Seasonal variatoon in the distribution and isotpic composition of phytoplanktoon in an amazon floodplain lake, Brazil / Variación estacional de la distribución y composición isotópica del fitoplancton en un lago de inundación en la Amazonia, Brasil

To evaluate the seasonal variation and isotopic composition of phytoplankton, water samples were collected monthly between October 2007 and November 2008 in Lake Catalão, a floodplain lake at the confluence between rivers Negro and Amazon. Analyses of total chlorophyll concentration and ð13C and ð15N isotopic abundances were made from particulate size fractions of 30-60, 10-30 and < 10 µm in the littoral, pelagic, and floating meadows regions. Chlorophyll concentration was found to be inversely associated to lake depth, and high concentrations of chlorophyll in the floating meadows zone were significant. The fraction < 10 µm was the most abundant representing in average more than 40 % of the particulate matter. The ð13C values were relatively constant during the study (-25.1 % ∼ -34.0 %), whereas the ð15N values showed strong variability (15.6 % ∼ 2.4 %), which has been attributed to the resuspension of sediments during mixing of the water column. Mixing associated to the sudden drop in temperature during the rising water period was an important event in the trophic and isotopic dynamics of the lake. Variations in chlorophyll content were generally associated with the dilution process, in which concentration was inversely correlated to the water level, whereas abundance was directly correlated to the water level.

Con el propósito de evaluar la variación estacional de la abundancia isotópica (ð13C e ð15N) del fitoplancton, muestreos mensuales fueron realizados entre octubre de 2007 y noviembre de 2008 en el lago Catalão, un lago de inundación en la zona de confluencia de los ríos Negro y Solimãµes, ubicado frente a la ciudad de Manaus (AM, Brasil). Análisis de la clorofila total y evaluaciones de la abundancia natural de ð13C y ð15N fueron realizados en las fracciones partículadas de 30-60, 10-30 y < 10 µm en las zonas litoral, pelágica y de macrófitas acuáticas. La concentración de clorofila presentó una relación inversa con la profundidad del lago, siendo relevantes las altas concentraciones encontradas dentro del tapete de macrófitas acuáticas. La fracción < 10µm fue la que presentó la mayor concentración de clorofila, representando más del 40% del material particulado. Los valores de ð13C fueron relativamente constantes durante el período de estudio (-25,1 % ∼ - 34 %), mientras que la abundancia natural de ð15N presentó una amplia variación (15,6 % ∼ – 2,4 %), que fue atribuida al proceso de resuspensión de los sedimentos en los procesos de mezcla de la columna de agua. En este contexto, el fenómeno de la mezcla asociada con la friaje durante el período de aguas altas, fue un evento importante en la dinámica trófica e isotópica del lago. En general las variaciones de la concentración de clorofila fueron asociadas al proceso de dilución, en el cual la concentración es inversa y la abundancia es directamente relacionada con el nivel del agua.

Structure of the testate amoebae community in different habitats in a neotropical floodplain / Estrutura da comunidade de amebas testáceas em diferentes hábitats em uma planície de inundação neotropical

This study evaluated the differences in composition, abundance and morphology of testate amoebae among different habitats of the same aquatic environment (plankton, aquatic macrophyte and sediment) in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Triplicate samplings were undertaken monthly at each habitat from April 2007 to March 2008. The structure of the community of testate amoebae was different among the habitats. The species typical for each habitat, according to Indval, were classified by their shell morphology. Arcella species together with Difflugia gramen and Difflugia pseudogramem were more abundant for plankton. Trinema and Phryganella stood out by their abundance and frequency in aquatic macrophytes. Centropyxis was an indicator of sediment. The results indicated a higher frequency of hemispherical and spherical shells in plankton and spherical and elongated shells in aquatic macrophytes. In the sediment, there was a high frequency of elongated species. Our results support the hypothesis that the community of testate amoebae has different structures among the habitats, refuting the idea that the organization of this community in plankton is guided by random events like the resuspension of organisms from the sediment and their displacement from marginal vegetation.

Este estudo avaliou as diferenças na composição, abundância e morfologia das amebas testáceas entre diferentes hábitats de um mesmo ambiente aquático (plâncton, macrófitas aquáticas e sedimento) da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente no período de abril de 2007 a março de 2008. A estrutura da comunidade de amebas testáceas foi diferente entre os hábitats. As espécies típicas para cada hábitat, de acordo com o Indval, foram classificadas pela morfologia da teca. Espécies de Arcella, Difflugia gramen e Difflugia pseudogramem foram mais abundantes para o plâncton. Trinema e Phryganella destacaram-se pela alta abundância e frequência nas macrófitas aquáticas. Centropyxis foi considerado indicador do sedimento. Os resultados indicaram uma alta frequência de tecas esféricas e hemisféricas no plâncton e de tecas alongadas nas macrófitas aquáticas. No sedimento foi registrada uma maior frequência de espécies alongadas. Nossos resultados suportam a hipótese que a comunidade de amebas testáceas possui estrutura diferente entre os hábitats, refutando a ideia que a comunidade presente no plâncton é guiada por processos estocásticos como a ressuspensão dos organismos do sedimento e simples carreamento da vegetação marginal.

Impoundment effects in the population of Auchenipterus osteomystax (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): a Neotropical reservoir case

New impoundments provide opportunities to check whether species that present enough feeding flexibility in natural conditions may take advantage of this situation and, without reproductive restriction, can occupy the most conspicuous habitat in a large reservoir (open areas) and present higher success in the colonization of the new environment. We examined variations in the abundance and feeding of A. osteomystax in two environments, one natural (Sinha Mariana floodplain lake) and one dammed (Manso Reservoir), during two periods: the first year after the filling phase and three years later. Our goal was to evaluate the occupation of the new hábitat (Manso Reservoir), by this species, as well as to test the hypothesis that in the reservoir, unlike the natural environment, there are remarkable changes in diet between the periods. Fish were sampled monthly in the floodplain lake and in the reservoir during two annual periods using gillnets. To evaluate the differences in abundance of A. osteomystax we employed the Kruskal -Wallis test, and the diet analysis was carried out using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods. Temporal differences in the diet were tested by Kruskal-Wallis test using the scores from a detrended correspondence analysis. A. osteomystax was significantly more abundant in the floodplain lake, where the captures were higher than in the reservoir in almost all months analyzed, and significant variations in abundance between the two periods were not recorded in either the reservoir or the floodplain lake. The diet variation between the two periods, which had a time lag of three years between them, was much less pronounced in the natural environment, where the resource availability is essentially regulated by seasonality. Thus, our hypothesis was accepted; that is, the interannual variations in the diet of A. osteomystax are more relevant in an artificial environment than in a natural one. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 699-708. Epub 2012 June 01.

Los embalses nuevos ofrecen la oportunidad de comprobar si especies que presentan suficiente flexibilidad en la alimentación en condiciones naturales pueden aprovechar esta situación y, sin restricciones de reproducción, ocupar la mayor parte del hábitat visible en un gran embalse (espacios abiertos), además, presentar un alto éxito en la colonización del nuevo entorno. Asimismo, examinamos variaciones en la abundancia y alimentación de A. osteomystax, en dos ambientes, uno natural (Sinha Mariana floodplain lake) y otro alterado (Embalse Manso), durante dos periodos: el primer ano después de la fase de llenado y tres años más tarde. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la ocupación del nuevo hábitat (Embalse Manso) por esta especie, así como probar la hipótesis de que en el embalse, a diferencia del ambiente natural, se producen cambios notables en la dieta entre los periodos. Los peces fueron muestreados mensualmente en el lago de la planicie de inundación y en el embalse durante dos periodos anuales con redes de enmalle. Para evaluar las diferencias en la abundancia de A. osteomystax empleamos la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, y el análisis de la dieta se llevo a cabo con el uso de la frecuencia de ocurrencia y métodos volumétricos. Las diferencias temporales en la dieta fueron probadas con Kruskal-Wallis, se usaron los resultados a partir de un análisis de correspondencia sin tendencia. A. osteomystax fue significativamente más abundante en el lago de la llanura de inundación, donde las capturas fueron más altas, que en el embalse en casi todos los meses analizados, y no se registraron variaciones significativas en la abundancia entre los dos periodos tanto en el embalse como en el lago de inundación. La variación en la dieta entre los dos periodos, en los cuales habia un desfase de tres anos entre ellos, fue mucho menos pronunciada en el entorno natural, donde la disponibilidad de recursos es esencialmente regulada por la estacionalidad. Por lo tanto, nuestra hipótesis fue aceptada, es decir, las variaciones interanuales en la dieta de A. osteomystax son más relevantes en un ambiente artificial que en uno natural.

Relationship between the structure of zooplankton community and the water level in a floodplain lake from the Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil / Relação entre a estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica e o nível da água em uma lagoa de inundação do Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil

The hydrological condition of floodplain systems alters the structure and dynamic of aquatic communities. We suggest that the structure of zooplankton community changes according to the flood phases and connectivity. This study was carried out in a floodplain lake located in the Northern Pantanal (Brazil). Zooplankton density varied considerably over time, although the sampling stations presented similar densities. The densities ranged from 2,000 ind. m-3 in the high water phase to more than 2,300,000 ind. m-3 during the low water phase when the lake remains isolated. The densities of the groups also presented a temporal variation. Rotifers described the community mainly in the low water phase and microcrustaceans during the high water phase. Variations in the total zooplankton and groups densities were significantly correlated to the PCA 1 axis (negatively composed by water depth and positively by turbidity) and to the food availability (phytoplankton).

A condição hidrológica de sistemas inundáveis altera a estrutura e a dinâmica das comunidades aquáticas. Com isso, sugerimos que a estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica se altera de acordo com as fases da inundação e conectividade. Este estudo foi realizado em uma lagoa de inundação da parte norte do Pantanal (Brasil). A densidade zooplanctônica variou consideravelmente ao longo do tempo, embora as estações amostrais apresentarem densidades similares. As densidades variaram de 2.000 ind. m-3 na fase de águas altas para mais de 2.300.000 ind. m-3 durante a fase de águas baixas quando a lagoa esteve isolada. As densidades dos grupos também apresentaram variação temporal. Os rotíferos foram relativamente mais importantes durante as águas baixas e os microcrustáceos durante a fase de águas altas. Variações na densidade do zooplâncton e grupos foram significativamente correlacionados com o eixo 1 da PCA (composta negativamente pela profundidade da água e positivamente com a turbidez) e a disponibilidade alimentar (fitoplâncton).

Phytoplankton diversity and dynamics of Chatla floodplain lake, Barak Valley,Assam, North East India - A seasonal study.

A study was carried out in Chatla floodplain lake, Barak Valley, Assam, North East India on phytoplankton diversity, density and distribution in different seasons and their correlations with physico-chemical properties of water. A total of 34 phytoplankton taxa belonging to Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae were recorded. Highest number of species was present in pre-monsoon (29) and lowest in winter (23). Members of Chlorophyceae were present in a reasonable number throughout the year while being most abundant in pre-monsoon and monsoon. Bacillariophycae and Cyanophyceae populations did not show much seasonal variation. Percentage composition of Euglenophyceae showed clear seasonal change, being most dominant in post monsoon, moderate in pre- monsoon and winter and nearly absent in monsoon. Total phytoplankton density showed highly significant positive correlation with transparency (p< 0.01) and significant positive correlation with total suspended solids, total hardness and calcium (p < 0.05). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H/) value (2.66) was found to be the highest during pre-monsoon while the highest evenness (J/) value (0.89) was recorded during winter. Berger-Parker index of dominance (0.45) was highest in post- monsoon. Our study revealed that the growth of phytoplankton is governed by transparency, total suspended solids, calcium and total hardness. These types of studies are prerequisites for evolving fish culture programmes and management of water resources.

Química de elementos-traço nos sedimentos do Lago do Parú (Manacapuru - Amazonas), sob influência do pulso de inundação do baixo Rio Solimões / Trace elements chemical in Lago do Parú (Manacapuru - Amazonas) sediments, under Lower Solimões River flood pulse influence

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as concentrações totais e em frações geoquímicas de Fe, Mn, Co, Cu e Zn em sedimentos, coletados nos períodos de seca (2005) e cheia (2006) do Lago do Parú. Nas partículas de sedimento seco ao ar (SSA) < 45 µm foi feita uma extração seqüencial pelo método de Tessier et al. (1979) que separa os elementos nas frações geoquímicas trocável, carbonácea, oxídica, orgânica e residual. As amostras de extrato diluídas foram lidas em cada fração, por espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama, sendo que o Fe apresentou a maior concentração total e uma forte associação com óxidos. O Mn alcançou a maior fração trocável dentre os elementos, em ambas as estações analisadas. O Zn obteve uma fração trocável constante entre os dois períodos analisados. O Cu se caracterizou por apresentar forte ligação pela fração orgânica, não variando de uma estação para outra nesta fração. O Co apresentou comportamento similar ao do Cu, exceto pela fração orgânica que apresentou diferença de concentração entre os períodos, sendo maior na cheia. As análises multivariadas confirmaram que os metais foram movimentados entre as frações geoquímicas do período seco para o de cheia.

The aim of this work was to determine whole and geochemical fractions of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu and Zn concentrations from sediments collected at low (2005) and high (2006) water seasons in Lago do Parú. From < 45 µm air dried sediment particles was made a Tessier et al. (1979) method to sequential extraction, which separates elements in exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to iron and manganese oxides, bound to organic matter and residual geochemical fractions. Diluted samples were read in each fraction, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, where Fe showed the highest whole concentration and strong association with oxides. Mn reached the biggest exchangeable fraction among elements in both analyzed periods. Cu showed strong association by organic fraction and don't presented difference of concentration between periods. Co presented similar behavior of Cu, except for organic fraction, in which showed difference between periods, where was bigger in high water level period. Multivariate statistical analyses confirmed that metals were displaced in sediments geochemical fractions at low and high water seasons.

Composição do Zooplâncton em diferentes ambientes do lago Camaleão, na ilha da Marchantaria, Amazonas, Brasil

This study aims to verify occurrence and distribution of the major zooplankton groups in three different sub-habitats at Lago Camaleão: channel, aquatic macrophytes and flooded forest, during the high water period (August, 1996). Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotifera occurred with different relative abundances within the three studied environments. In the channel, Cladocera occurred with a high number of species and individuals, Bosminopsis deitersi being the dominant species (89%). Cladocera and Copepoda were equally dominant in the flooded forest, even thought only copepods, nauplius and copepodites immature forms were found. On the macrophytes, Rotifera was the group with the largest occurrence, with the dominance of Lecane quadridentata, Keratella Americana and Brachionus patulus followed by copepods (immature forms) and cladoceres, the latter mostly of the Chydoridae family (21.4%).

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência e a distribuição dos principais grupos de zooplâncton em três diferentes sub-habitats do lago Camaleão: canal, macrófitas aquáticas e floresta alagada, no período de cheia (agosto de 1996). Nos três ambientes estudados, Cladocera, Copepoda e Rotifera ocorreram com abundância relativa diferentes. No canal, Cladocera ocorreu com maior número de espécies e de indivíduos, sendo dominante a espécie Bosminopsis deitersi (89%). Na floresta alagada Cladocera e Copepoda foram igualmente dominantes, ressaltando-se que somente ocorreram as formas imaturas de copépodes, náuplios e copepoditos. Nas macrófitas, o grupo de maior ocorrência foi Rotifera, com a dominância de Lecane quadrídentata, Keratella americana e Brachionus patulus seguido de copépodes (formas imaturas) e de cladóceros, estes na maioria da família Chydoridae (21.4%).

Consumo de pescado e outros alimentos pela população ribeirinha do lago grande de monte alegre, pa - brasil

The present study shows the results on the fish consumption and other food itens by the riparian population from Monte Alegre Lake, Lower Amazon, in Pará State, Brazil. The data were colected monthly during two years jointly with 35 families from 17 fishery communities that practice the fishery with a subsistence or commercial goal, as well as families that not fish. The mean fish consumption was of 369 g/capita/day complemented with 6.1 g/capita/ day of fish flouer, called locally "piracuí". The species preferred were curimatá (Prochilodus nigricans) and acarí-bodó (Liposarcus pardalis). Manioc flouer consumption was higher than in other regions. Families consume fish each 6 days a week. Extrapoling for all population of Lago Grande de Monte Alegre, the fish consumption is more than 3 t/day and about 1,114 t/year.

O presente artigo apresenta resultados sobre o consumo de pescado e outros alimentos pela população ribeirinha do Lago Grande de Monte Alegre, no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados mensalmente, por um período de dois anos juntos a 35 famílias de 17 comunidades, que praticam a pesca com fins comerciais e de subsistência, bem como as famílias que nào pescam. O consumo médio de pescado foi de 369 g/capita/dia, complementado com 6,lg/capita/dia de farinha de peixe (piracuí). As espécies mais consumidas foram: curimatá (Prochilodus nigricans) e acarí-bodó (Liposarcus partialis). Em média, as famílias tiveram alguma refeição constituída de pescado em 6 dias de cada semana. Extrapolando para toda a população do Lago, o consumo diário de pescado é pouco mais de 3 t, chegando a 1.114 t/ano.