ABSTRACT
Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.
Subject(s)
Myrtaceae/growth & development , Myrtaceae/embryology , Pollination , BiologyABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capoteiro tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night period, however, it also occurs in the morning. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.
Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.
ABSTRACT
Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.
Subject(s)
Myrtales/growth & development , Myrtales/chemistry , Pollination/genetics , Reproductive TechniquesABSTRACT
Estudos que envolvem aspectos da polinização e sistema reprodutivo em Angiospermas são fundamentais para a compreensão de diversos processos ecológicos e evolutivos. Desta forma, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica com o objetivo de compilar informações sobre a polinização e o sistema reprodutivo encontrados na família Acanthaceae Juss. no Brasil. Um total de 30 estudos, com 31 espécies, fizeram parte da presente revisão. Quanto a distribuição geográfica e domínio fitogeográfico, a região Sudeste (50%) e o bioma Mata Atlântica (56,7%) apresentaram a maior proporção de estudos. Quatro síndromes de polinização foram registradas, sendo elas: troquilofilia, melitofilia, psicofilia e quiropterofilia, sendo a troquilofilia predominante (79,31% das espécies). Consequentemente, beija-flores foi o grupo mais comum de visitantes florais, interagindo com 86,2% das espécies, sendo Phaethornis pretrei o principal beija-flor visitante. Outros grupos de visitantes também foram registrados, como abelhas (segundo principal grupo), borboletas, morcegos, mariposas, vespas, moscas e besouros. Das 17 espécies estudadas no Brasil quanto ao sistema reprodutivo, todas apresentaram flores andróginas, sendo 16 espécies (94,1%) autocompatíveis. Fatores intrínsecos como a hercogamia e a dicogamia foram comuns em espécies de Acanthaceae, constituindo mecanismos que minimizam a interferência entre as funções masculina e feminina em flores andróginas e maximizam a polinização cruzada. Aproximadamente, 41,2% das espécies exibiram autopolinização espontânea, isto é, produção de frutos sem a necessidade de agentes polinizadores. Estratégias reprodutivas como a cleistogamia e a agamospermia também foram registradas nas espécies de Acanthaceae no Brasil. Contudo, mais estudos a respeito da polinização e sistema reprodutivo com acantáceas brasileiras precisam ser desenvolvidos, para ampliar a amostragem e, então subsidiar mais as estimativas desta revisão.
Studies involving aspects of pollination and breeding system in Angiosperms are fundamental in understanding many ecological and evolutionary processes. Thus, a literature review was conducted to aim of compiling information on the pollination and reproductive system in species of Acanthaceae Juss. in Brazil. A total of 30 studies, count 31 species, were part of this review. Regarding geographical distribution of studies, the Southeast Brazil (50%) and Atlantic Forest biome (56.7%) had the higher proportion of studies. Four pollination syndromes were recorded: trochilophily, melittophily, psycophily, and chiropterophily, in which trochilophily was predominant (79.31% of species). Consequently, hummingbirds were the most common flower visitors, interacting with 86.2% of the species, and Phaethornis pretrei was the main hummingbird visitor. Other groups of visitors were also recorded, such as bees (second main group, 34.5%), butterflies, bats, moths, wasps, flies and beetles. From the 17 species studied in Brazil about the reproductive system, all have androgynous flowers and 16 species (94.1%) selfcompatibility. Intrinsic factors such as herkogamy and dichogamy were common in species of Acanthaceae, constituting mechanisms that minimize interference between male and female functions in androgynous flowers and maximize cross-pollination. Approximately 41.2% of species presented spontaneous self-pollination, i.e. production of fruits without the need of pollinators. Reproductive strategies such as cleistogamy and agamospermy were also recorded in species of Acanthaceae in Brazil. However, more studies on the pollination and reproductive system with species of Acanthaceae in Brazil need to be developed to expand the sampling and then support better the estimates of this review.
Subject(s)
Review , Magnoliopsida , Acanthaceae , PollinationABSTRACT
RESUMO O gênero Aloe, originário principalmente da África, tem atualmente uma ampla distribuição no mundo. No entanto, são poucas as regiões que têm realizado estudos quanto ao sistema reprodutivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as características e o comportamento reprodutivo de Aloe saponaria em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Foram conduzidos estudos sobre sua morfologia e biologia floral, visitantes florais e sistema reprodutivo. Esta espécie apresentou uma inflorescência por planta, com um comprimento de 105 ± 0,1 cm e 267 ± 92,7 flores. A razão pólen/óvulo sugere que a espécie é xenogâmica. O volume e concentração de sólidos solúveis totais do néctar potencial foi 16,6 ± 6,3 μL e 22 ± 2,4 °Brix respectivamente. O néctar instantâneo não apresentou diferenças significativas nos períodos avaliados (9:00h e 15:00h) e o estigma permaneceu receptivo até o segundo dia após a antese. Foram coletados 110 insetos visitantes florais, dos quais 61,8% foram indivíduos de Trigona spinipes. Entretanto, nos testes de polinização não foi observada frutificação efetiva, indicando que a propagação vegetativa é o principal tipo de reprodução usado nessa população. Isto pode estar relacionado a um mecanismo de autoincompatibilidade esporofítica, a anormalidades cromossômicas durante a formação do pólen, as condições climáticas, e a escassa variabilidade genética no local de estudo.
ABSTRACT The Aloe genus, originating mainly from Africa, currently has a wide distribution in the world. However, in few regions studies about the reproductive system have been carried on. The aim e of this study was to analyze the characteristics and reproductive performance of the Aloesaponaria in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. The morphology, floral biology, flower visitors and the reproductive system were determined. The plants presented an inflorescence per plant, with 105 ± 0,1 cm in length and 267 ± 92.7 flowers. The pollen/ovule ratio suggested that the species is xenogamic. The volume and concentration of total soluble solids in the potential nectar were 16.6 ± 6.3 μL and 22 ± 2.4°Brix, respectively. The instant nectar showed no significant differences between the evaluated periods (9:00h and 15:00h) and the stigma remained receptive until the second day the after anthesis. 110 insects were collected, from which 61.8% were from theTrigona spinipesspecies. However, in the pollination tests the fruit set was not observation, indicating that vegetative propagation is the main type of reproduction used by this population. This may be related to a mechanism of sporophytic self-incompatibility, to chromosomal abnormalities during the formation of pollen, to weather conditions, and to the low genetic variability at the study site.
Subject(s)
Reproductive Behavior/classification , Aloe/classification , Pollination , InflorescenceABSTRACT
This is the first systematic survey of bees in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. We recorded bee species and their floral resources within grassland and natural forest edge habitats in the Pantanal. Surveys were conducted during two to four-days per month, for a total of 12 months. Overall, we recorded 56 bee species visiting a total of 63 flowering plants. Asteraceae and Fabaceae presented the highest number of visited species, however Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) was the plant most visited by different bee species (18). The most generalist native bee was Trigona fuscipennis visiting a total of 17 flowering plant species. Apis mellifera, an exotic bee, visited 27 species. We also report the overlap (37.5%) in the use of floral resources between the exotic bee Apis mellifera and native bee species. Our updated bee checklist here presented includes 10 new records for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. These data will support management strategies targeting the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions in the Pantanal ecosystem.
Esta é a primeira amostragem sistemática de abelhas realizada no Pantanal, Brasil. Nós coletamos espécies de abelhas bem como as plantas que utilizaram como recurso floral em áreas de pastagens naturais e bordas de áreas florestadas. As coletas foram conduzidas durante dois a quatro dias a cada mês, durante 12 meses. Foram registradas 56 espécies de abelhas visitando um total de 63 espécies de plantas. As famílias Asteraceae e Fabaceae apresentaram o maior numero de espécies visitadas, entretanto Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) foi a espécie visitada pelo maior número de espécies diferentes de abelhas (18). A abelha nativa mais generalista encontrada foi Trigona fuscipennis, que visitou 17 espécies de plantas. Apis mellifera, uma espécie exótica, visitou 27 espécies. Reportamos também a sobreposição (37,5%) no uso de recursos florais entre A. mellifera e espécies de abelhas nativas. A listagem de abelhas aqui apresentada inclui 10 espécies ainda não mencionadas para o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Esses dados apoiarão estratégias de manejo focadas na conservação das interações entre plantas e polinizadores no ecossistema Pantanal.
ABSTRACT
El propósito de este trabajo es reconocer y diferenciar las especies visitantes y los verdaderos polinizadores de dos cultivos de gulupa (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims.) ubicados a diferente altitud (2225 msnm y 1657 msnm) en el municipio de Buenavista - Boyacá cordillera Oriental de Colombia. En los dos cultivos se encontraron diferencias en composición, en número de visitantes y en polinizadores. En el cultivo ubicado a 2225 msnm, se registraron siete especies, mientras que en el cultivo ubicado a 1657 msnm, se encontraron 18 especies de visitantes. Se realizaron observaciones del recurso colectado por los visitantes y la estructura floral con la que el visitante entra en contacto. Además, se realizaron cuatro tratamientos experimentales de biología floral: polinización pasiva, polinización natural, polinización manual y eficiencia de polinizadores mediante "visitas únicas", concluyendo que las especies polinizadoras son: en C1 Apis mellifera, y en C2 Xylocopa frontalis, Xylocopa lachnea y Epicharis sp.
The purpose of this paper is to study in two crops of purple passionfruit Passiflora edulis f. edulis harvested at different altitudes (2225 m.a.s.l. and 1657 m.a.s.l.) in the municipality of Buenavista - Boyacá, located in the eastern Mountain range of Colombia, in order to familiarize with visitors and pollinators. This study reveals that in both crops there were differences found in composition, the number of visitors and pollinators. In the crop at 2225 m.a.s.l., 7 species were registered, while 18 species were recorded at the 1657 m.a.s.l. crop. In order to achieve this, collected material by the visitors and the floral structures with which they approach, were observed; at the same time four experiments took place: passive pollination, natural pollination, manual pollination and pollinator's efficiency. These experiments established that pollinator species are: in C1 Apis mellifera, and in C2 and Xylocopa frontalis, Xylocopa lachnea and Epicharis sp.
ABSTRACT
Although crab spiders are common in flowering plants, their relations with plant species and its floral traits have been poorly known in the Neotropics. Observations regarding plant habits, floral visitors and also floral characteristics such as anthesis, odour, shape, colour and floral resources were recorded in flowering plant species of an area of "Cerrado" on a 2 km long trail. Misumenops argenteus and Misumenops pallens accounted for 62.86 percent of the spiders captured on 22 flowering plant species. The plants Senna rugosa (Fabaceae), Styrax ferrugineus (Styracaceae) and Banisteriopsis campestris (Malpighiaceae), hosted, each one, about 10 to 17 percent of the total spiders collected and these plants had diurnal anthesis, bee-attractive flower colours such as yellow (S. rugosa), white (S. ferrugineus), and pink (B. campestris), poricidal anthers as well as being visited by bees which evidenced bee-pollination syndrome. This study is the first survey regarding crab spiders and their associations with plant species of the "Cerrado".
Ainda que aranhas Thomisidae sejam comumente encontradas em flores, as associações desses aracnídeos a espécies de plantas e às suas características florais foram pouco registradas na região neotropical. Observações do hábito das plantas, visitantes florais, e também das características florais, tais como antese, odor, forma, cor e recursos da flor, foram assinaladas para espécies floridas de uma área de cerrado presentes em uma trilha de 2 km de extensão. Misumenops argenteus e Misumenops pallens representaram 62,86 por cento das aranhas habitantes de 22 espécies de plantas floridas. As plantas Senna rugosa (Fabaceae), Styrax ferrugineus (Styracaceae) e Banisteriopsis campestris (Malpighiaceae) abrigaram, individualmente, cerca de 10 a 17 por cento do total das aranhas e, nestas plantas, a antese diurna; flores de coloração atrativa a abelhas, como amarela (S. rugosa), branca (S. ferrugineus) e rosa (B. campestris) e as anteras poricidas, bem como a visita das flores por abelhas reforçou a evidência de síndrome de polinização para melitofilia. Este é o primeiro levantamento de espécies de aranhas Thomisidae associadas a plantas do cerrado brasileiro.