blotting showed that compared with the control group,the expression of COL2 and Acan was significantly lower in the model group,but that of MMP-13,integrin β1,p-FAK and p-p38 was significantly higher.As compared with the model group,the expression of COL2,Acan,integrin β1 and p-FAK was significantly higher,and that of MMP-13 and p-p38 was significantly lower in the treatment group.The expression of COL2,Acan,MMP-13,integrin β1,p-FAK and p-p38 showed no significant difference between the inhibited and model groups,but that of COL2,Acan,MMP-13,integrin β1,p-FAK and p-p38 was significantly different between the control and treatment groups.Conclusions LIPUS provides a protective effect on chondrocytes through inhibiting the expression of MMP-13 induced by adipokines and the degradation of COL2 and Acan through activating the integrin-FAK-p38 MAPK pathway.
ABSTRACT
Midface is one of the most important structures which impresses, combining with eyes and nose. Youthful midface shows the blending of lower eyelid and the anterior cheek, therefore the goals of midface rejuvenation is harmony between the lower eyelid and anterior cheek. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current concept of midface rejuvenation including preoperative patient assessment, surgical methods, postoperative management and complications. A critical understanding of patient expectation, anatomy and operative technique is important to achieve satisfactory results and to avoid complications.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Adipose Tissue , Blepharoplasty , Cheek , Eye , Eyelids , Nose , Rejuvenation , RhytidoplastyABSTRACT
Objective To investigate a myocutaneous flap method for eyelid baggy plasty conforming to the medical aesthetic requirements. Methods Before operation the amount of the lower eyelid skin excised should be determined. Asking the patient to look upward at supine position, the operator lifted properly the lower eyelid skin using fine forceps without teeth at the results of smooth superficialness at this region and slight ectropion. The incision lines were marked along the print pinched by forceps and the trace 2 to 3 mm below the ciliary margin. Intra-operatively severing soft issues to the inferior orbital fringe just on the sub-orbicularis level, the skin-muscle flap was made. Then the excessive muscle was removed in the light of the incision lines. The orbital fat teased out resected or filled up the concavity along the lower orbital edge. Results The tense and smooth appearance of lower eyelid was archived in 900 cases received in our hospital except 2 temporary ectropion cases and 2 temporary double vision cases. We repaired the 15 ectropions using adjacent skin flap, tarsal reduction, skin soft tissue expansion, or superficial temporary fascia sling suspension, eliminated 28 haematomaes and made the excision of scar and wound suture for a hypertrophic scar case in the 150 complications from other hospitals. The crow wrinkles were improved apparently. Conclusion The amount of skin excision determined pre-operatively, which not only successfully refrains interfering elements from blooding and swelling but also avoids giving rise to ectropion, is accurate than that performed during operation. Natural appearance after operation becomes better and lasting because of orbicularis raised which strengthens the anterior wall of orbital septum.