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Objective To investigate the status of medical institution sewage treatment in Qingpu District of Shanghai, and to make corresponding measures in improving sewage management in medical institutions. Methods Questionnaire survey was conducted on selected 95 medical institutions in Qingpu District to investigate sewage treatment status and sewage samples were collected from 30 medical institutions with 20 beds or above to test their sanitary quality. Results Operating rate of sewage handling equipment was 98.9%, the proportion of medical institutions using chlorine disinfectant was 87.4%, the total qualified rate of residual chlorine was 66.7%, the total qualified rate of fecal coliform number was 70.0%, and overall qualified rate was 60.0%. Conclusion The qualified rate of medical institutions sewage in Qingpu District is not optimistic enough.It is necessary to strengthen sewage personnel training and health supervision to ensure the safety of medical institution sewage.
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Resumen Introducción: El agua en estado natural contiene diferentes partículas, entre ellas, el suelo y microorganismos impiden que sea apta para el consumo humano, el agua en estas condiciones causa diversas enfermedades hídricas. En países de América Latina y el Caribe, estas enfermedades se encuentran entre las diez causas más frecuentes de defunción. El diseño del filtro ecológico (lento ascendente). Objetivo: potabilizar el agua de comunidades rurales sin emplear sustancias químicas, utilizadas por la ingeniería sanitaria de forma tradicional en la potabilización. Metodología: La aplicación de este proyecto de investigación se ejecutará en la comunidad de Pichiyacu de los Cayapas, ubicada en el Ecuador, provincia de Esmeraldas, cantón Eloy Alfaro. Resultado: Investigaciones científicas han demostrado que la semilla de la Moringa oleifera, es una alternativa amigable con el ambiente y el ser humano, debido a que presenta eficiencias sobre el 90% en la eliminación de la turbidez, y hasta el 100% en la remoción de coliformes fecales. Conclusiones: El presente proyecto considera los parámetros de calidad del agua en la confluencia de los ríos Santiago y Ónzole, en la provincia de Esmeraldas, cantón Eloy Alfaro, parroquia San José, comunidad Pichiyacu de Los Cayapas, la cual cuenta con una población estimada de 300 familias.
Abstract Introduction: Water in its natural state contains different particles, including soil and microorganisms that prevent it from being suitable for human consumption, water in these conditions causes various waterborne diseases. In Latin American and Caribbean countries, these diseases are among the ten most frequent causes of death. The design of the ecological filter (slow up). Objective: To make water available in rural communities without using chemical substances, used by sanitary engineering in a traditional manner for purification. Methodology: The application of this research project will be executed in the community of Pichiyacu de los Cayapas, located in Ecuador, province of Esmeraldas, canton Eloy Alfaro. Result: Scientific research has shown that the seed of the Moringa oleifera, is a friendly alternative to the environment and human being, because it has efficiencies over 90% in the elimination of turbidity, and up to 100% in the removal of coliforms Fecal. Conclusions: This project considers the water quality parameters at the confluence of the Santiago and Ónzole rivers, in the province of Esmeraldas, Eloy Alfaro canton, San José parish, Los Cayapas Pichiyacu community, which has an estimated population of 300 families.
Resumo Introdução: A água em seu estado natural contém diferentes partículas, incluindo o solo e microorganismos que impedem que ela seja adequada para consumo humano; a água nessas condições causa várias doenças transmitidas pela água. Nos países da América Latina e Caribe, essas doenças estão entre as dez causas mais freqüentes de morte. O design do filtro ecológico (ascendente lento). Objetivo: Tornar a água disponível em comunidades rurais sem o uso de substâncias químicas, usadas por engenharia sanitária de maneira tradicional para purificação. Metodologia: A aplicação deste projeto de pesquisa será executada na comunidade de Pichiyacu de los Cayapas, localizada no Equador, província de Esmeraldas, cantão Eloy Alfaro. Resultado: A pesquisa mostrou que a semente de Moringa oleifera é uma alternativa amiga do ambiente e os seres humanos, uma vez que apresenta as eficiências mais de 90% na remoção de turvação, e até 100% na remoção de coliform Fecal Conclusões Este projeto considera os parâmetros de qualidade da água na confluência dos rios Santiago e Onzole na província de Esmeraldas, Canton Eloy Alfaro, paróquia San Jose, comunidade Pichiyacu Los Cayapas, que tem uma população estimada de 300 famílias.
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Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica das águas utilizadas para irrigação de hortaliças na Bacia do Córrego Sujo, Teresópolis, RJ, importante polo agrícola cuja produção abastece a região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Análises de coliformes termotolerantes, bactérias heterotróficas totais e parâmetros físico-químicos foram realizados em oito diferentes pontos dos canais fluviais dessa bacia. Segundo a Resolução CONAMA 357/2005, os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos estudados, exceção para oxigênio dissolvido em duas estações (6 e 7), apresentaram valores próprios para a irrigação de hortaliças consumidas cruas e que se desenvolvem rente ao solo, como as cultivadas no local. Porém, segundo a mesma resolução, apenas uma estação (4) apresentou água com qualidade microbiológica própria para esse mesmo fim. Nossos resultados apontam para a necessidade de um maior controle da qualidade das águas utilizadas para irrigação nessa região; uma vez que hortaliças irrigadas com águas contaminadas podem transmitir diversas doenças.
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of the water used for vegetables irrigation in the Córrego Sujo basin, Teresopolis-RJ; an important agricultural pole that supplies the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Analysis of fecal coliforms, total heterotrophic bacteria and physicochemical parameters were held in eight different points of the river channels in this basin. According to the CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, physicochemical parameters results, except for dissolved oxygen, in two stations (6 and 7) showed proper values for irrigation of raw consumed vegetables and low vegetation like those cultivated in the region. However, according to the same resolution, only one station (4) presented water with proper microbiological quality for the same purpose. Our results indicate the need for greater quality control of the water used for irrigation in this region as vegetables irrigation with contaminated water can transmit several diseases.
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In Ethiopia, access to improved water supply and sanitation was estimated at 38% and 12% respectively. Three- forth of the health problems of children in Ethiopia are communicable diseases due to polluted water and improper water handling practices. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the microbiological quality of drinking water sources in rural communities of Dire Dawa Administrative Council (Adada Peasant Association). A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2011 to May 2011. Microbiological water quality parameters were analyzed using the membrane filtration method. Water analysis demonstrated that all water sources in the study area were contaminated with total coliforms and fecal coliform. The fact that, about 83.34% of the water sample was positive for indicator bacteria shown that the three selected Peasant Associations had risk of contamination. High concentration of microbiological indicators in all water sources of this study area have demonstrated the presence of pathogenic organisms which constitute a threat to anyone consuming or in contact with these waters. The majority of the drinking water sources is either of unacceptable quality or grossly polluted. Regular quality control mechanisms need to be in place to ensure safety of drinking water.
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The bacterial contamination as the total aerobic bacteria, coliform and fecal coliform numbers were determined and analyzed for temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in seasonally collected water samples from fifteen different stations placed in Adana- Tufanbeyli road line during March 2008- January 2009. In addition, antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates were examined against frequently used antibiotics, and analyzed plasmid DNA of multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) isolates. Total aerobic bacteria in fountain water samples was determined as 3x103 CFU ml-1 and total and fecal coliforms were determined 460 MPN/100 ml. Results obtained from biochemical analysis showed that 121 of the isolates were Proteus vulgaris, 69 Escherichia coli, 51 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 28 Citrobacter spp. According to these results, the existence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in stations 2 and 10, and Streptococcus faecalis in stations 11 and 15 respectively were confirmed. Clostridium perfringens was not detected in water samples. A total of 273 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by agar disc diffusion methods. A total of sixteen antibiotics were used for determination of antibiotic resistance of isolates. Resistance to bacitracin, vancomycine, cephalothin and ampicillin was detected in 77, 77, 63 and 50%, respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) value > 0.25 was determined in 68.4% of identified 273 isolates and meaning of this percentage were resistant to four and more antibiotics. Plasmid DNA was isolated from 22 isolates with multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 taken randomly by agarose-gel electrophoresis, some of them contain a high-molecular weight plasmid DNA. Highlight of our study that the appearance of potential antibiotic resistances in fountain drinking water requires increased surveillance for risk assessment and prevention strategies to protect public health.
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An experiment was designed to examine microbiology of water samples of Gölbasi lake and to assess the occurence of multiple antibiotic resistances in Escherichia coli from them. Total aerobic bacteria number in the lake was determined as 20x103 cfu ml-1and fecal coliforms were determined >1100 MPN/100ml. Collected water samples from four geographically dispersed stations were screened for the E.coli and assessed for their resistance to twelve different antibiotics, which are commonly encountered in the lake. Of the total 13 E.coli isolates, 0% were susceptible to all antibiotics. All of isolates were found resistant to Penicillin (P) (100%). Among the twelve antibiotics tested, four patterns of antibiotic resistance were obtained and all of them were multiple antibiotic resistance with the number of antibiotics ranging from 2 to 5. Three isolates had beta-lactamase detected by iodometric slide test. The results indicated that persistent use of antibiotics against human diseases and other life forms may pollute the lake water and their impact on developing antibiotic resistant E.coli may be a serious threat in both health and environment.
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This research is a part of a multidisciplinary research in the Angke River. The aim of this research is to study the river’s water quality from the microbiological point of view in several locations along the Angke River. The locations under this study included: Duri Kosambi, Pesing Poglar, Teluk Gong, Pantai Indah Kapuk and Estuary (4 points). The examinations were held in term of microbiological aspects, based on the guide published by the Ministry of Health, the Republic of Indonesia and concluded according to Government Regulation. The parameter of microbiological tests was the most probability number (MPN) of total and fecal coliform. The method used was done in 2 steps: presumptive and confirmed test. Completed test was conducted to confirm the presence of E.coli and other bacteria in water. The result showed that the water quality of the Angke River was poor; therefore, it is not recommended to be used as drinking water. It is categorized as the 2nd class quality that means it can only be used for water recreation, veterinary, showering plants and or other purposes that require the same quality of water. The MPN of total coliform at Pantai Indah Kapuk and the outer side of river mouth (estuary area) was lower than other areas. People who live in Pantai Indah Kapuk are having a higher economic level. Therefore, it can be assumed that they are more educated people who have more insight about hygiene. Further, the water at the outer side of river mouth contains a higher salt concentration that can kill pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, the water quality of the Angke River is categorized as 2nd class quality not recommended to be used as dringking water except the water from Pantai Indah Kapuk and estuary area that can be used as dringking water after boiling.
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Water QualityABSTRACT
Los coliformes fecales son un grupo importante de microorganismos indicadores de inocuidad en alimentos, constituido principalmente por Escherichia coli, el cual es considerado como indicador de contaminación reciente de origen fecal, por ello la importancia de investigar su presencia y determinar rápidamente el nivel poblacional en alimentos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo comparar el método tradicional Número Más Probable (NMP) para la determinación de coliformes fecales, según Norma Venezolana Covenin Nº 1104-96 con el método de placas rehidratables PetrifilmTM 3M coliformes incubadas en baño de agua circulante (PBA) a 45 ± 0,2°C por 24 ± 2 horas y en estufa con aire circulante 44 ± 1°C por 24 ± 2 horas (PES) de acuerdo con lo recomendado por la Asociación Francesa de Normalización (AFNOR) y la Corporación 3M. Se analizaron un total de 42 muestras de queso blanco aplicando ambas metodologías, dispensando simultáneamente diluciones seriadas de las muestras. Para el análisis estadístico se realizó una correlación de muestras relacionadas (SPS versión 7,5), obteniéndose los siguientes resultados r = 0,952 entre NMP y PES y r = 0,944 entre NMP y PBA; lo que indica una buena correlación positiva entre ambas metodologías en sus diferentes modalidades para la determinación de coliformes fecales en muestras de queso blanco. Se concluye que las placas PetrifilmTM coliformes incubadas a la temperatura óptima de crecimiento de dichos microorganismos es un método alternativo, rápido y confiable para la determinación del nivel de coliformes fecales en queso blanco.
Fecal coliform belong to an important group of sanitary quality indicator microorganisms in food, mainly constituted for Escherichia coli, considerated as indicators of recent fecal contamination, that is why it is very important to investigate their presence and to detect their population in food rapidly. The objetive of this study was to compare the Most Probable Number (NPM) method for fecal coliform determination, according to Venezuelan standard COVENIN Nº 1104-96, with the coliform PetrifilmTM 3M TM plates, incubated in circulating thermostatically - controlled water bath (PBA) at 45 ± 0,2 ° C for 24 ± 2 hours and in a circulating air incubator at 44 ± 1° C for 24 ± 2 hours (PES), according to the recommendation of Association Francoise of Normalization, Paris (AFNOR) and 3M TM corporation. Forty-two white cheese samples were analyzed using both methods mentioned above. They were dispensed at the same time with decimal dilutions of the samples. Data generated were subjected to correlation of related samples (SPS 7.5 version) and the correlation coefficients (r) were obtained; r = 0.952 NMP and PES; r = 0.944 NMP and PBA. It is interesting to observe a good correlation between the methodologies in their different forms for fecal coliform determination in white cheese. Coliform PetrifilmTM plates incubated at the optimal temperature of coliform fecal culture represent a rapid alternative and reliable method for the assessment of fecal coliform population in white cheese.
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A água é o principal elemento para os seres vivos, podendo ser também uma potencial via de transmissão de inúmeras doenças. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade Microbiológica da água destinada ao consumo humano de bebedouros da Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO). Foram colhidas 47 amostras de água de bebedouros localizados nos diversos departamentos da universidade. Utilizou-se o método de fermentação em tubos múltiplos que determina o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de bactérias coliformes totais e fecais/100 mL. Os resultados revelam 4/47 (8,5) amostras positivas para coliformes, totais e 1/47 (2) para coliformes fecais. Considerando a legislação vigente conclui-se que em três bebedouros a água, sob o ponto de vista bacteriológico, estava imprópria para o consumo humano
The goal of this work was to evaluate micriobiologic quality of water consumed in drinking-fountainsfrom State University of Guarapuava, Paraná state, Brazil. Total and fecal coliforms were searched for thepourpose of evaluating quality of water consumed. Fourty seven samples were obtainied and 4/47(8,5%) were positive to total coliforms and 1/47 (2%) were positive to fecal coliforms. Three samplesshowed unsatisfactory hygienic conditions considering Public Health Legislation
Subject(s)
Microbiological Techniques , Coliforms , Coliforms/adverse effects , WaterABSTRACT
0.05). Conclusion The rapid paper strip method could be applied as the rapid method for monitoring the fecal colifom group in surface water.