Dificultad en Aritmética en niños con alta inteligencia: ¿efecto de la ansiedad matemática? / Dificuldade em aritmética em crianças com alta inteligência: efeito da ansiedade matemática? / Highly intelligent children with difficulty in arithmetic: an effect of math anxiety?

Ansiedade matemática (AM) é um conjunto de crenças, sintomas físicos e emocionais que algumas pessoas experimentam ao lidar com problemas matemáticos. O estudo objetivou investigar o efeito da AM no desempenho aritmético de crianças com alta inteligência. Participaram do estudo 52 crianças com desempenho inferior no subteste aritmética do TDE e classificação "acima da média" ou "intelectualmente superior" nas Matrizes de Raven. Os resultados demonstraram correlação forte entre inteligência e TDE aritmética (r = 0,82; p < 0,000); e correlações moderadas entre TDE aritmética e QAM-A (r = 0,32; p = 0,02) e QAM-B (r = 0,35; p = 0,01). A análise de regressão linear múltipla demonstrou uma predição de 8% da subescala QAM-A e de 11 % da QAM-B como preditores do desempenho aritmético. A ansiedade matemática interfere no desempenho em aritmética, mesmo em crianças com a inteligência fluída acima do esperado, sugerindo um importante efeito dos mecanismos emocionais.

Ansiedad matemática (AM) es un conjunto de creencias, síntomas físicos y emocionales que algunas personas experimentan al lidiar con problemas matemáticos. El estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar el efecto de la AM en el rendimiento aritmético de niños con alta inteligencia. Participaron del estudio 52 niños con rendimiento inferior en la subprueba aritmética del TDE y clasificación "superior de la media" o "intelectualmente superior" en las Matrices de Raven. Los resultados apuntan fuerte correlación entre inteligencia y TDE aritmética (r = 0,82; p < 0,000); y correlaciones moderadas entre TDE aritmética y QAM-A (r = 0,32; p = 0,02) y QAM-B (r = 0,35; p = 0,01). El análisis de regresión linear múltiple demostró una predicción del 8% de la subescala QAM-A y del 11 % de la QAM-B como predictores del rendimiento aritmético. La ansiedad matemática interfiere en el rendimiento en aritmética, incluso en niños con la inteligencia fluida superior al esperado, sugiriendo un importante efecto de los mecanismos emocionales.

Mathematical anxiety (MA) is a set of beliefs, physical and emotional symptoms that some people experience when dealing with mathematical problems. The study aimed to investigate the effect of MA on the arithmetic performance of children with high intelligence. Fifty-two children with lower performance on the STP arithmetic subtest and classification "above average" or "intellectually superior" in the Raven Matrices participated in the study. The results showed a strong correlation between intelligence and arithmetic EDT (r = 0.82; p < 0.000); and moderate correlations between arithmetic DET and MAQ (r = 0.32; p = 0.02) and MAQ-B (r = 0.35; p = 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed an 8% prediction of the MAQ-A subscale and 11% of the MAQ-B as predictors of arithmetic performance. Mathematical anxiety interferes with arithmetic performance, even in children with higher than expected fluid intelligence, suggesting an important effect of emotional mechanisms.

Preliminary evidence for the Matrix Matching Test as a valid and reliable measure of general cognitive ability / Evidencia preliminar para el uso del Matrix Matching Test como una medida válida y confiable de habilidad cognitiva general en adolescentes

Abstract Introduction: In research, a simple measure of general cognitive ability is often required. One method is the Matrix Matching Test, a brief, free-to-use, language-free assessment of general cognitive ability or intelligence in adults, which taps both fluid and crystalized processes. We investigated its reliability and validity with adolescent participants. Method: The Matrix Matching Test was administered to 111 participants, aged 12 to 17 (46% female). Subsamples also completed two standard measures of cognitive ability: Vocabulary (crystalized) and Matrix Reasoning (fluid) tests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV). Results: The Matrix Matching Test was found to have acceptable internal consistency and good retest reliability. Criterion validity was indicated by its ability to distinguish between psychosocially deprived participants living in foster care (n = 40) and controls, and by its positive correlation with grade point average. There were large positive correlations between the Matrix Matching Test and the standard measures of Vocabulary, and Matrix Reasoning, suggesting convergent validity. Conclusions: Our preliminary evidence suggests that The Matrix Matching Test is a reliable and valid measure of general cognitive ability for ages 12 to 17.

Resumen Introducción: En ámbitos de investigación, el uso de una herramienta de medición general de habilidad cognitiva es comúnmente requerido. Una de estas herramientas es el Matrix Matching Test, una evaluación de habilidad cognitiva o inteligencia para adultos que es corta, de uso gratuito y no tiene impedimentos de lenguaje. Esta herramienta evalúa los procesos fluidos, así como los procesos cristalizados de la inteligencia adulta. Investigamos la confiabilidad y la validez de esta herramienta con participantes adolescentes. Método: Se administró la herramienta Matrix Matching Test a 111 participantes de edades entre 12 y 17 años (46 % mujeres). Los subgrupos además completaron dos medidas de habilidad cognitiva del más alto estándar obtenidos de la Escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para Niños IV (WISC-IV): Vocabulario (cristalizada) y Matrices (fluida). Resultados: Se encontró que el Matrix Matching Test tiene una consistencia interna aceptable y buena confiabilidad retest. Se indicó el criterio de validez por su capacidad para distinguir entre participantes habitantes en hogares sustitutos (n = 40) y participantes del grupo control. Asimismo, existe una correlación positiva con el GPA. Además, se encontró correlaciones positivas fuertes entre el Matrix Matching Test y las mediciones de más alto estándar de Vocabulario y Matrices, lo que sugiere una validez convergente. Conclusiones: Nuestra evidencia preliminar sugiere que el Matrix Matching Test es una medida confiable y válida para las habilidades cognitivas generales en edades de 12 a 17 años.

Inteligência fluida como preditora do desempenho acadêmico em língua portuguesa e matemática / Fluid intelligence as a predictor of academic performance in portuguese and mathematic / La inteligencia fluida como predictor del rendimiento académico en portugués y matemática

A presente pesquisa correlacionou dados provenientes da aplicação do teste de Inteligência BPR-5 com uma avaliação escolar de matemática e língua portuguesa em uma amostra de 679 alunos do nono ano do ensino fundamental de quatro escolas de uma rede particular de ensino. Os resultados dessas avaliações se mostraram fortemente correlacionados e estatisticamente significativos com escores dos testes de QI (r =,58, p < 0,01), evidenciando elevadas cargas em Inteligência Fluida (Gf). Uma análise longitudinal (5° ao 9° ano) foi aplicada através do Modelo de Curva de Crescimento Latente que investigou a média da variância inicial (intercepto) e a média de crescimento (slope) no desempenho acadêmico (DA) dos sujeitos, em dois modelos (com e sem a variável independente BPR), com o objetivo de investigar a capacidade preditiva de Gf no DA. Quando inserida a variável BPR, seu impacto no intercepto foi estimado em 20,288 e no slope, 6,381. Essas estimativas indicam o acréscimo no desempenho inicial e no crescimento no DA em razão de cada ponto a mais no escore em BPR. A diferença entre o intercepto e o slope foi negativa e estatisticamente significativa (-224,156, p < 0,01), sinalizando que os sujeitos que apresentaram desempenho inicial mais baixo no DA, obtiveram um crescimento maior no período avaliado. Assim, a capacidade preditiva de Gf sobre o DA foi demonstrada, corroborando os resultados da literatura.

The present search studies the correlation between data of the BPR-5 Intelligence test with a school assessment of mathematics and portuguese language and from a sample of 679 ninth grade students from four elementary private schools. The results indicate a strong correlation and statistically significant with IQ test scores (r =, 58, p < 0.01), showing high loads on Fluid Intelligence (Gf). A longitudinal analysis (5th to 9th grade) was applied using the Latent Growth Curve Model, which investigated the average initial variance (intercept) and the average growth (slope) in the subjects' academic performance (AP), in two models (with and without the independent variable BPR), aiming to investigate the predictive capacity of Gf in AP. When the variable BPR was inserted, its impact on the intercept was estimated at 20,288 and on the slope, 6,381. These outcomes indicate the increase on initial performance and growth in AP due to each additional point in the BPR score. The difference between the intercept and the slope was negative and statistically significant (-224,156, p < 0.01), indicating that the subjects who presented lower initial AP had a higher growth in the evaluated period. Thus, the Gf's predictive ability on AP was demonstrated, which corroborates with the literature results.

La presente investigación correlacionó datos de la aplicación de la prueba de inteligencia BPR-5 con una evaluación escolar de matemáticas y portugués en una muestra de 679 estudiantes en el noveno grado de la escuela primaria de cuatro escuelas en una red privada. Se demostró que los resultados de estas evaluaciones están fuertemente correlacionados y son estadísticamente significativos con los puntajes de las pruebas de CI (r =, 58, p < 0.01), mostrando altas cargas en Inteligencia fluida (Gf). Se aplicó un análisis longitudinal (5º a 9º año) utilizando el Modelo de curva de crecimiento latente que investigó el promedio de la varianza inicial (intercepción) y el promedio de crecimiento (pendiente) en el rendimiento académico (RA) de los sujetos, en dos modelos (con y sin la variable independiente BPR), con el fin de investigar la capacidad predictiva de Gf en AD. Cuando se insertó la variable BPR, su impacto en la intersección se estimó en 20,288 y en la pendiente, 6,381. Estas estimaciones indican un aumento en el rendimiento inicial y el crecimiento en RA debido a cada punto adicional en el puntaje BPR. La diferencia entre la intersección y la pendiente fue negativa y estadísticamente significativa (-224,156, p < 0.01), lo que indica que los sujetos que tuvieron un rendimiento inicial más bajo en RA, tuvieron un mayor crecimiento en el período evaluado. Por lo tanto, se demostró la capacidad predictiva de Gf en AD, corroborando los resultados de la literatura.

Effect of visual working memory contents on visual function and fluid intelligence / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the influence of visual working memory contents on visual func-tion and fluid intelligence.Methods 42 subjects were randomly divided into three groups:controll group in-cluding 17 people who had no training,working memory based on Gabor vision group including 13 people and standard working memory group including 12 people who received the N-back working memory training for 15 days,and lasted half an hour in every day.The contrast sensitivity was recorded and measured using OPTEC6500,and the fluid intelligence was measured with the Raven's advanced progressive matrices before and after training.Results In the Gabor working memory group,there were salient gains in contrast sensitivi-ty(respectively(1.48±0.26)log,(1.87±0.13)log,P＜0.05)and in fluid intelligence(respectively(11.15± 1.28),(13.46±1.76),P＜0.05)between pre-and post-test. In the standard working memory group,the con-trast sensitivity improvement was not significant(respectively(1.72±0.30)log,(1.75±0.31)log,P＞0.05),the fluid intelligence increased significantly(respectively(11.25±1.91),(13.00±1.86),P＜0.05); while the controlling group had no significant difference in contrast sensitivity (respectively(1.61±0.26)log,(1.67± 0.25)log,P＞0.05)and in fluid intelligence(respectively(11.41±1.87),(11.58±1.94),P＞0.05) between pre-and post-test.Conclusion Working memory training based on Gabor vision can enhance the subjective perception of visual stimuli and improve the behavioral effect of visual contrast sensitivity, but the visual working memory contents do not affect the migration effect of working memory training on fluid intelligence.

Batería de Rendimiento Intelectual para niños escolares cubanos / Battery intellectual performance for Cuban children

En Cuba, no existen instrumentos propios para la evaluación de la inteligencia. Para solucionar el problema, el Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba, y en especial, el Departamento de Neurociencias Educacionales, diseñó una Batería de Rendimiento Intelectual (BRI) para niños escolares cubanos (conformado por Escala capacidad Intelectual, ECI y Analogías verbales, AV). Objetivos: (1) Completar y validar la BRI para la evaluación de Gf y Gc en niños cubanos de edad escolar, (2) Método. Determinar la contribución única de Gf y Gc, evaluada con la BRI, en el aprovechamiento académico en niños cubanos. Se aplicaron dos estudios. a) Validación de la ECI con una muestra de 370 niños entre 7 y 11 años (N1 ­ 270 para calcular punto de corte y N2 para validar los puntos de corte). b) Diseño de la AV con una muestra de 36 niños entre 10 y 11 años. Resultados. La ECI resulta una prueba apropiada para detectar al niño escolar con riesgo intelectual. El resultado se sustenta en la alta coincidencia (89%) con el WISC-R para clasificar niños con trastornos intelectuales. El diseño de la AV presenta apropiadas propiedades psicométricas, pues presenta significativas correlaciones con la sub-prueba de Vocabulario del WISC-R. Conclusiones. La BRI presenta apropiadas propiedades psicométricas para detectar el riesgo intelectual en niños cubanos.

In Cuba not have own instruments for the assessment of intelligence. To resolve the problem, the Neuroscience Center of Cuba, and the Department of Educational Neuroscience, design a Battery of Intellectual Performance (BIP) for school children (Intellectual Capacity Scale, ICE and Verbal Analogy, VA). Objectives: (1) to complete and validate the BIP for the evaluation of Gf and Gc in cuban children of school age, (2) Method. Determine the unique contribution of Gf and Gc, evaluated with the BIP, on academic achievement in Cuban children. Two studies were applied. a) Validation of the ICE with a sample of 370 children between 7 and 11 years (N1 - 270 to calculate the cut-off point and N2 to validate the cut-off points). b) Design of the VA with a sample of 36 children between the ages of 10 and 11 years. Results. The ICE is a proper test to detect the child with intellectual risk. The result is based on the high coincidence (89%) with the WISC-R to classify children with intellectual disorders. The design of the VA presents appropriate psychometric properties, because it presents significant correlations with the sub-vocabulary test of the WISC-R. Conclusions. The BIP presents appropriate psychometric properties to detect risk Cuban intellectual in school children.

The Persian adaptation of Baddeley's 3-min grammatical reasoning test

Baddeley's grammatical reasoning test is a quick and efficient measure of fluid reasoning which is commonly used in research on cognitive abilities and the impact of stresses and environmental factors on cognitive performance. The test, however, is verbal and can only be used with native speakers of English. In this study, we adapted the test for application in the Persian language using a different pair of verbs and geometrical shapes instead of English letters. The adapted test had high internal consistency and retest reliability estimates. It also had an excellent fit to a one-factor confirmatory factor model and correlated acceptably with other measures of fluid intelligence and participants' grade point average (GPA). (AU)

Contribución única de la inteligencia fluida y cristalizada en el rendimiento académico / Unique contribution of intelligence fluid and crystallized from academic performance

La teoría de la inversión de Cattell establece que inteligencia fluida(Gf) constituye la base de la inteligencia cristalizada (Gc), en tanto hace posible la adquisición de habilidades y conocimientos. Sin embargo, las evidencias empíricas no son concluyentes. La presente investigación pretende determinar la contribución única de la inteligencia, Gf y Gc, sobre el rendimiento académico del niño escolar. Se utilizó una muestra de 100 niños según criterios de selección en dos tipos de enseñanza: niños con calificaciones de Mal y Regular en las materias escolares (enseñanza regular) y niños con retraso mental ligero (enseñanza especial). Las pruebas intelectuales fueron: Escala de Capacidad Intelectual y Analogía verbales. Las tareas académicas fueron: fluidez lectora y fluidez matemática. Los resultaron indicaron fuertes correlaciones entre las variables académicas y las intelectuales. La regresión jerárqica indicó contribución significativa de Gc (Analogía verbales) para pronosticar el desarrollo de la lectura cuando se controla el efecto de Gf (Escala de Capacidad Intelectual). Por el contrario, Gf mostró una contribución significativa para explicar el rendimiento de la matemática cuando se controla a Gc.

The investment theory of Cattell states that fluid intelligence (Gf) is the basis of crystallized intelligence (Gc), as does the acquisition of skills and knowledge possible. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. This research trying to determine the unique contribution of intelligence, Gf and Gc, on the academic performance of school children. A sample of 100 children was used as selection criteria in two types of education: children with scores bad and regular school subjects (regular education) and children with mild mental retardation (special education). Intellectual tests were: Intellectual Ability Scale and Verbal Analogy test. Academic tasks were: reading fluency and math fluency. The resulted showed strong correlations between academic and intellectual variables. The hierarchical regression indicated significant contribution of Gc (Verbal Analogy) to predict the development of reading when the effect of Gf (Intellectual Ability Scale) is controlled. By contrast, Gf showed a significant contribution to explain the performance of mathematics when Gc controls.

Memoria de Trabajo e Inteligencia Fluida. Una Revisión de sus Relaciones / Working Memory and Fluid Intelligence. A Review of its Relations

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a la comprensión de la relación entre la memoria de trabajo y la inteligencia fluida. Para esto se realizó una búsqueda de artículos empíricos en las bases de datos PubMed y Google Académico utilizando una combinación de los términos en español y en inglés memoria de trabajo (working memory) e inteligencia fluida (fluid intelligence). La revisión de la literatura indica que el control atencional y la capacidad de recuperar información de la memoria a largo plazo, serían los procesos a través de los cuales la memoria de trabajo y la inteligencia fluida se relacionan. Sin embargo, existen resultados contradictorios respecto del rol que la retención de la información y que la capacidad de procesamiento de la información presentan en esta relación. Se concluye señalando algunos aspectos metodológicos que mejorarían la comprensión de la relación entre la memoria de trabajo y la inteligencia fluida.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between working memory and fluid intelligence. A search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar database using a combination of the Spanish and English terms working memory (memoria de trabajo) and fluid intelligence (inteligencia fluida). The review indicates that attention control and the ability to retrieve information from long-term memory would be the processes through which working memory and fluid intelligence are related. However, there are conflicting results regarding the role of retention of information and information processing capacity in this relationship. We concluded by pointing out some methodological aspects that would enhance the understanding of the relationship between working memory and fluid intelligence.

Effects of Working Memory Training on Brain Functional Activition for Stroke Patients / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To explore the effects of computerized working memory training on working memory and brain functional activition for stroke paitents. Methods 3 stroke patients voluntarily joined in the study, 10 healthy adults were recruited as control group. The patients received computerized working memory training for 4 weeks. Cognitive psychological tests (the n-back task, Stroop task and Raven`s Advanced Progressive Matrices task) and neuroimaging test (task- state functional magnetic resonance imaging) were administered before and after treatment. Results Working memory training significantly improved the working memory, fluid intelligence and attention for each trained patient (P<0.001), and could renovate the abnormal functional activity model and reorganize the functional brain network. Conclusion Computerized working memory could be used as an effective cognitive rehabilitation intervention for stroke patients.

Effects of Working Memory Training on Brain Functional Activition for Stroke Patients / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the effects of computerized working memory training on working memory and brain functional activi-tion for stroke paitents. Methods 3 stroke patients voluntarily joined in the study, 10 healthy adults were recruited as control group. The pa-tients received computerized working memory training for 4 weeks. Cognitive psychological tests (the n-back task, Stroop task and Raven`s Advanced Progressive Matrices task) and neuroimaging test (task-state functional magnetic resonance imaging) were administered before and after treatment. Results Working memory training significantly improved the working memory, fluid intelligence and attention for each trained patient (P<0.001), and could renovate the abnormal functional activity model and reorganize the functional brain network. Conclu-sion Computerized working memory could be used as an effective cognitive rehabilitation intervention for stroke patients.

Relações entre raciocínio auditivo musical e inteligência / Relationship between musical auditory reasoning and intelligence / Relación entre el razonamiento y la inteligencia musical auditiva

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar se o teste de raciocínio auditivo musical (RAu) avalia uma habilidade específica, relacionada ao processamento auditivo (Ga), ou se o instrumento configura-se como teste de avaliação de inteligência fluida (Gf) ou de conhecimento específico (Gkn). Além disso, buscou-se evidenciar a capacidade do RAu para discriminar os indivíduos em diferentes níveis de habilidade musical. Três grupos - músicos (N = 7), músicos amadores (N = 22) e leigos em música (N = 20) - com idade variando entre 18 e 59 anos, sendo 57,1% do sexo masculino, responderam aos testes. Encontraram-se correlações moderadas significativas entre Analogias 2 e as provas de raciocínio verbal e raciocínio espacial (0,36 e 0,37, respectivamente). Os três grupos diferiram significativamente nas medidas de acordo com o nível de experiência com música. Os resultados sugerem que o raciocínio e processamento auditivo são construtos relacionados, e que o RAu é capaz de discriminar as pessoas de acordo com o nível de habilidade musical.

The present study aimed to investigate if the Musical Auditory Reasoning Test (RAu) evaluates a specific ability related to auditory reasoning (Ga), or if the instrument is presented as a test for fluid intelligence (Gf) or specific knowledge (Gkn) assessment. In addition, we sought to verify the RAu's capacity to differentiate individuals into different levels of musical ability. Three groups - musicians (N = 7), amateur musicians (N = 22) and lay in music (N = 20) - aged between 18 and 59 years, with 57.1% males, answered the tests. Moderate significant correlations were found between Analogies 2 with verbal reasoning and spatial reasoning tasks (.36 and .37 respectively). The three groups differed significantly in measures according to the level of music experience. The results suggest that the auditory processing and reasoning are related constructs, and that RAu is able to discriminate people according to the level of musical ability.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar si el test de razonamiento auditivo musical (RAu) evalua una habilidad específica relacionada con el razonamiento auditivo (Ga), o si el instrumento se presenta como una prueba para la evaluación de la inteligencia fluida (Gf) o de conocimientos específicos (Gkn). Además, tratamos de verificar la capacidad del RAu para diferenciar a los individuos en diferentes niveles de habilidad musical. Tres grupos - músicos (N = 7), músicos amadores (N = 22) y los laicos en la música (N = 20) - con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 59 años, con 57,1% de los hombres, responderán a las pruebas. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas moderadas entre Analogías 2 con el razonamiento verbal y razonamiento espacial (0,36 y 0,37 respectivamente). Los tres grupos diferían significativamente en las medidas de acuerdo con el nivel de experiencia de la música. Los resultados sugieren que el procesamiento auditivo y el razonamiento son constructos relacionados, y que el RAu es capaz de discriminar a las personas de acuerdo al nivel de habilidad musical.

Evidências preliminares da efetividade do treinamento cognitivo para melhorar a inteligência de crianças escolares / Preliminary evidence of effectiveness in cognitive training to improve school children intelligence

Objetivou-se verificar a efetividade de um programa de treinamento cognitivo (TC) para melhorar a inteligência de crianças escolares. Participaram do TC 16 crianças (M = 8,75 anos; DP = 0,44) divididas em grupo controle (GC) e grupo experimental (GE), avaliadas no pré e no pós-teste com medidas de inteligência fluida, cristalizada e desempenho escolar. O TC consistiu da aplicação de tarefas de memória de trabalho por dois meses. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as medidas pré e pós-teste de inteligência. Entretanto, após o treinamento, observou-se redução das diferenças entre Gc e Gf em medidas de inteligência fluída. No caso do teste Raven, a diferença entre GC e GE (favorável a GC) caiu de um d = 0,126 para d = 0,058. No teste TNVRI a diferença inicial a favor de GC (d = 0, 177) passou a ser negativa (d = -0,384), portanto a favor de GE. Esse pequeno benefício não foi observado nos testes de conhecimento escolar, nos quais os maiores ganhos no pós-teste foram do GC. Os resultados encontram suporte parcial na literatura. Contudo, estudos com uma amostra maior, maior tempo de treinamento e de intervalo entre os pós-testes são necessários para verificar a generalidade de tais achados...

The present research intends to verify the effectiveness of a cognitive training (CT) to foster intelligence of school Brazilian children from different intellectual levels. Sixteen fourth-grade boys (M = 8.75 years; SD = .44) took part in this study and were randomly selected to the training group (TG) or control group (CG). In the pre and posttest, all children were assessed using measures with measures of fluid, crystallized intelligence, and school achievement. For the training program we used working memory task for a period of two months. Results: no statically significant difference was found between both groups at posttest in none of the measures used. However, after training, there was a reduction of the differences between GC and GF on measures of fluid intelligence. In the case of Raven, the difference between CG and GE (favorable to GC) dropped from d = .126 to .058. In the TNVRI test, the initial difference in favor of CG (d = .177) became negative (d = -.384), therefore in favor of GE. This small benefit was not observed in tests of school knowledge, where GC had the biggest gains in the post-test assessment. The results are partially supported in the literature. However, studies with a larger sample, more training sessions and longer interval between post-tests to verify the generality of these findings...

Reflexões teóricas e práticas sobre a interpretação da Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Adultos / Reflexiones teóricas y prácticas sobre la interpretación de la Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Adultos / Theoretical and practical reflections on the interpretation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

O uso das Escalas Wechsler de Inteligência está voltado para contextos clínicos, psicoeducacionais e de pesquisa, possibilitando a avaliação minuciosa das capacidades cognitivas de crianças, adolescentes e adultos. A inteligência geral deve ser considerada como uma manifestação da personalidade como um todo. As habilidades intelectuais são medidas através de instrumentos psicométricos. Para esta pesquisa, com foco na Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Adultos (WAIS-III), buscou-se abordar as principais características e utilizações da escala para a população adulta, bem como se explorou a importância das informações deste instrumento e suas aplicações, principalmente no que se refere à interpretação clínica qualitativa. Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura dos autores mais clássicos sobre o tema. Os autores recorreram a uma revisão crítica de aspectos essenciais que tangenciam a testagem psicológica e neuropsicológica, abordando os constructos de inteligência cristalizada, fluída e suas integrações com o estudo da personalidade. Finalmente, os autores discutem a importância dos índices fatoriais e suas implicações na interpretação clínica.

El uso de la Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler se enfrenta al ámbito clínico, psicopedagógico y de investigación, lo que permite la evaluación a fondo de las capacidades cognitivas de los niños, adolescentes y adultos. La inteligencia general debe considerarse como una manifestación de la personalidad como un todo. Las habilidades intelectuales se miden a través de instrumentos psicométricos. Esta investigación, cuyo objeto de estudio es la Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Adultos (WAIS-III), trata de responder a las características y usos de dicha escala para la población adulta. Así mismo, analiza la importancia de la información sobre este instrumento y sus aplicaciones, especialmente en lo referente a la interpretación clínica cualitativa. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica de los autores más clásicos sobre el tema. Los autores llevaron a cabo una revisión crítica de los aspectos clave relacionados con las pruebas psicológicas y neuropsicológicas, abordando los constructos de la inteligencia cristalizada, la inteligencia fluída, y su integración con el estudio de la personalidad. Por último, los autores discuten la importancia de los índices factoriales y sus implicaciones para la interpretación clínica.

The use of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales has entered clinical, psycho-educational and research settings, thus enabling a full assessment of cognitive abilities of children, adolescents and adults. The general intelligence should be considered as a manifestation of personality as a whole. Intellectual skills are measured by psychometric instruments. This research, which focuses on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (WAIS-III), addresses the key features and uses of the scale for the adult population and explores the importance of information about this instrument and its applications, especially with regard to qualitative clinical interpretation. It consists of a literature review about the more classical authors on the subject. The authors draw on a critical review of key aspects related to psychological and neuropsychological testing, addressing the constructs of crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence and their integration with the study of personality. Finally, the authors discuss the importance of factor indices and their implications for clinical interpretation.

The influence of N-back working memory training with Gabor signal on visual function and fluid intelligence / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate influence on adults'visual function and fluid intelligence with N-back working memory training based on Gabor signal.MethodsControlling group including 13 adults had no training,training group including 14 adults received an eight-days training,half an hour a day.The stimulus was N-back training which has on improved Gabor signal with adjustable spatial frequency and contrast sensitivity.The contrast sensitivity and fluid intelligence were record using OPTEC 6500 and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices before and after training,then the data was analyzed and processed by SPSS.ResultsContrast sensitivity:there was a siguificant different of the contrast sensitivity between pretest and posttest ( ( 1.93 ± 0.17 ) log,( 1.76 ±0.20 ) log) in training group ( t =-4.579,P =0.001 ).Fluid intelligence:there was a significant different of fluid intelligence between pretest and posttest( ( 129.9 ± 9.0 ) scores,( 113.7 4-16.0 ) scores ) in training group ( t =-4.373,P =0.001 ),and superior to controlling group,which also had a statistical significance (F =1.353,P =0.004).ConclusionThe method of N-back working memory training based on Gabor signal not only enhances working memory and fluid intelligence,but also improves the visual function effectively,and more various effect is acquired comparing to traditional training method.

Avaliando a avaliação escolar: notas escolares e inteligência fluida / Evaluating the school evaluation: the grade schools and fluid intelligence / Evaluando la evaluación escolar: las notas escolares y inteligencia fluida

Segundo o ENEM, o ensino deve promover o desenvolvimento da inteligência (competências). Este artigo discute a qualidade de duas avaliações escolares enquanto indicadores desse princípio. Foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro analisa dados de 230 estudantes de uma escola da rede federal de Ensino Médio de Belo Horizonte e o segundo faz o mesmo procedimento em relação a 273 estudantes do ensino médio de uma escola particular da mesma cidade. Foram empregados os mesmos instrumentos e métodos de coleta e análise de dados nos dois estudos, para fins de comparação dos resultados. Foram analisadas relações entre inteligência fluida, notas escolares e uma competência escolar geral. Foi utilizado o modelamento por equações estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que as avaliações escolares dos dois estudos se relacionaram aos princípios do ENEM. As implicações são analisadas e discutidas.

Brazilian education defines through ENEM that teaching must promote development of intelligence (scholar competences). This article discusses the quality of two school evaluations as indicative of these principle. Two studies were performed. The first one analyses 230 student’s data from a federal high school in Belo Horizonte. The second analyses 273 high school student’s data from a private school in >Belo Horizonte. The same methods were used in both studies to contrast the results. The relationship between fluid intelligence, grade school and general scholar competence was analyzed, by structural equation modeling. The results show that school evaluation of the two studies has connectivity with the national principles. The implications of the results are analyzed and discussed.

Por medio del ENEM, la educación brasileña estipula que la enseñanza debe promover el desenvolvimiento de la inteligencia (competencias).. Este artículo discute la cualidad de dos evaluaciones escolares, como indicadores de este principio. Fueron hechos dos estudios. El primero analiza datos de 230 estudiantes de una escuela de la red federal de enseñanza mediana de Belo Horizonte. El segundo analiza datos de 273 estudiantes de al enseñanza mediana de una escuela particular de Belo Horizonte. Fueron utilizados los mismos instrumentos y métodos de colecta y análisis en los dos estudios, para fines de comparación. Fueron analizadas relaciones entre inteligencia fluida, notas escolares y una competencia escolar general. Fue utilizado el modelamento por ecuación estructural. Los resultados indicaron que las evaluaciones de los dos estudios si relacionaron con los principios del ENEM. Las implicaciones fueron analizadas y discutidas.

Bateria de provas de raciocínio (BPR-5): estudo exploratório em alunos universitários / Reasoning tests battery (BPR-5): exploratory study with college students

Este artigo descreve uma aplicação exploratória da Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio em alunos universitários. Os dados normativos desta bateria contemplam apenas os alunos do final do ensino fundamental e do ensino médio, importando ampliar as evidências de validade em alunos do ensino superior em virtude do número insuficiente de provas de aplicação coletiva para a avaliação cognitiva nas idades adultas. Uma amostra de 330 universitários foi considerada neste estudo, sendo maioritariamente feminina (63,3 por cento). Juntamente com a bateria de raciocínio utilizaram-se dois testes de fator g (matrizes). Os resultados das correlações e da análise fatorial exploratória sugerem que basicamente estamos face a provas que avaliam a inteligência fluida (Gf), muito embora surja um segundo fator reunindo as provas de raciocínio verbal e de raciocínio numérico. Dado que estas duas provas envolvem conhecimentos acadêmicos dos alunos, este segundo fator parece relacionado com a inteligência cristalizada (Gc).

This paper describes an exploratory application of the Reasoning Tests Battery to college students. Norms of this battery are related to basic and secondary education students, and it is important to analyze validity coefficients with college students in face of the insufficient number of collective application tests to the cognitive assessment in adults. A sample formed by 330 college students was considered in this study, most of them female (63.3 percent). With this reasoning battery, the study included the administration of two g factor tests (matrices). Correlation and exploratory factor analysis data basically suggest all these tests are assessing fluid intelligence (Gf), even though a second factor appears on basis of verbal and numerical reasoning tests. As these both tests are related to the studentsï academic experiences, this second factor can be related to the crystallized intelligence (Gc).

Analysis on Gong's Nonverbal Intelligence Tests in Old People of Han Nationality in Luoyang City / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective:To study the intelligence of old people above 56 years old were tested by Gong's non-verbal intelligence test. Methods:1460 old peopl above 56 years old were tested by Gong's non-verbal intelligence test.Results: After controlled the effect of educational background on the intelligence, the scores of each subtest decrease with the increase of age( P