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Background: Extraction of teeth is the commonest surgical procedure carried out in the dental surgery setting. The purpose of this survey was to identify the causes of teeth extraction in Kashmiri population. Material & Methods: This study was done on the patients who were referred to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Government Dental College Srinagar for tooth extraction for the period of 6 months from February 2019 to July 2019. Total of 3000 patients were included in this study. Results: There were 1680 (56%) extractions in males and 1320 (44%) in females with male?to?female extraction ratio of 1.2:1. In both male and female gender, there were more teeth extractions between the ages of 11 and 30 years. The commonest tooth to be extracted was 1st molar both in upper (27.2%) and lower (30.4%) arch. The commonest reasons for teeth extraction were caries (53.4%; 1602/3000). Conclusions: The result of this study shows that dental caries is the commonest reason for tooth extraction in Kashmiri population. It is hoped that the study will facilitate the development of treatment and preventive procedures relevant to the problems, thus minimizing the loss of teeth and its expected adverse consequences.
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Background: Anthropometry has continuously been used in forensic examinations of unknown commingled human remains. Forensic Anthropology is concerned with the building of ante mortem histories of individuals from skeletonized remains The aim and objective is to find out the bilateral and bisexual variations from the percutaneous measurement of length of hand and middle and little fingers of both hands of males to reconstruct the stature.Material & Methods:100 male undergraduate students were taken up for the study. The stature was measured by a stadiometer. The hand length and finger length were measured by the measuring scale and vernier calipers. The prediction of estimation of stature from the length of both hands, middle finger length and little finger length of both hands was determined.Results:The mean height in males is 174.3690±6.18 cm. The mean hand length in males is 19.74±0.87 cm in right hand and 19.65±0.83 cm in left hand. The mean length of right middle finger length is 8.32±0.45 cm and left middle finger length in males is 8.28±0.49 cm. The mean length of right little finger length is 6.38±0.43 cm and left little finger length in males is 6.27±0.52 cm.Conclusions:Positive and statistically significant correlation can be observed among the different variables taken up in the present study. Pearson’s correlation was used which can predict a significant relationship between the height and the length of hand and middle finger of male.
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Introduction: Stature helps to determine a person’s identity. In dead and mutilated bodies, height can be estimated from body parameters using a regression equation or multiplication factor.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to find the multiplication factor between percutaneous ring finger length (RFL) and stature in the Haryana region, for which 145 medical students (80 males and 65 females) of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, were measured. The correlation coefficient between height and RFL was found to be positive.Results: Stature can be accurately estimated from RFL using simple regression equation or multiplication factor. The regression equation determined for male was Height = 1.798 × RFL + 158.6 and for female was Height = 0.919 × RFL + 152.3.Conclusions: Our study has a great importance to estimate stature from RFL among Haryana region from the anatomical and medicolegal point of view.
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SUMMARY: The aim of this study were to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D finger length ratios (the ratio of the second finger length to the fourth finger length) of students from verbal and quantitative weighted fields, and to determine the correlation of these ratios with some anthropometric measurements. For this purpose; hand length, hand width, lengths of second and fourth finger and waist, hip and neck circumferences were taken from totally 398 (199 female, 199 male) students aged 17-25 years by using millimetric callipers and non-elastic standard measuring tape. Demographic data were also taken. Moreover, Body Mass Index (BMI) and 2D:4D finger length ratios of the study group were also calculated. When we investigated the 2D:4D ratios for right, left and dominant hands among verbal and quantitative talented individuals in female students, there were statistically significant differences for right and dominant hand (p=0.032; p=0.042, respectively). On the other hand, there was no difference for left hand in female participants (p>0.05). Furthermore, there were positive correlations with 2D:4D and weight (r=0.38, p<0.001), BMI (r=0.34, p=0.01) of the male students in verballyweighted field and with hip and waist circumferences in male students in quantitatively-weighted field (r=0.30; p=0.002; r=0.41, p<0.001). In male students in quantitatively-weighted fields, there was a weak and positive correlation with 2D:4D finger length ratios and neck circumferences on the left hand, and this relationship was statistically significant (r=0.21; p=0.032). And also, there were no statistically significant correlations between anthropometric measurements and 2D:4D ratios among the female students in quantitatively weighted field. Whereas there were positive correlations with 2D:4D finger length ratios and waist circumference in female students in verbally weighted field (r=0.24, p=0.018). We believe that the data obtained in this study will be a guide for career planning goals of persons according to their quantitative and verbal talents.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en investigar la relación entre índices de longitud del dedo (2D:4D) (es decir, la relación de la longitud del segundo dedo a la cuarta longitud del dedo) de los estudiantes de campos ponderados verbales y cuantitativos, para determinar la correlación de estas proporciones con algunas medidas antropométricas. Para este propósito, se consideraron las siguientes mediciones: longitud de la mano, ancho de la mano, circunferencia del segundo y cuarto dedo y circunferencia de cintura, cadera y cuello. Se examinaron 398 estudiantes (199 mujeres, 199 hombres) de 17-25 años de edad, usando pinzas milimétricas y cinta métrica estándar no elástica. También se tomaron datos demográficos. Además, se calcularon las proporciones de índice de masa corporal (IMC) y 2D:4D del grupo de estudio. Cuando investigamos las proporciones 2D:4D para manos derechas, izquierdas y dominantes entre individuos talentosos verbales y cuantitativos en mujeres, hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la mano derecha y dominante (p = 0,032, p = 0,042, respectivamente). Por otro lado, no hubo diferencia para la mano izquierda en las mujeres (p> 0.05). Además, hubo correlaciones positivas con 2D:4D y peso (r = 0,38, p <0,001), IMC (r = 0,34, p = 0,01) de los hombres en el campo verbalmente ponderado y con circunferencias de cadera y cintura en hombres en campo ponderado cuantitativamente (r = 0,30, p = 0,002; r = 0.41, p <0,001). En los hombres, en campos cuantitativamente ponderados, hubo una correlación débil y positiva en 2D, relaciones de longitud de dedo 4D y circunferencias de cuello en la mano izquierda, y esta relación fue estadísticamente significativa (r = 0,21, p = 0,032). También, no hubo correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las medidas antropométricas y las proporciones 2D:4D entre las estudiantes en el campo cuantitativamente ponderado. Mientras que hubo correlaciones positivas con 2D:4D, índices de longitud del dedo y circunferencia de la cintura en las mujeres en el campo ponderado verbalmente (r = 0,24, p = 0,018). Creemos que los datos obtenidos en este estudio serán una guía para los objetivos de planificación de carrera de las personas de acuerdo con sus talentos cuantitativos y verbales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Aptitude/physiology , Fingers/anatomy & histology , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait. Men have a relatively shorter second digit than fourth digit. This ratio is thought to be influenced by higher prenatal testosterone level or greater sensitivity to androgen. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between alcohol dependence and 2D:4D in a Korean sample and whether 2D:4D can be a biologic marker in alcohol dependence. METHODS: In this study, we recruited 87 male patients with alcohol dependence from the alcohol center of one psychiatric hospital and 52 healthy male volunteers who were all employees in the same hospital as controls. We captured images of the right and left hands of patients and controls using a scanner and extracted data with a graphics program. We measured the 2D:4D of each hand and compared the alcohol dependence group with the control group. We analyzed these ratios using an independent-samples t-test. RESULTS: The mean 2D:4D of patients was 0.934 (right hand) and 0.942 (left hand), while the mean 2D:4D of controls was 0.956 (right hand) and 0.958 (left hand). Values for both hands were significantly lower for patients than controls (p<0.001, right hand; p=0.004, left hand). CONCLUSION: Patients who are alcohol dependent have a significantly lower 2D:4D than controls, similar to the results of previous studies, which suggest that a higher prenatal testosterone level in the gonadal period is related to alcoholism. Furthermore, 2D:4D is a possible predictive marker of alcohol dependence.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Alcoholism , Biomarkers , Epigenesis, Genetic , Gonads , Hand , Hospitals, Psychiatric , Testosterone , VolunteersABSTRACT
Estimation of stature plays a special role in the field of forensic medicine and forensic anthropology. Present study was designed to investigate the ability of estimating stature from right index and ring finger length. Methods: The study was carried out by taking the measurement of index and ring finger length of right hand and individual’s actual height of 250 medical students (125 males and 125 females) of 18 to 25 years of age. The study was carried out in department of forensic medicine and toxicology at SSIMS & RC Davangere, Karnataka state, India. Obtained data was analysed statistically to establish the relationship between a person’s index and ring finger length of right hand and stature. Results: Regression equation and ‘P’ values were obtained. A moderate correlation was observed between index and ring finger length of right hand and calculated height of an individual which is statistically highly significant. Conclusion: The present study would be useful for anthropologists, Investigating Officer (IO) and forensic experts.
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The 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D : 4D) as a predictor of the degree of expression of sexually dimorphic and other sex-hormone-mediated traits differs between the sexes, ethnics and race. The aim of this study is to identify characteristics and role of 2nd to 4th digit ratio as a sex determinant in Korean. This study was done on 664 individuals (332 males, 332 females). Data were collected by measuring index and ring finger length on both hands with digital callipers. The data were analyzed through the frequency, descriptive statistics, X2 test, independent t-test, paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis using SPSS win 19.0. This study showed that the 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D : 4D) in Korean men (0.96) was significantly lower than that of women (0.97). There was a significant difference in the types of 2nd and 4th finger length according to sex. There was a significant difference between right 2D : 4D and left 2D : 4D both of Korean men and women. Correlation between right and left hand digit ratio was .530 in men and .556 in women. The 2nd to 4th digit ratio accurately determinated sex in 89.1% males and 89.2% females for the left hand, and in 91.8% males and 91.9% females for the right hand. The results of this study suggest that 2nd to 4th digit ratio in Korean differs between males and females, moreover, it will be able to perform a role as a sex determinant.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Racial Groups , Fingers , HandABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The study investigated the role of prenatal testosterone on the development of sexually dimorphic psychological phenotype. Finger length ratio (2nd digit/ 4th digit, 2D/4D), especially on the right hand, is thought to be influenced by prenatal exposure to testosterone. We evaluated the relationship between 2D/4D and psychological characteristics in college students. METHODS: Participants were 137 college students who completed 3 self-report measures : the Emotional Empathy Scale, Aggression Scale, and Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). After copying right ventral surface of the participant's hand, we measured the lengths of the 2nd and 4th fingers, from basal crease to tip, using vernier calipers. We performed statistical analyses using correlation tests and t-tests to examine the relationship between 2D/4D and psychological characteristics (empathy, aggression, and sex role) RESULTS: We observed significant correlations between sex differences and average 2D/4D ratio. Men had a lower 2D/4D ratio than women, confirming the typical sex difference in digit proportions. In women, there was a significant correlation between 2D/4D ratio and empathy. Women with higher, more feminine, finger length ratios had higher empathy scores. We found no correlation between 2D/4D and aggression or sex role. CONCLUSION: There was a positive correlation between 2D/4D and empathy, but in women only. Low prenatal testosterone might play important role in the development of an essential, typically feminine, psychological phenotype (empathy), in women.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Aggression , Coat Protein Complex I , Empathy , Fingers , Gender Identity , Hand , Phenotype , Sex Characteristics , TestosteroneABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The 2nd to 4th digit length ratio(2D : 4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait regardless of ethnicity and shows sex differences. According to previous research, men usually have a relatively shorter 2nd digit than 4th digit. There is tendency that men with lower 2D : 4D are perceived as being more masculine and tend to perform better in some physical sports. Furthermore, 2D : 4D is negatively associated with trait aggression. In this study, we examine gender difference of 2D : 4D and compare 2D : 4D of female Korean national team members to 2D : 4D of control subjects. Besides that, we also compare 2D : 4D of female Korean national team members according to their sports entries. METHODS: The sample of this study is 396 people, 67 female Korean national team member, 216 control women and 113 control men. We measured 2nd to 4th digit length of their right hand. In addition, we collected demographic information of female Korean national team members using a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean 2D : 4D of female Korean national team members is 0.96(SD=0.04), smaller than control women's 2D : 4D(0.97, SD=0.03) and significantly higher than control men's 2D : 4D(0.95, SD=0.03). We also found differences between control men and women. Non-martial arts related sports athletes have significant difference with control men in 2D : 4D. However, martial arts related sports athletes' 2D : 4D is not significantly different from other groups, including control men. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the findings of previous research that there is a significant difference between men and women in their 2D : 4D. Furthermore, 2D : 4D of martial arts related sports athletes have not shown any difference from the 2D : 4D of control men that 2D : 4D of non-martial arts related athletes have shown. This fact is important in consideration of masculine characteristics. For further research, it is necessary to examine 2D : 4D difference according to sport ability and gender differences.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Aggression , Athletes , Hand , Martial Arts , Sex Characteristics , SportsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The 2nd to 4th digit length(2D:4D) ratio reflects the amount of exposure and sensitivity to the prenatal sex hormone and it is considered to be the most convenient and useful way to understand the influence of sex hormone in the determination of human behavioral traits. This study was carried out to find the correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and characteristics of temperament and character in Korean university students. We assumed that 2D:4D ratio would show a strong correlation with temperament which is defined to be an inclination of an automatical emotional response to a stimulus. METHODS: Participants were 104 university students who completed 2 self-report measures:Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), Temperament Test. We examined the 2D:4D ratio of each subject by measuring the lengths of the 2nd and 4th fingers using a photocopy measurement. We performed statistical analyses using correlation test and t-test to examine the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and psychological characteristics. RESULTS: We found out the typical sex difference in 2D:4D ratio. Women had significantly higher 2D:4D ratio than men. TCI-Character factor(TCI-C) didn't show any significant correlation with the 2D:4D ratio. TCI-Tempterament factor(TCI-T) and the item of Temperament Test showed a significant correlation with the 2D:4D ratio. In correlation analysis of the total group including all women and men, the 2D:4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in a subscale(shyness with stranger) of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of women's group, the 2D:4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in two subscales( fear of uncertainty) and[shyness to stranger] of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of men's group, the 2D:4D ratio showed a significant negative correlation with a sanguine temperament item of the Temperament Test. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the amount of exposure to sex hormone in the prenatal period seems to have an impact on the determination of temperament and characteristics.
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Female , Humans , Male , Fingers , Sex Characteristics , Temperament , Testosterone , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
123 children with Kashin- Beck disease (KBD) and 84 normal children at the age of 2-13 in the KBD-affecter area have been continuously investigated for 4 years. It was found that 83% of KBD children had metaphyseal lesions and 66.9% of them had lesions in bone ends, and that the natural recovering rate of metaphyseal lesions from the 1st year to the 4th year was 22%, 43%, 57.8% and 73.6% respectively, and the natural recovely to the lesions of bone end was not found in all cases. It was also found that 25.2% of KBD children had an abnormal ratio of finger joint width and fingerwidth. Among them,2 changed from abnormal to normal and 17 from normal to abnormal. Only 2 children had an abnormal ratio of finger length and hand width. All the 84 normal children in the KBD-affected area had normal ratio of two ratios. No new case whose ratio turnd abnomal was found in 4 years. Our observations suggest that it is not reasonable to take the varying rate of metaphyseal lesions as the only evaluating criteria of cure and prevention of KBD because the natural recoveing rate of metaphyseal lesions is very high. It seems to be more reliable to combine the varying rate of metaphyseal leisions with the ratio of finger joint width and figer width as the evaluating criteria of cure and prevention of KBD.