Implementation of National Leprosy Eradication Programme during COVID-19 era: A qualitative research

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic imposed new challenge to the implementation of the National Leprosy Eradication Programme. According to national data, after lockdown due to COVID-19, there was a 29% reduction in total leprosy cases reported in the first quarter (April-June) of 2020 in comparison to 2019. Objectives: To explore the difficulties faced by different stakeholders of the National Leprosy Eradication Programme like policy makers, doctors, grass root level health workers as well as leprosy patients during COVID-19 pandemic with respect to programme implementation and access to leprosy care. Materials and Methods: Qualitative research was undertaken including two focus-group-discussions held among six leprosy patients diagnosed after lockdown and nine ASHA workers as well as six in-depth interviews of doctors, leprologists, and programme managers. Ethics committee approval was sought and informed consent was obtained from all participants. All focus-group-discussions were electronically recorded and the in-depth interviews telephonically recorded, transcribed and translated from Bengali-to-English. Transcripts were separately coded by researchers and thematically analysed with the help of Visual-Anthropac software version 1.0. Results: Solitary focus on COVID-19 control, capacity building and information, education and communication, leprosy case search & surveillance, co-infection among health workers, transportation issues were the themes explored from focus-group-discussions of health workers and ASHA workers. Similarly, the present study identified six themes from in-depth interviews of programme manager, leprologists, programme manager as diagnostic difficulty, operational issues, rehabilitation issues, capacity building & information education and communication activities and way forward. Limitations: The research reveals the perceptions of rural population of Eastern India with high leprosy prevalence, which might not be applicable for urban areas or low prevalent districts Conclusion: The solitary focus of the administration towards COVID and shifting the infrastructure and human resource only towards the management of COVID can lead to resurgence of the leprosy. Having an organised framework of operations, catering to the need of the front-line workers in rendering services, utilizing the digital platform and social media, and focusing on rehabilitation would be needed to overcome the crisis

Development of an integrated telerehabilitation model in children with cerebral visual impairment in South India during the COVID-19 pandemic – A pilot study

Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) pandemic affected the in?person rehabilitation/habilitation services in families with children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI) in India. This study aimed to develop a structured and family?centered telerehabilitation model alongside conventional in?person intervention in children with CVI to observe its feasibility in the Indian population. Methods: This pilot study included 22 participants with a median age of 2.5 years (range: 1–6) who underwent a detailed comprehensive eye examination followed by functional vision assessment. The visual function classification system (VFCS) was administered to the children and the structured clinical question inventory (SCQI) to the parents. Every participant underwent 3 months of telerehabilitation including planning, training, and monitoring by experts. At 1 month, the parental care and ability (PCA) rubric was administered to the parents. After 3 months, in an in?person follow?up, all the measures were reassessed for 15 children. Results: After 3 months of Tele?rehabilitation there were significant improvements noted in PCA rubric scores (P<0.05). Also, statistically significant improvements were noted in functional vision measured using SCQI and VFCS scores (P<0.05) compared to baseline. Conclusion: The outcomes of the study provide the first steps towards understanding the use of a novel tele?rehabilitation model in childhood CVI along?side conventional face?to?face intervention. The added role of parental involvement in such a model is highly essential.

Parental perception of facilitators and barriers to activity and participation in an integrated tele-rehabilitation model for children with cerebral visual impairment in South India – A virtual focus group discussion study

Purpose: This study utilized virtual focus group discussions to document the facilitators and barriers reported by the parents as part of the tele?rehabilitation service delivery model in India. Methods: This study included 17 participants who were enrolled into the Tele?rehabilitation program (16 mothers, 1 father) and the virtual focus group discussion (V?FGD) were conducted through a WhatsApp video call. Three V?FGDs were conducted involving two moderators and a note taker. The V?FGD, focused at extracting the perceptions of parents pertaining to facilitators, barriers and coping mechanisms to barriers related to the tele?rehabilitation model. Results: Thematic analysis resulted in four themes for barriers that included: family and support, time, parent and care taker, child and place of living related; facilitators reported included: continuous monitoring, accessibility to professional services, provision of resource materials and parental empowerment. Themes “family and support” and “child” were most reported by parents with children >3 years and ?3 years respectively. Finally, the barriers and facilitators were aligned with the chapters and codes of International Classification of Functioning, children and youth version (ICF?CY) environment and personal factors. Conclusion: This V?FGD highlights the importance of parental?centred and structured Tele?rehabilitation among children with CVI in India. The outcome of this study opens avenues for creating effective intervention.

Focus Groups in Brazilian Research: Current Scenario and Methodological Challenges / Grupos Focais na Pesquisa Brasileira: Cenário Atual e Desafios Metodológicos / Grupos Focales en la Investigación Brasileña: Escenario Actual y Desafíos Metodológicos

Abstract Based on an integrative review, this study aimed to critically discuss the use of focus groups in empirical research in Brazilian Psychology over the last two decades and to qualify the methodological decisions of those who opt for this approach. Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO were consulted, finding 62 articles in national journals in the area. The primary contexts of use were work, education, health, and social, with wide theoretical diversity. There has been a significant growth of the technique in research in Psychology since 2002, despite the need for improvement in the description of selection procedures, group composition, number of participants, the script for conducting, analysis, and presentation of results. However, it is necessary to ensure alignment between objective, theory, and method to improve the use of focus groups in psychological interventions.

Resumo A partir de uma revisão integrativa, o objetivo do estudo foi discutir criticamente o uso de grupos focais nas pesquisas empíricas da Psicologia brasileira nas últimas duas décadas e qualificar as decisões metodológicas daqueles que optam por essa abordagem. Foram consultadas as bases Scopus, Web of Science e SciELO, encontrando-se 62 artigos em periódicos nacionais da área. Os principais contextos de utilização foram trabalho, educação, saúde e social, com ampla diversidade teórica. Conclui-se que houve um crescimento significativo da técnica nas pesquisas em Psicologia desde 2002, apesar da necessidade de aprimoramento na descrição dos procedimentos de seleção, composição dos grupos, número de participantes, roteiro de condução, análise e apresentação dos resultados. Contudo, é necessário garantir o alinhamento entre objetivo, teoria e método para melhorar o uso de grupos focais em intervenções psicológicas.

Resumen A partir de una revisión integradora, el objetivo de este estudio fue discutir críticamente el uso de grupos focales en investigaciones empíricas de la Psicología brasileña durante las últimas dos décadas y calificar las decisiones metodológicas de quienes optan por este enfoque. Se consultaron Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO, y dio como resultado 62 artículos en revistas nacionales del área. Los principales contextos de uso fueron el laboral, educativo, sanitario y social, con amplia diversidad teórica. Se concluye que hubo un crecimiento significativo de la técnica en la investigación en Psicología desde 2002, a pesar de la necesidad de mejorar la descripción de los procedimientos de selección, composición del grupo, número de participantes, guion de realización, análisis y presentación de resultados. Sin embargo, es necesario asegurar la alineación entre objetivo, teoría y método para mejorar el uso de grupos focales en intervenciones psicológicas.

Ethical dilemmas encountered in suicide research and management: Experiences of young mental health professionals

This study aimed to explore ethical dilemmas and challenges faced by young mental healthcare researchers and professionals working with survivors of suicide (hereinafter suicide survivors). Two focus group discussions (FGDs) Researcher FGD (with those engaged in suicide research) and Clinician FGD (with those providing treatment to suicide survivors) – consisting of open-ended questions and lasting for 70-90 minutes were conducted and analysed using Thematic Analysis. Five themes were identified: i) struggling with the incongruity of harm within benefit, ii) difficulty in delineating boundaries, iii) self-doubt in one’s professional competence, iv) nature of suicide straining the limits of confidentiality, and v) working with structural limitations. The study helps to understand the obstacles and dilemmas encountered in adhering to ethical principles while working with vulnerable individuals.

Consumer perceptions of non-caloric sweeteners and the content of caloric and non-caloric sweeteners in ultra-processed products in Brazil / Percepções do consumidor sobre adoçantes não calóricos e o conteúdo de adoçantes calóricos e não calóricos em produtos ultraprocessados no Brasil

Abstract Food industries are reformulating their products to lower total sugar and caloric content. Caloric sugars are often substituted by or combined with non-caloric sweeteners. Our study analyzed information about the presence, number and type, and content of different sweeteners displayed on the ingredient list of 10 key ultra-processed products (UPP), from 3 different categories. It also assessed consumers' opinions, perceptions and understanding of caloric and non-caloric sugars used in UPPs using data from 12 focus group discussions. Results indicate a large diversity in sweeteners, frequent use of a combination of multiple caloric and non-caloric sweeteners, often in the same product, and a lack of disclosure of the amounts of non-caloric sweeteners on the nutrition labels. Qualitative analysis reflected the inconsistency of information on nutrition labels and the challenges in compliance with regulations. Participants were unsure about the different types of sweeteners, examples of artificial sweeteners and their potential health consequences. Presenting clearer additive and nutrition information would facilitate consumer comprehension and support healthy food choices.

Resumo Indústrias alimentícias estão reformulando produtos para reduzir a quantidade total de açúcar. Para reduzir a densidade calórica e manter o dulçor de seus produtos, açúcares são combinados com edulcorantes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar as informações sobre a presença, número e tipo, e conteúdo de diferentes edulcorantes exibidos na lista de ingredientes de 10 produtos ultraprocessados, de 3 categorias diferentes. O estudo também avaliou as percepções e entendimento dos consumidores sobre adoçantes calóricos e não calóricos usados em produtos ultraprocessados, através da análise de discussões com 12 grupos focais. Observou-se combinação de açúcares com edulcorantes no mesmo produto e, frequentemente, ausência das quantidades dos edulcorantes nos rótulos nutricionais. Esses produtos voltados a crianças oferecem calorias reduzidas às custas do aumento da variedade e concentração desses edulcorantes. Os participantes mostraram-se confusos sobre os diferentes tipos de adoçantes e edulcorantes e suas possíveis consequências à saúde. Apresentar informações mais claras sobre os ingredientes e nutrição facilitariam a compreensão dos consumidores e os apoiariam em escolhas alimentares saudáveis.

An Introduction to Qualitative and Mixed Methods Study Designs in Health Research

With the recognition of different population behavior and relevance of socio-cultural factors in health, health services and public health program contexts, qualitative research is increasingly being used in health research, including clinical trials. Qualitative research follows an inductive framework to explore and gain an in-depth understanding of the phenomena, especially why and how aspects, through techniques including interviews, focus groups and observations. It analyzes the textual data collected following one of the common analysis approaches: grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography or participatory action research. Despite the divergence in principles, mixed methods research designs systematically combine the quantitative and qualitative methods for a comprehensive understanding on the issue. The commonly used mixed methods designs variably combine the purpose, priority, sequence, embedding and data integration. Mixed methods analysis requires strategic synthesis of the results to gain comprehensive knowledge for appropriate clinical or public health action.

Perspectives On Health Care Cost-Consciousness among Medical Students and Physicians

Introduction: Health care costs consciousness refers to care that aims to assess the benefits, harms and costs of interventions by the physicians. Rising health care costs have created an urgent need to improve physicians� knowledge on health care costs for providing cost conscious care. Objectives: This study was done to assess and compare the knowledge and attitude towards health care cost consciousness of the undergraduate medical students and interns. Methodology: A Mixed Method study was done using a standardized questionnaire among 388 medical students and a Qualitative approach using In-depth interviews with 15 practicing physicians and a Focus group discussion to understand their perceptions on cost-conscious care and their opinions on introducing Cost-conscious curriculum for the medical students. Data analysed using a framework analytical approach and NVivo12. Results: 84% of the students agreed that all health personnel should be familiar with health care costs, 84.5% agreed that inclusion of the health care cost consciousness in medical curriculum is important for their carrier. The themes emerged identified the various perceptions, determinants on health care costs, cost-conscious decision making and their responsibility as a physician. Conclusion: The physicians and interns strongly suggested including a structured learning on Cost-Conscious Care as a part of medical education to educate and train the future physicians.

Atuação do Professor de Educação Especial no Cenário da Pandemia de Covid-19 / Performance of the Special Education Teacher in the Covid-19 Pandemic Scenario

RESUMO: A atuação qualificada do professor de Educação Especial é condição fundamental para o apoio à inclusão escolar do público-alvo em diferentes contextos escolares. Este estudo objetivou analisar a atuação do professor de Educação Especial no cenário da pandemia da Covid-19. Os dados foram coletados por meio da técnica de grupo focal on-line, com a participação de seis professoras. Das experiências compartilhadas nos encontros, foi possível elaborar três eixos temáticos: Os desafios vividos pelas professoras da Educação Especial; Contextos vivenciados pelas professoras da Educação Especial na escola; e Fortalezas, perspectivas e pontos positivos da inclusão escolar. A inclusão escolar é um projeto coletivo que pressupõe ações coordenadas e exige adesão de todos os segmentos da sociedade civil, não apenas da escola. Os professores de Educação Especial perceberam-se implicados no processo inclusivo, ainda que não haja envolvimento total das equipes educacionais, o que os faz se sentirem isolados e desamparados diante de algumas situações desafiadoras. Compreender o olhar dos professores de Educação Especial oferece subsídios para o planejamento da Educação Especial, na perspectiva da inclusão.

ABSTRACT: The qualified performance of the Special Education teacher is a fundamental condition for supporting the school inclusion of the target population in different school contexts. Tis study aimed to analyze the role of the Special Education teacher in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected using the online focus group technique with the participation of six teachers. From the experiences shared in the meetings, it was possible to elaborate three themes: Te challenges experienced by the Special Education teachers; Contexts experienced by the Special Education teachers at school; and Strengths, perspectives and positive points of school inclusion. School inclusion is a collective project that presupposes coordinated actions and requires adherence from all segments of civil society, not just the school. Special Education teachers perceive themselves to be involved in the inclusive process, even though there is no full involvement of the educational teams, which makes them feel isolated and helpless in the face of some challenging situations. Understanding the gaze of Special Education teachers offers subsidies for the planning of Special Education, from the perspective of inclusion.

Study on the construction of cognitive training program for elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment based on horticultural therapy theory / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To construct a cognitive training program suitable for elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment based on horticultural therapy, so as to effectively slow down the cognitive decline of patients with mild cognitive impairment.Methods:Through searching the Chinese and English database literature of cognitive intervention from July 2000 to July 2020 and field visits to nursing homes, the draft intervention plan was formed. Two rounds of focus group interview were held to consult experts in cognitive impairment and geriatric care, etc., and to revise the intervention plan.Results:In the two rounds of focus group interview, the expert positive coefficient was 100%, the expert judgment basis was 0.84, the expert familiarity degree was 0.84, and the expert authority coefficient was 0.84. In the end, a 10-week cognitive intervention program targeting six cognitive domains -- "visuospatial/executive ability", "memory ability", "language ability", "attention ability", "abstract ability" and "naming ability" was formed, and the implementation steps of the program were improved.Conclusions:The construction process of cognitive training program for patients with mild cognitive impairment based on horticultural therapy theory is rigorous, scientific and feasible, and can be used to guide the cognitive training of patients with mild cognitive impairment.

Perceptions of patients in the waiting line for bariatric surgery: contributions from the experience of an educational process / Percepções de pacientes na fila de espera para cirurgia bariátrica: contribuições a partir da experiência de um processo educativo / Percepciones de pacientes en la fila de espera para cirugía bariátrica: contribuciones a partir de la experiencia de un proceso educativo

The present study is a qualitative research with the objective of analyzing the perceptions of patients in the face of the challenges in the bariatric surgery line through focal groups. All patients were treated with an outpatient protocol, however, they were divided into two groups, one participated in the educational process and the other did not. Four categories of analysis were drawn up and discussed in the light of the current literature. Patients from the educational process were able to express themselves with greater positivity in view of the challenges and they showed better resources for going through the emotional suffering, the worsening of comorbidities and the risk of death. The results show the potential of education in health and of group work in the promotion of self-care and well-being.(AU)

O presente estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com o objetivo de analisar as percepções dos pacientes diante dos desafios na fila da cirurgia bariátrica por meio de grupos focais. Todos os pacientes foram atendidos com protocolo ambulatorial, porém, foram divididos em dois grupos, um participou do processo educativo e o outro não. Quatro categorias de análise foram elaboradas e discutidas à luz da literatura atual. Os pacientes do processo educativo conseguiram se expressar com maior positividade diante dos desafios e apresentaram melhores recursos para atravessar o sofrimento emocional, o agravamento das comorbidades e o risco de morte. Os resultados mostram o potencial da educação em saúde e do trabalho em grupo na promoção do autocuidado e do bem-estar.(AU)

El presente estudio se trata de una investigación cualitativa con el objetivo de analizar las percepciones de los pacientes ante los desafíos en la fila de la cirugía bariátrica por medio de grupos focales. Todos los pacientes fueron atendidos con protocolo ambulatorio, pero se dividieron en dos grupos, uno participó en el proceso educativo y el otro no. Se elaboraron y discutieron cuatro categorías de análisis a la luz de la literatura actual. Los pacientes del proceso educativo consiguieron expresarse con mayor positividad antes los desafíos y presentaron mejores recursos para pasar por el sufrimiento emocional, el agravamiento de las comorbilidades y el riesgo de muerte. Los resultados muestran el potencial de la educación en salud y del trabajo en grupo de la promoción del autocuidado y del bienestar.(AU)

Male attitudes towards family planning in the Limpopo province of South Africa

Women often do not receive support from their partners with regards to familyplanning (FP), which can lead to hesitancy and inconsistent use. This study sought tounderstand the male attitudes that contribute to this.Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in 2019 using focus group discussions (FGDs) with purposively selected men aged ≥ 25 years and in a relationship with a woman of childbearing age. An open-ended question guide was used to explore men's perceptions regarding FP. The discussions were recorded, translated and transcribed verbatim, whereafter transcripts were coded and analysed thematically. Results: Three major themes were identified, namely: (1) the advantages of FP, including financial benefits and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy; (2) the disadvantages of FP, including perceived adverse effects on men and women, as well as marital difficulties; and (3) the exclusion of men from FP by health workersand their partners. Conclusion: Men felt ambivalent towards FP. They were aware of the benefits thereof, but were hesitant to allow their female partners to use contraceptives, because of several misconceptions about the adverse effects. This underscores the need to involve men in FP programmes.

Treinamento pliométrico e virtual para prevenção de lesões em mulheres jovens: uma abordagem qualitativa / Pliometric and virtual training for prevention of injury in young women: a qualitative approach

O objetivo do estudo foi explorar as opiniões das voluntárias de um protocolo de treinamento pliométrico associado a exercícios resistidos (TPER) e virtual (TV) para prevenção de lesões. Essa abordagem foi escolhida, pois as percepções dos pacientes em geral podem ser negligenciadas. A coleta de dados ocorreu com dois grupos focais (GFs), e para isso formalizou-se o convite a sete participantes de cada um deles que já houvessem finalizado o treinamento. Realizou-se um encontro, com duração média de 60 minutos para cada grupo de intervenção, e um moderador treinado o conduziu; as sessões foram gravadas em áudio e transcritas posteriormente para análise. As participantes relataram em ambos os treinos o aumento do condicionamento físico, resistência e força muscular. Concluiu-se que no TPER foi mais destacada a melhora do equilíbrio e estabilidade de membros inferiores, já no TV isso ocorreu em relação à concentração e à disposição para a rotina diária.

The aim of the study was to explore the opinions of the volunteers about the plyometric training protocol associated with resistance (PTRE) and virtual (VT) exercises for injury prevention. This approach was chosen considering that patients' perceptions in general could be neglected. Data collection took place with two Focus Groups (FGs) and to this end, an invitation was made to seven participants from both groups who had already completed the training. A meeting was held, with an average duration of 60 minutes for each intervention group, and a trained moderator conducted it; the sessions were recorded on audio and later transcribed for analysis. The participants reported the increase of physical conditioning, endurance and muscle strength in both training sessions. It was concluded that in PTRE, the issue of improved balance and stability of lower limbs was highlighted, while in VT the improvement of concentration and disposition for the daily routine.

Removing barriers to healthcare through an intercultural healthcare system: Focus group evidence / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Barriers to healthcare in Ghana are multifaceted. Many people, including patients and providers, face them at different levels. To address these barriers, there is a need to explore the role of an intercultural healthcare system. This paper explores and provides the first evidence on ways through which an intercultural healthcare system can reduce the sociocultural and economic barriers to healthcare in Ghana.@*METHODS@#Focus group discussions with 35 participants comprising 17 healthcare users, 11 formal healthcare providers and 7 alternative healthcare providers were conducted to gather data. Thematic analyses were performed on the transcribed data and presented based on a posteriori inductive reduction approach.@*RESULTS@#Findings reveal that an intercultural healthcare system in Ghana can help reduce barriers to healthcare, especially cultural, social and economic barriers, by fostering an enhanced relationship between culture and healthcare, promoting affordable healthcare and promoting effective communication between healthcare providers and users. Weak institutional support, lack of strong political will and commitment, lack of training to meet standards of practice, poor registration and regulatory measures, and lack of universal acceptance inhibit implementation of an intercultural healthcare system in Ghana.@*CONCLUSION@#The support for intercultural healthcare system and the agreement on its perceived ability to reduce social, cultural and economic healthcare barriers for service users offer an opportunity for policymakers to demonstrate a stronger political will and improved commitment for effective education and training, enforcement of regulatory measures, inclusion of intercultural healthcare in medical school curricula across the country, and community engagement.

Application of "blended learning + flipped classroom" in medical public elective courses / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the application effect of "blended learning + flipped classroom" in public elective courses for medical students, and provide reference for the blended construction of related courses.Methods:Totally 229 medical students were selected as research participants, who were taught by "blended learning + flipped classroom". After the courses, the curriculum evaluation questionnaires and focus group interview were used to collect students' evaluation of this course. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used to make descriptive statistics on the questionnaire data.Results:Totally 98.5% students preferred "blended learning + flipped classroom" teaching mode, and more than 93% students thought this teaching method could improve their learning interest, empathy, understanding and application of knowledge. The results of the qualitative survey extracted two themes, namely "improving learning autonomy" and "expanding comprehensive quality".Conclusion:Perfecting the "blended learning + flipped classroom" teaching mode of the medical public elective courses plays a positive role in improving the learning autonomy and comprehensive quality of medical students and optimizing the learning effect.

Knowledge and consumption practices on probiotics in selected low to middle-income class Filipino mothers in an Urban City

Objective@#Mothers are exposed to various functional food components, including probiotics, which have a direct effect on the quality of their breast milk. Probiotics enhance the microbial composition of breast milk, making it more beneficial for the infant’s gut health. This study aimed to explore the extent of knowledge and dietary practices on probiotics among low- to middle-income healthy Filipino mothers in an urban area. @*Methods@#Data was gathered using three focus group discussions (FGD) participated in by low- to middle-income healthy Filipino mothers residing in Barangays West Rembo and Rizal in Makati City, Philippines. Prior to the FGD, preliminary interviews of selected participants and market surveys were done to determine the food items to be included in the FGD questionnaire. @*Results@#A total of 19 mothers participated in the FGDs. The most common probiotic sources identified were yogurt, fermented milk product (Yakult), miso and tausi. The most consumed probiotic source was fermented milk product (94.7% of participants), at least once a month; followed by powdered milk (78.9%), consumed daily. The most commonly reported influence for consumption of these food items was advertisements from television (89.5%). About 53% of the participants related probiotics to better digestion and increased immunity as heard from advertisements and through counselling by physicians. When asked to elaborate on how probiotics influence digestion and immunity, almost all participants had difficulty explaining the benefits.@*Conclusion@#Although majority of the participants consumed food sources of probiotics, they had limited knowledge on its other non-food sources and benefits. In addition, the consumed food source was confined to the food item that was most advertised on television. Thus, there is a need for health and nutrition experts to exert a stronger influence in the community by disseminating information regarding probiotics.

Motivaciones hacia la actividad física de adolescentes, adultos mayores y exdeportistas de élite: Un análisis cualitativo / Motivations toward Physical Activity of Adolescents, Older Adults and Former Elite Athletes: A Qualitative Analysis / Motivações para a atividade física em adolescentes, idosos e ex-atletas de elite: Uma análise qualitativa

Resumen Objetivo. Explorar las similitudes y diferencias de los tipos de motivación hacia la práctica de actividad física (AF) de adolescentes, adultos mayores y exdeportistas de élite, desde la Teoría de la Autodeterminación, para la creación de programas de AF. Método. La recolección de los datos se llevó a cabo mediante grupos focales: tres con adolescentes, dos con adultos mayores y uno con exdeportistas. En total, participaron 17 adolescentes, 14 adultos mayores y cuatro exdeportistas. Se realizó un análisis temático. Resultados. Para cada grupo se encontró un conjunto de factores de motivación autónoma, controlada y amotivacionales hacia la práctica de AF. En común, en los tres grupos estudiados, se identificaron la diversión, la socialización y la salud como factores de motivación hacia la práctica de AF. Conclusión. Las orientaciones para la creación de programas de AF para adolescentes se centraron en la individualización de sus objetivos y la percepción en la libertad de elección relacionada con cada AF. En adultos mayores, el enfoque fue hacia nuevas experiencias, considerando de forma significativa el perfil del monitor. Para el grupo de exdeportistas se propone que el punto de partida sea la reconceptualización de la práctica de AF después de la carrera deportiva.

Abstract Objective. To explore the similarities and differences between the types of motivation towards the practice of physical activity (PA) in different populations (adolescents, older adults and former elite athletes) for the creation of PA programs that reflect the particularities of those populations. Method. The qualitative data collection was carried out through focus groups; three groups with adolescents, two with older adults and one with former elite athletes. In total, 17 adolescents, 14 older adults and four former elite athletes participated in this study. A thematic analysis was conducted. Results. The results are shown based on autonomous, controlled motivation and amotivation towards the practice of physical activity for each group. Fun, socialization and health have been identified as motivating factors towards the PA practice common in the three groups studied. Conclusion. Orientations are proposed for the creation of PA programs. For adolescents, the proposal would include the individualization of their objectives and the perception of the freedom of choice in relation to the PA. For the group of older adults, it is important to offer new experiences, taking into account the profile of the monitor. For the group of former elite athletes, the proposed starting point would be the reconceptualization of the PA practice after the athletic career.

Resumo Escopo. Explorar as similitudes e as diferencias dos tipos de motivação para a prática física (AF) de adolescentes, idosos, e ex-atletas de elite, desde a Teoria da Autodeterminação, para a criação de programas de AF. Metodologia. A recolecção de dados foi feita em grupos focais: três com adolescentes, dois com idosos e um com ex-atletas. Foi realizada uma análise temática. Resultados. Para cada grupo foi encontrado um conjunto de fatores de motivação autónoma, controlada e amotivacionais para a prática de AF. Em comum, nos três grupos estudados, foram identificadas a diversão, a socialização e a saúde como fatores de motivação para a prática de AF. Conclusão. As orientações para a criação de programas de AF para adolescentes estiveram centradas na individualização dos seus escopos e a percepção na liberdade de eleição relacionada com cada AF. Nos idosos, o enfoque foi para as novas experiências, considerando de forma significativa o perfil do monitor. Para o grupo de ex-atletas se propõe que o ponto de partida seja a reconceptualização da prática de AF depois da carreira esportiva.

Experiencias del entorno deportivo de origen al asesorar a esgrimistas migrantes / Supporting Migrant Fencers in a Sporting Environment / Experiências do entorno esportivo de origem ao assessorar a esgrimistas migrantes

Resumen Objetivo. Explorar las experiencias de entrenadores y profesionales de la salud, al asesorar la transición cultural y la carrera deportiva transnacional de esgrimistas colombianos migrantes. Método. Se conformaron dos grupos focales en los que participaron nueve personas (seis hombres y tres mujeres), de un equipo multidisciplinario de alto rendimiento en esgrima: cinco entrenadores y cuatro profesionales de la salud. Los datos se analizaron por medio del análisis temático reflexivo. Resultados. Se evidencia que acompañar la transición cultural de esgrimistas migrantes impacta en el bienestar y las dinámicas de asesoramiento de entrenadores y profesionales de la salud. Se generaron dos temas centrales: (a) en guardia y (b) marchar y romper. En el primero comentaron haber experimentado sorpresa, dilemas y la sensación de pasar a un segundo plano respecto a su rol como asesores técnicos y de la salud. En el segundo, se evidenció el cambio en las dinámicas de asesoramiento (comunicación virtual) y el carácter reactivo de las relaciones a distancia. Conclusión. La migración en el deporte genera nuevos desafíos para el equipo multidisciplinario que acompaña y asesora a los deportistas, tanto mujeres como hombres. Se proponen recomendaciones prácticas para entrenadores y profesionales de la salud, basadas en la praxis cultural de la Psicología Cultural aplicada al deporte.

Abstract Objective. To explore the experiences of coaches and health science professionals while supporting the cultural transition and the transnational sports career of migrant Colombian fencers. Method. Two focus groups were conducted with the participation of nine people of the top-class, multidisciplinary team in fencing (men = 6 and women = 3), coaches (n = 5) and health sciences professionals (n = 4). A reflexive thematic analysis was performed. Results. Supporting the cultural transition of migrant fencers impacts the well-being and supporting dynamics of coaches and health professionals. Two main issues were generated: (a) En garde; and (b) Marche and retraite. Regarding En garde, participants expressed that they faced dilemmas, surprise and the feeling of fading into the background regarding their role as technical and health support providers. In Marche and retraite, the change in the counseling dynamics (e.g. virtual communication) and the reactive nature of distance relationships was clear. Conclusion. The sport migration create new challenges for the multidisciplinary team that supports and assists athletes' transnational careers. Hence, practical recommendations for coaches and health professionals based on the cultural praxis of Cultural Sport Psychology are suggested.

Resumo Escopo. Explorar as experiências de treinadores e profissionais da saúde, ao assessorar a transição cultural e a carreira esportiva de esgrimistas colombianos migrantes. Metodologia. Foram conformados dois grupos focais nos que participaram nove pessoas (seis homens e três mulheres), da equipe multidisciplinar de alto rendimento em esgrima: cinco treinadores e quatro profissionais da saúde. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise temática reflexiva. Resultados. Foi evidenciado que acompanhar a transição cultural de esgrimistas migrantes impacta no bem-estar e as dinâmicas de assessorar de treinadores e profissionais da saúde. Foram gerados dois temas centrais: (a) em guarda e (b) marchar e quebrar. No primeiro comentaram ter experimentado surpresa, dilemas e a sensação de passar a um segundo plano respeito a seu controle como assessores técnicos e da saúde. No segundo, foi evidenciada a mudança nas dinâmicas de assessorar (comunicação virtual) e o caráter reativo das relações a distancia. Conclusão. A migraçao esportiva gera novos desafios para a equipe multidisciplinar que acompanha e assessora aos atletas, tanto mulheres como homens. São propostas recomendações práticas para treinadores e profissionais da saúde, baseadas na práxis cultural da Psicologia Cultural ao esporte.

Elementos que configuran la percepción de seguridad escolar en estudiantes de secundaria / Elements that configure school safety perception in high school students

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los elementos que configuran la percepción de seguridad escolar en estudiantes de secundaria. Se presenta un estudio cualitativo con enfoque sistémico ecológico. Por medio de un muestreo teórico, se incluyeron a 22 estudiantes, 50 % hombres con 12 a 16 años, quienes participaron en un grupo focal, previo consentimiento informado de los padres. Los datos recabados fueron audio grabados; se transcribieron y analizaron con el método de análisis de contenido por medio del programa Maxqda 18. Se identificaron 4 categorías que configuran la percepción de seguridad escolar: 1) condiciones de la escuela (físicas y organizacionales); 2) elementos relacionados con los maestros; 3) elementos relacionados con los compañeros, y 4) elementos relacionados con los padres. Los hallazgos sugieren que las condiciones físicas y organizacionales mantienen un papel importante en la con figuración del sentido de seguridad escolar. Asimismo, la cercanía y apoyo recibido de actores del contexto (maestros, padres y alumnos) promueve una percepción más positiva de la seguridad.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the individual elements that configure the school safety perception in middle school students. We designed a qualitative study, with a systemic and ecological approach. Using a theoretical sampling, we included 22 students, 50% man with an age from 12 to 16 years old, who participated in a focus group, previous informed consent from the parents. The session was videotaped, the data was transcribed and analyzed using content analysis with the program MAXQDA 18. We identified four categories of factors that configure the student's school safety perception: 1) school conditions (physical and organizational); 2) elements related to teachers; 3) elements related to peers; and 4) elements related to parents. The findings suggest that the school´s physical and organizational conditions have an important role in the configuration of the school safety perception. Likewise, the closeness and support received by actors from the school context (teachers, parents and peers) favor a more positive perception of school safety.

Dental Students’ Perceptions of Learning Space: A Focus Group Study

@#Optimal learning space enhances teaching and learning experience and may differ from one discipline to another. This research aimed to explore the opinions on learning spaces for teaching and learning orthodontic course among recent dental graduates. Focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted in 2018 with two groups of recent graduates (eight participants per group) based on their orthodontic examination results (high and low grades). They were asked to give their opinions on the learning space provided for orthodontic lectures, tutorials, clinics, self-study and networking. Discussions during the FGD were audio and video recorded. Data were transcribed and thematically analysed using the NVivo version 12 software. For lectures, the graduates preferred a conventional lecture hall layout with an individual power outlet and a desk large enough for a laptop. For tutorials, the graduates with higher grades preferred e-tutorials while the graduates with lower grades preferred the conventional tutorials. For clinical teaching, the graduates perceived the laboratory’s operating hours as limited and suggested a 24-h access card. The graduates preferred live-streaming sessions instead of on-site teachings for combined clinics. They also felt that they do not have time for self-study and networking during their time in the campus. The findings of the study showed that learning space preferences of undergraduate dental students for lecture, tutorial, clinic, self-study and networking were more focused towards their learning activities, which were different from the current concept of learning space. Future planning of learning space should consider students’ preferences in order to fulfil their learning goals.