ABSTRACT
Background: Physical fitness has a strong relationship with health and academic achievement. This study aims to identify the health-related physical fitness level among Form Six Sports Science students in the State of Kedah by gender. Methods: 225 students (107 male and 118 female) were purposively selected to participate in this descriptive study. This study was conducted using the Prudential FITNESSGRAM® test battery instrument, which introduced by Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, (1992). Researchers determine the physical fitness level of the subjects using five test items: cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, and body mass index (BMI). Results: The findings use descriptive statistical analysis to identify the physical fitness level based on health components using the norms developed by Elumalai et al. (2019). The overall fitness analysis showed that almost 50% of boys and girls were in the range of a good level. Around 20% were in the range of moderate and very good respectively. Meanwhile, less than 5% were excellent in both genders. Analysis based on separate components showed most of the subjects, around 80% were in the range of moderate to very good. Conclusion: This study indicates that Form Six Sports Science student's physical fitness should be tested and evaluated before enrolling in Form Six sports Science program. This will ensure that they are healthy and have the quality as expected for future sports personals towards the development of the Malaysian sports industry.
ABSTRACT
Most childhood obesity research has classified participants by normative standards for Body Mass Index (BMI) through population percentiles or values corresponding to overweight adults (World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)). In 2006, criterion-referenced standards (FitnessGram®) were developed (revised in 2010) which directly associate BMI values with adverse health outcomes. This study assessed agreement between normative and criterion-referenced standards. Participants included 653 Mexican American 3rd to 5th graders living in the U.S.-Mexico border area who participated in a health promotion project. At baseline, agreement was compared between normative and criterion-referenced classifications. At follow-up, agreement between classifications on changes (e.g. from overweight to healthy weight) was assessed. According to FitnessGram® standards, 53.0% of participants were overweight or obese at baseline. Compared to FitnessGram®, the IOTF and CDC standards classified 15% fewer participants as obese/high risk. The WHO standards were closely related to FitnessGram® (kappa=.925) and showed significantly greater agreement with FitnessGram® than the CDC (kappa=.925 versus 0.722, p<.001) and IOTF standards (kappa=.925 versus .682, p<.001). Compared to the FitnessGram® (8.9%), the WHO and CDC (8.6%) were similar, but IOTF standards lower (6.5%) in how many children improved following the health program. Despite acceptable agreement between the different indices, several normative classifications may underestimate the proportion of children who are at risk for BMI-related adverse health consequences.
Muchos de los estudios sobre la obesidad infantil clasifican a los participantes por índices normativas para el índice de masa corporal (IMC) usando valores de percentil de población o valores correspondientes a adultos con sobrepeso (Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHO), Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) y la Comisión International Sobre la Obesidad (OITF)). En 2006, índices con referencias a criterios (Fitness-Gram®) fueron creados asociando valores de IMC directamente a valores de impacto de salud adversos. Este estudio determino las equivalencias de los índices normativos y los con referencias a criterios. Los participantes incluyeron estudiantes (N=653), niveles 3°-5, viviendo en la frontera EEUU-México. Al inicio, se comparó la equivalencia entre el IMC basado en las clasificaciones normativas y los con referencias a criterios. La equivalencia entre las clasificaciones de los cambios fue evaluada. Según las normas Fitness-Gram®, 53.0% tenían sobrepeso o eran obesos aunque las normas OITF y CDC indicaron menos de 15% fueron clasificados con obesidad/alto riesgo. Las normas WHO fueron más cercanamente relacionadas con las de FitnessGram® (kappa=.925) y mostraron significativamente mayor equivalencia con las de FitnessGram® que a las del CDC (kappa= .925 V .722, p<.001) e IOTF (kappa=.925 V .669, p<.001). Los índices FitnessGram® (8.9%), WHO y CDC (8.6%) fueron similares en cuanto el número de niños que mejoraron siguiendo el programa, pero el índice IOTF fue menor (6.3%). Aunque había un acuerdo aceptable entre los índices diferentes, varios pueden subestimar la proporción a riesgo y las consecuencias adversas relacionadas al IMC.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Mexican Americans/statistics & numerical data , Obesity/epidemiology , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
O estudo identificou a proporção de crianças e adolescentes da população escolar de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil, que atendem aos critérios referenciados para a saúde a partir de escores equivalentes aos componentes de aptidão física. A amostra foi constituída por 2.849 sujeitos (1.457 moças e 1.392 rapazes), com idades entre seis e 18 anos. Os componentes da aptidão física foram avaliados mediante bateria de testes composta por cinco itens: "sentar-e-alcançar" alternado, abdominal modificado, elevação do tronco, puxada em suspensão na barra modificado e caminhada/corrida de "vai-e-vem", adotando-se pontos de corte para gênero e idade sugeridos pelo Fitnessgram. Mediante análise dos resultados foi possível observar que a proporção de escolares que atenderam às exigências motoras mínimas estabelecidas que possam satisfazer aos critérios referenciados para a saúde não foi maior que 8%, e a quantidade de jovens que alcançaram os critérios foi menor a partir dos 10 anos de idade em ambos os sexos. Os dados mostram, ainda, que grande parte dos jovens estudados demonstrou componentes de aptidão física que podem comprometer melhor estado de saúde, apontando para urgente necessidade de implementar programas de intervenção direcionados ao incremento da prática de exercício físico na população escolar.
The study identified the proportion of children and adolescents of the school population from Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil, who meet the health-related criteria determined by physical fitness components. The sample was composed of 2,849 subjects (1,457 girls and 1,392 boys), with age range between 6 and 18 years. The physical fitness components were assessed by a test battery of five items: back-saver sit-and-reach; curl-up; trunk-lift; push-up and endurance run (PACER), following cut off-points for gender and age suggested by the Fitnessgram. It was possible to observe with the obtained results that the proportion of schoolchildren that reached the minimum motor requirements established was not higher than 8%, and the global amount able to meet the health-related criteria was lower from 10 years of age in both genders. The data also show that great part of the studied youngsters demonstrate physical fitness components that could compromise a better health status, indicating the urgent need of implementing intervention programs addressed to the improvement of the practice of physical exercise in the school population.