Presença de risco de transtorno do estresse pós-traumático em policiais militares feridos por arma de fogo / Presence of risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in military police officers wounded by firearms / Presencia de riesgo de trastorno de estrés postraumático en policías militares heridos por armamiento de fuego

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o risco de desenvolvimento de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), bem como sua associação com pensamentos ou tentativas suicidas e a saúde mental de policiais militares feridos por arma de fogo, na Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), nos anos de 2017 a 2019. A pesquisa contou com a participação de 30 entrevistados, que responderam o Inventário Demográfico e a Lista de verificação de TEPT para o DSM-5 (PCL-5). Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a técnica estatística Análise Exploratória de Dados e a técnica multivariada Análise de Correspondência. Os resultados revelaram a existência de risco de desenvolvimento do transtorno de forma parcial ou total em uma expressiva parcela da população entrevistada, tendo homens como maioria dos sintomáticos, com média de 38 anos, exercendo atividades operacionais e vitimados em via pública quando estavam de folga do serviço. O ferimento deixou a maioria com sequelas, com destaque para dores crônicas, limitações de locomoção e/ou mobilidade e perda parcial de um membro. E, ainda, policiais sintomáticos apresentaram comportamentos suicidas, relatando já terem pensado ou tentado tirar a própria vida. Desta forma, conclui-se que policiais militares são expostos constantemente a traumas inerentes a sua profissão. Quando há ameaça de vida, como nos casos de ferimentos por arma de fogo, são suscetíveis a sequelas físicas decorrente do ferimento, somadas a sequelas mentais tardias, como o surgimento de sintomatologias de TEPT e ideação suicida.(AU)

This study aimed to identify the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its associations around suicidal thoughts or attempts and mental health in military police officers injured by firearms, in the Metropolitan Region of Belem (RMB), from 2017 to 2019. The research had the participation of 30 respondents who answered the Demographic Inventory and the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). For data analysis, we used the statistical technique Exploratory Data Analysis and the multivariate technique Correspondence Analysis. The results revealed the existence of risk of developing partial or total disorder in a significant portion of the interviewed population, with men as most of the symptomatic individuals, with mean age of 38 years, developing operational activities and victimized on public roads when they were off duty. The injuries left most of them with sequelae, especially chronic pain, limited locomotion and/or mobility, and partial loss of a limb. In addition, symptomatic officers showed suicidal behavior, such as reporting they had thought about or tried to take their own lives. Thus, we conclude that military policemen are constantly exposed to traumas inherent to their profession. When their lives are threatened, as in the case of firearm wounds, they are susceptible to physical sequelae resulting from the injury, in addition to late mental sequelae, such as the appearance of PTSD symptoms and suicidal ideation.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar el riesgo de desarrollo de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y sus asociaciones con pensamientos o tentativas suicidas y la salud mental en policías militares heridos por armamiento de fuego, en la Región Metropolitana de Belém (Brasil), en el período entre 2017 y 2019. En el estudio participaron 30 entrevistados que respondieron el Inventario Demográfico y la Lista de verificación de TEPT para el DSM-5 (PCL-5). Para el análisis de datos se utilizaron la técnica estadística Análisis Exploratoria de Datos y la técnica multivariada Análisis de Correspondencia. Los resultados revelaron que existen riesgos de desarrollo de trastorno de estrés postraumático de forma parcial o total en una expresiva parcela de la población de policías entrevistados, cuya mayoría de sintomáticos eran hombres, de 38 años en media, que ejercen actividades operacionales y fueron victimados en vía pública cuándo estaban de día libre del servicio. La lesión dejó la mayoría con secuelas, especialmente con dolores crónicos, limitaciones de locomoción y/o movilidad y la pierda parcial de un miembro. Aún los policías sintomáticos presentaran comportamiento suicida, tales como relataran qué ya pensaron o tentaron quitar la propia vida. Se concluye que los policías militaran se exponen constantemente a los traumas inherentes a su profesión. Cuando existe amenaza de vida, como en los casos de heridas por armamiento de fuego, son expuestos a secuelas físicas transcurridas de la herida, sumado a secuelas mentales tardías, como el surgimiento de sintomatologías de TEPT y la ideación suicida.(AU)

Firearm Injuries of Head and Neck: Our Experience

Background: Injuries inflicted on head & neck  are of different types. It could be either blunt injury, sharp penetrating injury or gunshot injury. Multiple cranial nerve injury, airway injury, injury to bone and soft tissues are common outcome of such injury Methods: This study was a retrospective undertaken in the Department of ENT, JNMC, AMU over a period of five years from January 2000 to June 2005. In our present study we have exclusively dealt with firearm injuries inflicted on head & neck area and those patients who survived and were treated in our medical college. We studied ten cases of firearm injury. We had discarded all those cases of head & neck firearm assault who were brought dead. Results:  The study was conducted in the Department of ENT, JNMC over a period of five years. The age of presentation ranged from 15yrs-50 yrs. The male & female ratio was of 4:1. Most of the patients belonged either to areas east of Aligarh or Aligarh itself. Conclusion: The firearm injuries are now more common because of the development of sophisticated ammunition, intolerance and hatred. Timely intervention if given saves lifes of many patients. Team management and sound facilities are significant in the management of firearm injuries

Ferimento facial por projétil de arma de fogo: avaliação dos resultados e complicações de 52 pacientes tratados / Facial injury by projectile firearm: evaluation of results and complications of 52 patients treated

Traumas faciais em decorrência de ferimento por projétil de arma de fogo produzem lesões pérfuro-contuso que podem variar de acordo com o calibre da arma usada, da distância a partir do qual o paciente é baleado e da textura do tecido atingido. O tratamento de lesões maxilo-faciais por projétil de arma de fogo é ainda controverso em relação ao momento ótimo para a intervenção. A maioria dos autores recomenda tratamento conservador como a restauração oclusal e bloqueio maxilomandibular; postulamos que muitas lesões faciais por projétil de arma de fogo podem ser tratadas precocemente com técnicas de cirurgia aberta e fixação com sistemas de placas e parafusos. Nesse sentido, estudo retrospectivo de 12 anos - 2001 a 2012 - foi realizado buscando avaliar os resultados e complicações nos pacientes tratados por ferimentos por projétil de arma de fogo no esqueleto facial, tendo como elemento comparativo o tratamento indicado/realizado para os mesmos, tanto os pacientes que receberam reparo imediato e redução aberta e os que receberam tratamento cirúrgico fechado. Justifica-se a realização deste trabalho, já que ferimentos por projétil de arma de fogo faciais normalmente são associados com fraturas expostas que requerem intervenção cirúrgica imediata para limitação do dano e que em muitos casos podem ser tratados primariamente de forma definitiva, destinado a reparar o osso e os tecidos moles tão logo as condições clínicas permitam. De acordo com os resultados obtidos os pacientes vítimas de PAF facial podem ser tratados na urgência primariamente de forma aberta, pois os índices de complicação comparativamente ao grupo tratado de forma eletiva tardiamente foram similares

Facial trauma due to injury by gunshot wounds produce penetrating injuries that may vary according to the caliber of the weapon used, the distance from which the patient is shot and tissue texture achieved. The treatment of maxillofacial injuries by projectile weapon-of-fire is still controversial regarding the optimal time for intervention. Most authors recommend conservative treatments such as occlusal restoration and lock jaw; postulate that many facial injuries by projectile weapon fire-can be treated early with open surgical techniques and fixation with plates and screws systems. Accordingly, retrospective study of 12 years - from 2001 to 2012 - was held aiming to evaluate the results and complications in patients treated for injuries projectile weapon fire-in facial skeleton, taking as a baseline the indicated treatment / performed for same with patients who received immediate repair and open reduction and those receiving surgery closed. Justified this work, since injuries projectile weapon fire-are typically associated with facial fractures requiring immediate surgical intervention for damage limitation and that in many cases can be definitively treated primarily aimed at repair the bone and soft tissues as soon as clinical conditions permit. According to the results obtained for patients suffering from PAF face can be treated in an open urgency primarily because the complication rates compared to the group treated electively later were similar

Ferimento facial por projétil de arma de fogo: avaliação dos resultados e complicações de 52 pacientes tratados / Facial injury by projectile firearm: evaluation of results and complications of 52 patients treated

Traumas faciais em decorrência de ferimento por projétil de arma de fogo produzem lesões pérfuro-contuso que podem variar de acordo com o calibre da arma usada, da distância a partir do qual o paciente é baleado e da textura do tecido atingido. O tratamento de lesões maxilo-faciais por projétil de arma de fogo é ainda controverso em relação ao momento ótimo para a intervenção. A maioria dos autores recomenda tratamento conservador como a restauração oclusal e bloqueio maxilomandibular; postulamos que muitas lesões faciais por projétil de arma de fogo podem ser tratadas precocemente com técnicas de cirurgia aberta e fixação com sistemas de placas e parafusos. Nesse sentido, estudo retrospectivo de 12 anos - 2001 a 2012 - foi realizado buscando avaliar os resultados e complicações nos pacientes tratados por ferimentos por projétil de arma de fogo no esqueleto facial, tendo como elemento comparativo o tratamento indicado/realizado para os mesmos, tanto os pacientes que receberam reparo imediato e redução aberta e os que receberam tratamento cirúrgico fechado. Justifica-se a realização deste trabalho, já que ferimentos por projétil de arma de fogo faciais normalmente são associados com fraturas expostas que requerem intervenção cirúrgica imediata para limitação do dano e que em muitos casos podem ser tratados primariamente de forma definitiva, destinado a reparar o osso e os tecidos moles tão logo as condições clínicas permitam. De acordo com os resultados obtidos os pacientes vítimas de PAF facial podem ser tratados na urgência primariamente de forma aberta, pois os índices de complicação comparativamente ao grupo tratado de forma eletiva tardiamente foram similares

Facial trauma due to injury by gunshot wounds produce penetrating injuries that may vary according to the caliber of the weapon used, the distance from which the patient is shot and tissue texture achieved. The treatment of maxillofacial injuries by projectile weapon-of-fire is still controversial regarding the optimal time for intervention. Most authors recommend conservative treatments such as occlusal restoration and lock jaw; postulate that many facial injuries by projectile weapon fire-can be treated early with open surgical techniques and fixation with plates and screws systems. Accordingly, retrospective study of 12 years - from 2001 to 2012 - was held aiming to evaluate the results and complications in patients treated for injuries projectile weapon fire-in facial skeleton, taking as a baseline the indicated treatment / performed for same with patients who received immediate repair and open reduction and those receiving surgery closed. Justified this work, since injuries projectile weapon fire-are typically associated with facial fractures requiring immediate surgical intervention for damage limitation and that in many cases can be definitively treated primarily aimed at repair the bone and soft tissues as soon as clinical conditions permit. According to the results obtained for patients suffering from PAF face can be treated in an open urgency primarily because the complication rates compared to the group treated electively later were similar

Meticulous examination of body pays.

Owing to climatic conditions in tropical countries like ours, decomposition of bodies takes place rapidly, especially in hot and rainy seasons. It is very essential to make as thorough an examination as practicable, even in decomposed bodies, in order to find out the cause of death and manner of death, especially in a case where there is suspicion of foul play. When a dead body is recovered from sewer drainage in the stage of decomposition, the police are in dilemma about its cause of death and manner of death and the relatives are also having speculations about the cause of death of their near and dear ones. The case presented in this paper illustrates the importance of a thorough post-mortem examination and not just relying on the information furnished by the police. The authors stress that a thorough and meticulous examination of the body is the need of hour and if done meticulously, it pays.

Audit of sudden deaths in the accident and emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Trinidad and Tobago / Auditoría de muertes súbitas en el departamento de accidentes y emergencias de un hospital terciario en Trinidad y Tobago

OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of deaths due to confirmed myocardial infarction (CMI) and the aetiology of sudden death at the Port-of-Spain General Hospital (A&E) department for January to June 2008. METHODS: This retrospective study utilized the death register to determine the number of A&E deaths for the study period. Patients dying from MI were investigated using records to obtain ECG and postmortem reports. RESULTS: During the study period, 150 patients were certified dead in the A&E department. Cardiovascular causes accounted for 42.7% (n = 64) of deaths. Confirmed MI accounted for 27.3% (n = 41) of deaths and 3.3% (n = 5) were certified by a private practitioner without post-mortem examination and were classed as unconfirmed MI. Trauma related deaths followed with 27.3% (n = 41). Deaths from firearm injury were the next most common, 19.3% (n = 29). The mean age of patients dying from CMI was 64.1 years with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Males died from CMI on average 6.3 years before females. Mortality peaked for females in the 80 - 89-year age group while for males it was the 60 - 69-year age group. Afro-Trinidadians accounted for 58.5% (n = 24) deaths due to CMI. More CMI patients had combined DM and HTN 36.6% (n = 15) than either condition alone. Afro-Trinidadians were more likely to be hypertensive and Indo-Trinidadians, diabetic. Death on arrival was the most common presentation for MI patients, 65.9% (n = 27). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the main cause of death in the A&E Department at the Port-of-Spain General Hospital was MI. Trauma related deaths followed. Men died from MI at an earlier age than women. Most MI patients were dead on arrival.

OBJETIVO: Determinar el número de muertes por infarto del miocardio confirmado (IMC), y la etiología de la muerte súbita en el Departamento de Accidentes y Emergencias (A&E) del Hospital General de Puerto España, en el período de enero a junio de 2008, MÉTODO: Este estudio retrospectivo utilizó el registro de defunciones para determinar las muertes en el Departamento A&E en el período estudiado. Los pacientes fallecidos a causa de infarto del miocardio fueron investigados utilizando sus historias clínicas, con el propósito de obtener sus ECG y reportes post mortem. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de estudio, 150 pacientes fueron certificados muertos en el Departamento de A&E. Las causas cardiovasculares representaron el 42.7% (n = 64) de las muertes. El IM confirmado fue la causa del 27.3% (n = 41) de las muertes, y las muertes del 3.3% (n = 5) fueron certificadas sin examen post mortem por un médico general privado, y clasificadas como debidas a IM no confirmado. Las muertes relacionadas con traumas ocuparon el siguiente lugar con 27.3% (n = 41). Las muertes por heridas de arma de fuego constituyeron la siguiente causa más común con un 19.3% (n = 29). La edad promedio de los pacientes que fallecieron debido a IMC fue de 64.1 años, con una proporción varón/hembra de 2:1. Los varones murieron de IMC 6.3 años antes que las hembras, como promedio. La mortalidad alcanzó el máximo para las hembras en el grupo etario de 80-89 años, mientras que para los varones fue en el grupo etario de 60 a 69 años. Los afrotrinitenses representaron el 58.5% (n = 24) de las muertes debido a IMC. Más pacientes de IMC tenían una combinación de diabetes mellitus (DM) e hipertensión arterial (HTA) para una 36.6% (n = 15), que aquellos que presentaban sólo una de estas dos condiciones. Los afrotrinitenses eran más propensos a ser hipertensos, en tanto que los indotrinitenses presentaban una mayor propensión a la diabetes. La muerte al momento del arribo fue la ocurrencia más común entre los pacientes de IM, 65.9% (n = 27). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio muestra que la causa principal de muerte en el Departamento A&E del Hospital General de Puerto España fue el IM, seguida de las muertes relacionadas con traumas. Los hombres murieron de IM a una edad más temprana que las mujeres. La mayoría de los pacientes con IM fallecieron a su arribo.

Clinical application of homologous transplantation of arteries in firearm injuries of great vessels of extremities / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To study the repair of great vessels injured by firearm in extremities. Methods From May 2002 to Sep. 2005, 15 cryopreserved homologous arteries were transplanted to repair the defects of great vessels of extremities in 14 patients, including 5 cases of defect of brachial arteries, 1 case of defect of axillary artery, 1 case of popliteal artery damage and 7 cases of defect of femoral arteries. The average length of homologous arterial transplants was 9.5 cm. After operation, all the 14 patients were monitored and treated according to principles of microsurgery. Result No early reject reaction was found in all the 14 cases, and all the wounds healed after Ⅱ stage treatment. With Doppler ultrasonic examination 2-3 weeks after healing, it was proved that 100% of the vessels were patent. In 4 to 8 month follow up, the function of the extremities recovered well, and no delayed reject reaction was observed. Conclusion The vessels after cryopreservation is a suitable biomaterial in homologous transplantation for repairing the defect of great vessels of the extremities as a result of firearm injury.

Microsurgical treatment of peripheral nerves injuries by firearm / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective Peripheral nerve injuries are common in firearm injuries The outcomes of peripheral nerves injuries by firearm treated with microsurgical techniques were discussed Methods All 314 cases of firearm injuries of peripheral nerves were treated with five types of microsurgical techniques Results The outcome was good in a 2 year follow up The recovery rate for nerve function was 79 4% in upper extremity,and 62 6% in lower extremity Conclusions Microsurgical techniques are effective methods for treatment of firearm injuries of peripheral nerve