Anemia neonatal grave secundaria a transfusion feto-materna: a proposito de un caso / Severe neonatal anemia due to fetomaternal hemorrhage: an ilustrative case

La transfusión feto-materna es el paso de eritrocitos fetales a la circulación materna. Cuando es masiva, tiene una incidencia aproximada del 0,2-0,9 %. Generalmente, se desconoce el agente desencadenante, pero, en ocasiones, se pueden identificar factores de riesgo. En el embarazo, suele ser asintomática; el síntoma más frecuente es la disminución de los movimientos fetales (el 26 %) en relación con la anemia grave. Se diagnostica mediante la detección de hemoglobina fetal en la sangre materna (test de Kleihauer o citometría de flujo). Se presenta a un recién nacido con anemia crónica secundaria a la transfusión fetomaterna, que, después del tratamiento con transfusión de concentrado de hematíes, tuvo como complicación síntomas de sobrecarga de volumen y empeoramiento clínico. Tras la realización de una exanguinotransfusión, evolucionó favorablemente, sin secuelas.

Fetomaternal transfusion (FMT) is defined by the transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulation. The incidence of massive FMT is estimated to be approximately 0.2-0.9 % of births. Although a number of etiologies have been associated with FMT, most causes remain unidentified and the pregnancy is usually asymptomatic. The most frequent symptom is the decrease in fetal movements (26 %) in relation to severe anemia. Several diagnostic modalities for FMT are described (Kleihauer stain, flow cytometry). We describe a case of a newborn with chronic anemia secondary to FMT who, after treatment with transfusions of red blood cells, presented volume overload and clinical worsening as a complication. In this case, our patient needed exchange transfusion for definitive improvement without disability.

Safety of umbilical cord milking in very preterm neonates: a randomized controlled study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety of umbilical cord milking on both the mother and neonate among very preterm deliveries of less than 33 weeks of gestation. METHODS: Pregnant women who were expected to deliver at between 24 0/7 and 32 6/7 weeks of gestation were randomized to either the umbilical cord milking or immediate cord clamping group. Maternal and neonatal data associated with delivery, in addition to neonatal morbidity and mortality data, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 66 preterm deliveries included in the study, 34 were randomized into the milking and 32 into the clamping group. Differences between maternal pre- and post-partum hemoglobin levels were 1.35 g/dL in the milking and 1.58 g/dL in the clamping group (P=0.451). Neonatal Apgar scores at both 1 and 5 minutes, initial blood gas analysis results, body temperature at admission, need for early intubation, and maximum bilirubin levels were all similar between the 2 groups. However, neonatal hemoglobin levels at birth (15.79 vs. 14.69 g/dL; P<0.05) and at 24 hours of age (14.83 vs. 13.29 g/dL; P<0.05) were significantly higher in the milking group. Neonates in the clamping group required more blood transfusion (1.78 vs. 0.93; P=0.049), and a higher percentage of neonates in the clamping group required inotropic drugs (63% vs. 29%; P=0.007). The mortality rate was significantly lower in the milking group (6% vs. 28%; P=0.015). CONCLUSION: Umbilical cord milking can be a safe and beneficial procedure for both the mother and the neonate in deliveries of less than 33 weeks of gestation.

Hemorragia fetomaterna masiva con patrón cardiotocográfico sinusoidal: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage with cardiotocographic sinusoidal rhythm: a case presentation and literature review

Introducción: la transfusión fetomaterna masiva (TFM) es una entidad con una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad fetal, suele cursar con una disminución en la percepción de los movimientos fetales por parte de la madre, y la presencia de un patrón cardiotocográfico sinusoidal fetal, asociado a la anemia fetal. No obstante, ambas situaciones tienen muy baja especificidad. Se presenta un caso clínico con el objetivo de revisar la exactitud del patrón sinusoidal en el diagnóstico de anemia fetal. Materiales y metodos: se presenta el caso de una gestante de 36 semanas que fue atendida en el Hospital Universitario La Paz (complejo hospitalario de tercer nivel que forma parte del conjunto de hospitales públicos en España), en la que tras presentarse un patrón cardiotocográfico no tranquilizador, se realizó una inducción del parto en el que las pruebas habituales de bienestar fetal resultaron insuficientes para el diagnóstico de sufrimiento fetal. Tras un parto eutócico se comprobó la presencia de una anemia neonatal grave, comprobándose la presencia de un gran volumen de sangre fetal en la sangre materna mediante el test de Kleihauer Betke. Se hace una revisión de los artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años en las base de datos Medline vía PubMed, en español e inglés.Conclusión: la monitorización fetal intraparto podría ser útil en el diagnóstico de la hemorragia fetomaterna masiva, aunque se deben hacer estudios más amplios para determinar la exactitud diagnóstica...

Introduction: massive fetomaternal transfusion (MFT) is an entity having high fetal morbidity and mortality; it usually involves the mother’s reduced perception of fetal movements and the presence of a cardiotocographic fetal sinusoidal rhythm, associated with fetal anemia. However, both situations have very low specificity. A clinical case is presented here to arouse interest in reviewing the precision of the sinusoidal rhythm when diagnosing fetal anemia. Materials and methods: the case of a 36-weeks pregnant mother is presented; she attended La Paz teaching hospital (a third-level hospital forming part of the Spanish public hospital system). After presenting a non-reassuring cardiotocographic heart rate pattern, birth was induced in which the usual fetal wellbeing tests proved insufficient for diagnosing fetal suffering. The presence of serious neonatal anemia was shown following a eutocic delivery, the Kleihauer-Betke test proving the presence of a large volume of fetal blood in the mother’s blood. Articles published in both Spanish and English during the last 10 years in the Medline database were reviewed via PubMed. Conclusion: intradelivery fetal monitoring could be useful in diagnosing massive fetal-maternal hemorrhage, even though broader studies should be carried out for determining diagnostic precision...

Atualizações na profilaxia da isoimunização Rh / Updates in the prophylaxis of the Rh isoimmunization

O conhecimento da isoimunização Rh e das bases moleculares do gene RHD e de suas variantes cresceu muito nos últimos anos. Esse crescimento permitiu a introdução de ferramentas realmente úteis no acompanhamento a gestantes isoimunizadas ou em risco de desenvolver a doença hemolítica perinatal (DHPN). A introdução da imunoprofilaxia RhD, por volta dos anos 1960, propiciou uma significativa redução na incidência de aloimunização materna por anti-D. Essa redução torna-se ainda mais significante quando há a associação da profilaxia pós-natal à antenatal, entretanto, seu uso ainda não é amplamente difundido no Brasil e sua eficiência está diretamente relacionada à dose correta, que vai depender da idade gestacional e da quantidade de hemorragia feto-materna (HFM). Sabe-se ainda que a imunoglobulina anti-D policlonal, por ser de origem humana, não é isenta de riscos à gestante ou ao concepto. Dada essa limitação, anticorpos monoclonais têm sido produzidos e avaliados a fim de substituir o anti-D policlonal. Todavia, até o momento, o sucesso dessa nova tecnologia tem sido apenas parcial. Como uma importante alternativa, entretanto, tem sido estudada a habilidade de indução de tolerância à proteína RhD, em ratos transgênicos, a partir de peptídios sintéticos

The knowledge of the Rh isoimmunization and the molecular bases of RHD gene and its variants has grown in recent years. This growth allowed the introduction of useful tools in monitoring pregnant women with alloimmunization or at risk of developing hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The introduction of RhD immunoprophylaxis, in the 1960 years, provided a significant reduction in the incidence of maternal alloimmunization by anti-D. This reduction becomes even more significant when associated with antenatal prophylaxis, however, its use is not yet widespread in Brazil and its efficiency is directly related to the correct dose that will depends on the gestational age and the fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) quantity. It is also known that anti-D polyclonal, to be of human origin, is not without risk to the mother or the fetus. Given this limitation, monoclonal antibodies have been produced and evaluated in order to replace the polyclonal anti-D. Nevertheless, so far the success of this new technology has been only partial. As an important alternative, however, the ability to induce tolerance to the RhD protein in transgenic mice from synthetic peptides has been studied

Analysis on Prenantal Fetomaternal Immuno-state of 32 RhD-negative Pregnant Women / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective Study on the relations between Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and the influencing factors of producing anti-D. Methods D antigens of 32 RhD-negative pregnant women and their newborns are determined by indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) and absorption/elution test. With polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct genomic DNA sequencing, we detect the RHD gene in weak D pregnant women identified serologically, and we analyzed the situation of fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) of the D-negative women with more than 2 gestations with flow cytometry. Results Among 32 pregnant women of RhD-negative detected by first test, there are 18 pregnant women with two and more pregnancy. In these 18 pregnant women, 3 cases are identified as D el phenotype, 1 case is designated as D category VI type III, the rest 14 cases are truly D-negative pregnant women. Among the truly D-negative multi-pregnant women, 2 produce anti-D in sera and 13 are detected fetal erythrocytes in their peripheral blood by flow cytometry. However there are no anti-D detected in sera of D-negative first-pregnant women. Conclusion No anti-D allo-immune response were observed in all first-time pregnant women. In multi-pregnant women, however, 14.3% produce anti-D and result in HDN of Rh.

An experimental study on permeability of basic fibroblast growth factor through placental barrier in rats / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To investigate if bFGF can penetrate placental barrier. Methods: Sixteen day pregnant Wistar rats were selected. bFGF labeled with 125 I was injected peritoneally into the rats. The radioactivity of bFGF in different organs were determined in 30 min. Results: (1) 125 I bFGF was detected in the brain, heart, liver,lung and spleen. (2)With the same dose of 125 I bFGF, the concentration of it in the brain was at lowest level of all other organs.(3) In the range of safe dose, the permeability of bFGF through placental barrier was increased obviously. Conclusion: bFGF may penetrate placental barrier into rat's brain, which makes possible for the therapeutic intervention of bFGF in feotus. [