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Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that poses a significant economic threat to cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle and sheep. The emergence of a novel foot and mouth disease virus-A isolate, FMDV-A-Egy-AHRI-RL385-Ven-2022, in Egypt in 2022 has raised concerns about its potential impact on existing vaccination programs. Given that vaccination is a key strategy for foot and mouth disease virus control, the present study was aimed to assess the cross-protective efficacy of both local and imported inactivated vaccines against this new threat. Through challenge experiments and serum neutralization tests, we observed limited effectiveness of both vaccine types. The calculated r1-values at 28 days post-vaccination indicated a minimal immune response to FMDV-A-Egy-AHRI-RL385-Ven-2022 (0.176 and 0.175 for local and imported vaccines, respectively). Challenge experiments further confirmed these findings, revealing 0percent protection from the local vaccine and only 20percent rotection from imported vaccines by day 7 post-challenge. These results underscore the urgent need to update existing foot and mouth disease virus vaccines in Egypt by incorporating the newly circulating FMDV-A-Egy-AHRI-RL385-Ven-2022 strain. This proactive measure is crucial to prevent future outbreaks and ensure effective disease control(AU)
La fiebre aftosa es una enfermedad vírica muy contagiosa que supone una importante amenaza económica para los animales biungulados, entre ellos el ganado vacuno y ovino. La aparición de un nuevo aislado del virus A de la fiebre aftosa, el FMDV-A-Egy-AHRI-RL385-Ven-2022, en Egipto en 2022 ha suscitado preocupación por su posible impacto en los programas de vacunación existentes. Dado que la vacunación es una estrategia clave para el control del virus de la fiebre aftosa, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficacia protectora cruzada de las vacunas inactivadas locales e importadas frente a esta nueva amenaza. Mediante experimentos de desafío y pruebas de seroneutralización, observamos una eficacia limitada de ambos tipos de vacuna. Los valores r1 calculados a los 28 días posvacunación indicaron una respuesta inmunitaria mínima frente a FMDV-A-Egy-AHRI-RL385-Ven-2022 (0,176 y 0,175 para las vacunas local e importada, respectivamente). Los experimentos de provocación confirmaron aún más estos resultados, revelando un 0 por ciento de protección de la vacuna local y sólo un 20 por ciento de protección de las vacunas importadas al séptimo día después de la provocación. Estos resultados subrayan la urgente necesidad de actualizar las vacunas existentes contra el virus de la fiebre aftosa en Egipto incorporando la nueva cepa circulante FMDV-A-Egy-AHRI-RL385-Ven-2022. Esta medida proactiva es crucial para prevenir futuros brotes y garantizar un control eficaz de la enfermedad(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Disease Outbreaks , Livestock , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/epidemiology , Vaccines , EgyptABSTRACT
Introdução: A doença da mão, pé e boca (DMPB) é uma infecção viral contagiosa que afeta principalmente crianças, mas também pode afetar adultos. É causada por diferentes tipos de enterovírus, sendo o CV-A16 e o EV-A71 os mais comuns. A transmissão ocorre pelo contato direto com fluidos corporais infectados ou por meio de objetos contaminados. Apresenta sintomas como febre, dor de garganta, falta de apetite e erupções cutâneas nas mãos, pés e boca. Embora a maioria dos casos seja leve e resolva- se espontaneamente, complicações graves, incluindo problemas neurológicos, podem ocorrer. O diagnóstico geralmente é clínico, com base nos sintomas e nas características das lesões. O tratamento é sintomático, com o uso de analgésicos e antitérmicos para aliviar a dor e a febre. No caso de lesões bucais graves a terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) em combinação com a fotobiomodulação com laser de baixa potência tem sido utilizada como uma abordagem promissora. A aPDT é capaz de eliminar microrganismos, incluindo vírus, independentemente de sua resistência aos antimicrobianos, e a fotobiomodulação auxilia na modulação da resposta inflamatória, alívio da dor e na cicatrização. Os lasers de baixa potência são a fonte de luz mais adequada para a fotoinativação viral, devido à sua interação precisa com o fotossensibilizante e a capacidade de fornecer a energia necessária para o efeito virucida. Metodologia: Relato de caso qualitativo e descritivo. Objetivo: Este relato de caso tem como objetivo descrever o tratamento de lesões bucais graves da DMPB combinando aPDT e fotobiomodulação com laser de baixa potência. Resultados: O tratamento mostrou resultados promissores no alívio dos sintomas e na melhora do quadro clínico. Conclusão: Mesmo em manifestações exacerbadas da doença de mão, pé e boca, podemos notar melhoras significativas nas lesões bucais após a aPDT com azul de metileno em combinação com a fotobiomodulação com laser de baixa potência.
Introduction: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious viral infection that mainly affects children, but can also affect adults. It is caused by different types of enterovirus, with CV-A16 and EV-A71 being the most common. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected body fluids or through contaminated objects. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, lack of appetite and rashes on the hands, feet and mouth. Although most cases are mild and resolve spontaneously, serious complications, including neurological problems, can occur. Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on the symptoms and characteristics of the lesions. Treatment is symptomatic, with the use of analgesics and antipyretics to relieve pain and fever. In the case of severe mouth lesions, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in combination with low-power laser photobiomodulation has been used as a promising approach. aPDT is capable of eliminating microorganisms, including viruses, regardless of their resistance to antimicrobials, and photobiomodulation helps to modulate the inflammatory response, relieve pain and promote healing. Low-power lasers are the most suitable light source for viral photoinactivation, due to their precise interaction with the photosensitizer and their ability to provide the necessary energy for the virucidal effect. Methodology: Qualitative and descriptive case report. Objetive: This case report aims to describe the treatment of severe oral lesions of BPPD by combining aPDT and low-power laser photobiomodulation. Results: The treatment showed promising results in relieving symptoms and improving the clinical picture. Conclusion: Even in exacerbated manifestations of hand, foot and mouth disease, we can see significant improvements in mouth lesions after aPDT with methylene blue in combination with low-power laser photobiomodulation.
Introducción: La enfermedad de manos, pies y boca (EMPB) es una infección vírica contagiosa que afecta principalmente a los niños, aunque también puede afectar a los adultos. Está causada por diferentes tipos de enterovirus, siendo el CV-A16 y el EV-A71 los más comunes. La transmisión se produce por contacto directo con fluidos corporales infectados o a través de objetos contaminados. Los síntomas incluyen fiebre, dolor de garganta, falta de apetito y erupciones en manos, pies y boca. Aunque la mayoría de los casos son leves y se resuelven espontáneamente, pueden producirse complicaciones graves, incluidos problemas neurológicos. El diagnóstico suele ser clínico, basado en los síntomas y las características de las lesiones. El tratamiento es sintomático, con el uso de analgésicos y antipiréticos para aliviar el dolor y la fiebre. En el caso de lesiones bucales graves, la terapia fotodinámica antimicrobiana (aPDT) en combinación con la fotobiomodulación láser de baja potencia se ha utilizado como un enfoque prometedor. La aPDT es capaz de eliminar los microorganismos, incluidos los virus, independientemente de su resistencia a los antimicrobianos, y la fotobiomodulación ayuda a modular la respuesta inflamatoria, aliviar el dolor y favorecer la cicatrización. Los láseres de baja potencia son la fuente de luz más adecuada para la fotoinactivación viral, debido a su interacción precisa con el fotosensibilizador y a su capacidad para proporcionar la energía necesaria para el efecto virucida. Metodología: Caso clínico cualitativo y descriptivo. Objetivo: Este caso clínico pretende describir el tratamiento de lesiones orales severas de BPPD mediante la combinación de aPDT y fotobiomodulación con láser de baja potencia. Resultados: El tratamiento mostró resultados prometedores en el alivio de los síntomas y la mejora del cuadro clínico. Conclusión: Incluso en las manifestaciones exacerbadas de la enfermedad de manos, pies y boca, podemos observar mejoras significativas en las lesiones bucales tras la aPDT con azul de metileno en combinación con fotobiomodulación con láser de baja potencia.
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, severe, and highly contagious infectious disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which seriously endangers the development of animal husbandry. The inactivated FMD vaccine is the main product for the prevention and control of FMD, which has been successfully applied to control the pandemic and outbreak of FMD. However, the inactivated FMD vaccine also has problems, such as the instability of antigen, the risk of spread of the virus due to incomplete inactivation during vaccine production, and the high cost of production. Compared with traditional microbial and animal bioreactors, production of antigens in plants through transgenic technology has some advantages including low cost, safety, convenience, and easy storage and transportation. Moreover, since antigens produced from plants can be directly used as edible vaccines, no complex processes of protein extraction and purification are required. But, there are some problems for the production of antigens in plants, which include low expression level and poor controllability. Thus, expressing the antigens of FMDV in plants may be an alternative mean for production of FMD vaccine, which has certain advantages but still need to be continuously optimized. Here we review the main strategies for expressing active proteins in plants, as well as the research progress on the expression of FMDV antigens in plants. We also discuss the current problems and challenges encountered, with the aim to facilitate related research.
Subject(s)
Animals , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control , Antigens, Viral/genetics , Viral VaccinesABSTRACT
@#Abstract: Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Nanping City, Fujian province and to provide the basis for formulating effective prevention and control measures as well as evaluating the efficacy of prevention and treatment. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the incidence data of HFMD in Nanping City from 2012 to 2021. Results A total of 49 231 cases of HFMD were reported in Nanping City from 2012 to 2021. The incidence fluctuated greatly over the 10-year period, ranging from 76.10/100 000 to 308.93/100 000, with an average incidence of 184.99/100 000 per year. The overall incidence and the number of cases showed a fluctuating downward trend over time, but the incidence was high in the next year, and there were statistically significant differences in the incidence rates between different years(χ2=8 169.176, P<0.001). There were significant regional differences in the incidence, the top three average annual incidence rates were: Guanze County (370.76/100 000), Zhenghe County (295.31/100 000) and Wuyishan City (250.31/100 000). There were two peaks of HFMD incidence each year, with the first occurring in May and June and the second occurring in September and October. The incidence rate was higher among males (215.86/100 000) than females (152.93/100 000), and males were more susceptible than females (RR=1.412, 95%CI=1.387-1.438). The cases were mainly aged 0-4 years, accounting for 86.25% (42 461/49 231) of all cases, and the incidence rate gradually decreased with increasing age (χ2trend=570,105.801, P<0.001). The majority of cases (85.22%, 41 953/49 231) occurred in children living in scattered areas, followed by children in kindergartens (12.39%, 6 101/49 231). The etiological results showed a total of 3 476 laboratory-confirmed cases, and the proportion of three (classes) of enterovirus positivity varied each year, with different pathogen compositions showing statistical significance (χ2=584.613, P<0.001). In addition to the years 2015-2017, during which Cox A16 and EV71 were the dominant strains, other years were dominated by other enteroviruses, with EV71 being the main type in severe and fatal cases of HFMD in Nanping City. Conclusion Nanping City should strengthen health education for children living in the diaspora and in day-care centers, enhance surveillance of epidemics and pathogenology, improve vaccination rates against EV71, focus on the detection and typing of other enteroviruses, and implement effective prevention and control measures for HFMD.
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@#Abstract: Objective To explore the spatial epidemiological characteristics of severe cases hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Guangxi, China, from 2014 to 2018, and to provide a basis for identifying the high-risk regions as well as the prevention and control of severe cases of HFMD in Guangxi. Methods Spatial-temporal scanning analysis, global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis were used to analyze the spatial clustering of HFMD. The trend surface analysis was used to evaluate the spatial distribution trend of HFMD. Results From 2014 to 2018, the incidence and severe case fatality rates of HFMD were 3.89/100 000 and 4.23%, respectively. Monte Carlo scanning analysis showed that the first cluster region was Cenxi City, the second cluster was mainly concentrated in northwest of Guangxi, and the aggregation time was mainly concentrated in April to May and August to October. The global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the severe HFMD was significant clustering distribution, and the Moran's I coefficients of the sever cases, severe morbidity and severe case fatality rate were 0.088, 0.118, 0.197, respectively (P<0.05). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that hotspots of severe HFMD cases were concentrated in the southern Guangxi, mainly in Lingshan County. Anselin local Moran's I clustering and outlier analysis indicated that 5 high-high (H-H) clustering regions for fatality were Lingshan, Pubei, Zhongshan, Zhaoping and Pinggui County. There were 6 high-high (H-H) clustering regions for severe incidence rate, namely Lingshan, Qinnan, Lingyun, Youjiang, Bama Yao Autonomous and Pinggui County, and 1 high-low (H-L) clustering region, Cenxi County. The trend surface analysis showed that the overall number of severe cases of death decreased from east or west to the middle, and increased from north to middle, and then decreased to south. Conclusions Severe HFMD cases in Guangxi have obvious spatial-temporal clustering, and the hop spots are mainly concentrated in southern Guangxi. The prevention and control of HFMD in areas with high incidence of severe cases should be strengthened to reduce the burden of HFMD cases.
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Objective To analyze the incidence trend of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and its correlation with meteorological factors in Children in Kaizhou District, Chongqing from 2018 to 2021, and to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of HFMD in children. Methods The HFMD epidemic information was collected from 2018 to 2021 in Kaizhou District of Chongqing by using the China Disease Surveillance Information and Report Management System. The epidemiological characteristics of HFMD were descriptively analyzed, and the correlation between HFMD incidence and meteorological factors was analyzed by multiple regression. Results A total of 5 121 HFMD cases were reported in Kaizhou District of Chongqing from 2018 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 143.30/100 000. The incidence of HFMD fluctuated from 120.87/100,000 to 159.78/100,000 from 2018 to 2021, showing a downward trend year by year. There were 2929 males and 2192 females with HFMD. The incidence of HFMD was the highest in early childhood (70.13/100 000), followed by pre-school age (43.06/100 000). There was significant difference in the incidence of HFMD among different age groups (χ2=53.497, P<0.05). The cases were mainly scattered children (3127 cases, 61.06%). The second was nursery children (1627 cases, 31.77%). In addition, there were 289 cases of students (5.64%). There were 1084 laboratory-confirmed cases in Kaizhou District of Chongqing from 2018 to 2021, including 269 (24.82%) children with EV71 infection, 178 (16.42%) children with Cox A16 infection, and 637 (58.76%) children with other enterovirus infections. There were significant differences in pathogen composition among different years (Z=32.75, P<0.05). From 2018 to 2021, the proportion of EV71 increased year by year, while COX16 and other enterovirus infections showed a downward trend year by year. Average daily temperature (OR=1.873) and average daily pressure (OR=-1.498) were independent risk factors for HFMD in Kaizhou District of Chongqing (P<0.05). Conclusion The reported incidence of HFMD in Kaizhou District of Chongqing shows a decreasing trend, and the incidence is closely related to temperature and atmospheric pressure. It is still necessary to strictly implement the prevention and control measures in key population in the season of high incidence. The main virus is EV71, which can be vaccinated with EV71 HFMD vaccine to reduce the occurrence of severe cases.
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Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of severe cases of Cox A6 infected with HAND-foot-mouth disease in 1-12 years old children in Enshi city, and to provide reference for prevention and treatment of hand-foot-mouth disease. Methods From January to September 2021, hospitalized children aged 1-12 years with HFMD in Enshi city were collected. The samples of anal swabs and throat swabs were tested for Coxsackie virus A6 (Cox A6) nucleic acid, and the distribution of Cox A6 patients infected with HFMD and the proportion of severe cases in children aged 1-12 years were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of severe cases. Results From January to September 2021, a total of 343 HFMD cases aged 1 to 12 years were reported in Enshi, among which 241 cases (70.26%) were infected with CoxA6. No death cases were reported during the period. The 241 cases of Cox A6 infected with HFMD were distributed from January to September. 129 males (53.53%) and 112 females (46.47%); 208 cases (44.40%) were mainly from 1 to 3 years old, followed by 66 cases (28.39%) from 4 to 6 years old, 45 cases (18.67%) from 7 to 9 years old, and 23 cases (9.54%) from 10 to 12 years old. Cox A6 was mainly infected with HFMD in 145 cases (60.17%) in rural areas and 96 cases (39.83%) in urban areas. 10 cases (4.15%) of Cox A6 infected HFMD were severe cases; There were significant differences in age, fever temperature, fasting blood glucose and fever time between the severe case group and the normal case group (P<0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that fever temperature (OR=1.559, P<0.05), fasting blood glucose (OR=2.472, P<0.05) and fever time (OR=2.932, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of severe cases of Cox A6 infected with HFMWD in Enshi. Conclusion The incidence of Cox A6 infected with HFMD in Enshi is mainly concentrated in boys under 3 years old. Clinical treatment of HFMD children should focus on children with high fever temperature, fasting blood glucose and long fever time.
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Objective To investigate etiologic characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in a sentinel hospital in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods Descriptive epidemiologic methods were used to analyze the etiologic characteristics of mild cases of HMFD during 2017-2021. Results A total of 1 633 specimens of mild cases of HMFD were collected from 2017 to 2021. The total enterovirus (EV) positive rate was 78.41%, among which the positive rates of the main pathogen Cox A6, Cox A16, Cox A10, and EV71 were 40.83%, 17.68%, 6.13%, and 1.62%, respectively. The total positive rate of enteroviruses and the positive rate of enteroviruses of all types in each year were statistically different (P<0.001). In 2017-2021, the prevalence of HFMD in Guangzhou was mainly Cox A6, followed by Cox A16 which had the highest positive rate in 2018 (24.62%). The positive rate of EV71 decreased year by year. Cox A6 was highly prevalent from June to December every year, while the detection rate of Cox A16 was high from April to August every year. The positive detection rate of EV71 was high from January to May in 2017 and low from 2018 to 2021, with no epidemic peak. Conclusion From 2017 to 2021, the main pathogen of HMFD in Guangzhou is Cox A6, not EV71 or CoxA16, which suggests that it is of great significance to strengthen the monitoring of epidemic trend of HFMD for the prevention and control of HFMD.
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Objective To explore the effect of temperature on the risk of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and population susceptibility. Methods The data of HFMD cases in Chengdu from January 1, 2016 to October 31, 2022 were collected, and local meteorological data during the same period were also collected. Distributional lag nonlinear models were developed. The relative risk (RR) of morbidity at different temperatures and different lags was calculated. Differences in the relative risk levels of different populations were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 263 776 cases of HFDM were reported in Chengdu during the study period. The distribution of HFMD was periodic. For the overall population, the short-term average temperature and RR showed a “U”-shaped relationship. When the lag time was 0-7 days, the cumulative RR was 1.59 (95%CI: 1.18-2.14) at the average temperature of -0.5℃ and 2.16 (95%CI: 1.60-2.91) at the average temperature of 34.5℃. The RR values under high and low temperatures decreased with increasing lag period. When the lag time was extended, the average temperature and RR showed an inverted “U”-shaped relationship, with higher RR at moderate temperatures and increasing as the lag period increased. The results of the subgroups showed that the RR of onset among scattered children was higher at high and low temperatures. Conclusion The risk effect of temperature on the onset of HFMD in different populations is variable and changes with the lag period, and the prevention and control measures should be adjusted in a timely and targeted manner.
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Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of clusters of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in kindergartens and schools in Jinshan District, Shanghai Municipality from 2016 to 2021, so as to provide insights into improving the prevention and control measurements of HFMD in Jinshan District.@*Methods@#Data of HFMD cases in Jinshan District from 2016 to 2021 were collected through Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and data pertaining to HFMD clusters in kindergartens and schools were also collected. The scale, temporal distribution, regional distribution and distribution of cluster places were descriptively analyzed. @*Results@#Totally 338 HFMD clusters involving 974 cases were identified in kindergartens and schools in Jinshan District from 2016 to 2021, with an average attack rate of 9.89%. The number of cases in each cluster ranged from 2 to 12 cases, with a median number of 2 (interquartile range, 1) cases, and there were 223 clusters involving 2 cases, accounting for 65.98%. The duration of clusters ranged from 1 to 16 days, with a median duration of 4 (interquartile range, 3) days. HFMD peaked from April to June (136 clusters, 40.24%) and from September to December (176 clusters, 52.07%). All the 11 streets and towns (high-tech zones) were reported HFMD clusters, and the three largest number of clusters were reported in Zhujing Town (72 clusters, 21.30%), Shanyang Town (63 clusters, 18.64%) and Tinglin Town (40 clusters, 11.83%). There were 268 HFMD clusters in kindergartens (79.29%) and 70 in schools (20.71%), and the prevalence of HFMD clusters was higher in kindergartens than in schools (35.51% vs. 17.03%; χ2=31.507, P<0.001). @*Conclusions@#HFMD clusters in kindergartens and schools showed seasonal characteristics from 2016 to 2021 in Jinshan District, which predominantly occurred in Zhujing Town, Shanyang Town and Tinglin Town, and kindergartens were the main places.
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Objective@# To investigate the coverage of enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine among children born between 2018 and 2021 in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into formulating EV71 vaccination strategy.@*Methods@#Data pertaining to demography and EV71 vaccination among children born between 2018 and 2021 in Ningbo City were obtained from the Zhejiang Immunization Information Management System, and the coverage of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination of EV71 vaccine were analyzed. @*Results@#Totally 416 176 children were born between 2018 and 2021, including 216 977 boys (52.14%) and 199 199 girls (47.86%). The coverage rates of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination was 61.50%, 58.70% and 32.53%, respectively. The coverage rates of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination among local children (71.43%, 70.04% and 40.24%) were higher than those among migrant children (54.05%, 50.18% and 26.73%; P<0.05). The coverage rates of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination among urban children (67.72%, 65.06% and 40.37%) were higher than those among rural children (54.11%, 51.14% and 23.21%; P<0.05). The coverage rates of vaccination were 54.98%, 61.24%, 65.10% and 66.72%, the coverage rates of full-dose vaccination were 52.16%, 58.72%, 62.44% and 63.39%, and the coverage rates of timely vaccination were 22.47%, 25.86%, 39.14% and 48.03% by the born year from 2018 to 2021, all showing increasing trends year by year (P<0.05). @*Conclusion@#The coverage of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination of EV71 vaccine appears a tendency towards a rise among the 2018-2021 birth cohorts in Ningbo City, while the coverage of timely vaccination need to be improved. Health education for EV71 vaccination should be enhanced for rural and migrant children.
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@#ObjectiveTo analyze the genome-wide characteristics of 17 strains of Coxsackievirus A6(CVA6)that cause hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)and herpangina(HA)in Yunnan Province in 2018,and understand the genetic differences between different pathogenic CVA6.MethodsA total of 1 909 stool samples clinically diagnosed as HFMD and HA in Kunming Children′s Hospital in 2018 were randomly selected for detection using enterovirus group A universal primers and screening of CVA6 positive samples. The CVA6 whole genome sequence was amplified with CVA6 whole genome primers,spliced by BioEdit splicting software,and analyzed for the whole genome characteristics by BioEdit,MEGA 7.0,Simplot,Heml 1.0 and Phyre2softwares.ResultsA total of 929 CVA6 positive samples were screened,and 17CVA6 complete gene sequences were obtained(9 of which were clinically diagnosed as HFMD and 8 were clinically diagnosed as HA). All 17 CVA6 strains were in type IV clade on the whole phylogenetic tree. No significant recombination occurred in HA and HFMD representative strains,while mutations occurred in non-structural protein 3D region. HFMD and HA representative strains showed differences in VP1 loci S597T,Q705L and Q663L. Online predictive analysis showed that the secondary structure of VP1 was consistent with that of CVA6 with no change.ConclusionThe 17 CVA6 strains causing HFMD and HA had high genomic homology,as well as nucleotide and amino acid differences,which may affect the replication and adaptability of CVA6.
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Objective To predict and analyze the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and antigenic epitopes of viral protein (VP) VP1 of Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) by bioinformatics methods. Methods The physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of CV-A10 VP1 were predicted by ProtParam, SOPMA, SWISS-MODEL, PDBsum, and ProSA-web. The antigenic epitopes of CV-A10 VP1 were predicted and analyzed by DNAstar, ABCpred, Bepipred 2.0, ElliPro, DiscoTope-2.0, NetMHCpan-4.1, NetMHCIIpan-4.0, Consurf, VaxiJen v.2.0, AllerTOP v.2.0, ToxinPred2, and IEDB immunogenicity. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that CV-A10 VP1 was a basic, unstable, and hydrophilic protein, of which the secondary structure mainly consisted of random coil. The analysis revealed that CV-A10 VP1 had multiple potential B and T cell antigenic epitopes as well as a dominant antigenic epitope based on the potential epitope. Conclusion CV-A10 VP1 has multiple potential sites that induce specific humoral and cellular immunity, providing important support for its experimental identification, molecular epidemiological studies, and vaccine development.
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Objective:To analyze the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Xi′an from 2019 to 2021, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of HFMD.Methods:Stool specimens and anal swabs were collected from patients with HFMD. Enteroviruses (EVs) including enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), CVA6 and CVA10 were detected by RT-PCR. Excel 2007 and SPSS18.0 software were used for data collection and statistical analysis, respectively. The epidemiological data of HFMD cases were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method. The VP1 gene sequence of the representative strain of each CVA6 genotype was downloaded. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA X software and the genetic characteristics were analyzed.Results:A total of 1 531 HFMD cases were involved and 1 365 were positive for EVs with a positive rate of 89.16%. The detection rates of EV71, CVA16, CVA6, CVA10 and other EVs were 1.31% (20/1 531), 32.46% (497/1 531), 38.47% (589/1 531), 5.09% (78/1 531) and 11.23% (172/1 531), respectively. There were significant differences in the pathogen composition in HFMD cases of different clinical types (χ 2=46.14, P<0.01) and occupations (χ 2=34.65, P<0.01) as well as in different years (χ 2=462.86, P<0.01). The average age was greater in patients with CVA16 infection than in those with CVA6 or CVA10 infection ( F=6.00, P<0.01). In 2019, the HFMD cases were mainly caused by CVA16, while in 2020 and 2021, the main pathogen was CVA6. Enterovirus-positive cases showed a bimodal distribution with the main peak from May to July and the secondary peak from September to November. CVA16 was the predominant pathogen in spring and summer, and CVA6 was the predominant pathogen in autumn. CVA6 was the dominant pathogen in eight districts and counties of Xi′an; CVA16 was the dominant pathogen in six districts and counties; CVA6 and CVA16 co-circulated in one district. The CVA6 isolates belonged to two evolutionary branches of D3a subtype. Conclusions:CVA6 and CVA16 were the prevalent pathogens of HFMD and CVA6 subtype D3a circulated in Xi′an from 2019 to 2021. The pathogen composition of HFMD cases showed obvious differences in population, time and regional distribution.
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Objective:To analyze the non-enterovirus A71 (non-EVA71) and non-coxsackievirus A16 (non-CVA16) enteroviruses causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Kunming and Qujing of Yunnan Province in 2021 by sequencing the VP4/VP2 and VP1 genes and to analyze the phylogenetic characteristics of the VP1 gene of CVA2, aiming to provide reference for the prevention and control of CVA2.Methods:The samples were made and extracted strictly according to the Laboratory Manual for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018 Edition). VP4/VP2 junction regions were firstly amplified and sequenced by MD91/OL68-1 primers. These sequences were firstly edited and then "blasted" on the GenBank to determine the virus serotype. To analyze the phylogenetic characteristics of CVA2, the entire VP1 gene sequences were amplified in two segments using enterovirus species A primers. Virus serotype was again confirmed online by "Enterovirus Genotyping Tool Version 0.1". The sequences of the reference virus genotypes/sub-genotypes were downloaded according to the reference. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by Mega5.2 software and the genetic characteristics were analyzed.Results:A total of 749 non-EVA71 and non-CVA16 enteroviruses were detected in the two areas in 2021. Group A enteroviruses were the main pathogens, with CVA16 as the predominant virus, and a small number of group B enteroviruses were reported. Only five strains of CVA2 were detected with a detection rate of 0.67% (5/749), indicating that CVA2 was a rare pathogen for HFMD in the two areas. The sequencing and serotyping results were consistent using the two genomic regions of VP4/VP2 junction region and VP1 region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three Kunming strains belonged to genotype A, while two Qujing strains belonged to genotype D.Conclusions:The detection rate of CVA2 in Kunming and Qujing was 0.67% in 2021. CVA2 was a rare pathogen for HFMD in the two regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed genotypes A and D spread in Kunming and Qujing, respectively, but had not caused epidemics. To our knowledge, this was the first report of genotype A of CVA2 in China. Strengthening the laboratory surveillance especially molecular epidemiological surveillance is valuable for the monitor and analysis of transmission source for CVA2.
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@#Abstract: Objective To analyze the results of the surveillance of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) pathogens in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province in 2022, and to analyze the genetic characteristics of the main epidemic strain coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods Samples of hand, foot and mouth disease cases in Baoshan City submitted to Yunnan Province in 2022 were selected, the samples were processed, and the viral nucleic acid was extracted, and the Enterovirus (EV) VP4/VP2 binding region gene was amplified with primers (MD91/OL68-1) and sequenced. The sequence was BLAST searched in GenBank to determine the virus type, and then the full sequence of VP1 region was amplified with relevant primers of each type of virus and sequenced. Viruses were identified by using Enterovirus Genotyping Tool Version 1.0. according to the reference documents, the reference sequences were downloaded for making the phylogenetic tree, and the test results were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 307 clinical samples of hand-foot-mouth disease in Baoshan City in 2022 were detected by real-time RT-PCR. There were 280 laboratory-confirmed cases (91.21%), among which the detection rate of CVA16 was 55.05% (169/307), EV-A71 was 3.58% (11/307), and other enteroviruses were 32.57% (100/307). Of the 206 HFMD test specimens, the VP4/VP2 junction and VP1 gene sequences of enterovirus were amplified and identified, and 29 enterovirus strains were obtained, with a positive virus rate of 14.08% (29/206). All viruses belonged to group A and were divided into 3 serotypes, which included 27 strains of CVA16 (93.10%, 27/29), 1 strain of EV-A71 (3.45%, 1/29), and 1 strain of CVA10 (3.45%, 1/29). Group B, C, and D viruses were not detected. The positive rate of VP4/VP2 binding region and VP1 region of coxsackievirus A16 gene in Baoshan City in 2022 was 13.11% (27/206). The genetic evolution analysis showed that the 27 strains of CVA16 belong to B1a subtype and can be divided into two evolutionary branches. Conclusions In 2022, the main epidemic strain of HFMD in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province is CVA16 gene, belonging to B1a subtype, which can be divided into two branches, indicating 2 transmission chains prevalent in Baoshan City. Future efforts should focus on strengthening surveillance, improving the quality of monitoring, and understanding the characteristics of viral prevalence..
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Objective @#To investigate the spatiotemporal clustering characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City in 2021, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of hand, foot, and mouth disease. @*Methods@#Data pertaining to the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease in Shangcheng District in 2021 were collected from Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, spatial and temporal distribution of hand, foot and mouth disease were described, and the spatiotemporal clusters were identified.@*Results@#A total of 2 473 cases with hand, foot and mouth disease were reported in Shangcheng District in 2021, with a reported incidence rate of 186.86/105. The incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease appeared a bimodal distribution, with the first peak seen during the period between May and July (1 164 cases, 47.07%) and the second peak during the period between October and December (659 cases, 26.65%). Hand, foot and mouth disease was reported across all streets in Shangcheng District, with the highest incidence seen in Dinglan Street (398.84/105). There were one primary cluster and ten secondary clusters of hand, foot and mouth disease, and the primary cluster was centered in Jianqiao Street with 1.81 km in radius, which covered 9 communities in Jianqiao Street and was clustered during the period from March 19 and April 13. Of the 10 secondary clusters, there were three clusters in Dinglan Street, one in each of Jiubao, Sijiqing, Wangjiang and Kaixuan streets, and three clusters crossing streets. In addition, no spatiotemporal clusters of hand, foot and mouth disease were identified in Nanxing Street, Qingbo Street or Ziyang Street.@*Conclusion@#There was a remarkable spatiotemporal cluster in the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease in Shangcheng District in 2021, with the peaks in incidence from May to July and from October to December, and the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease was mainly clustered in the urban-rural junction and the central urban regions.
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@#Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious childhood disease caused by enteroviruses including enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) and CV-A16 transmitted via direct and indirect contact. Different types of toy surfaces can affect the stability of viruses. Understanding the stability of enteroviruses on toys provides insightful data for effective disinfection in kindergartens or homes. Porous (ethylene-vinyl acetate mat foam, paper, pinewood, polyester fabric, and squishy polyurethane foam) and non-porous (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic and stainless-steel coin) surfaces were inoculated with EV-A71 at 4, 24, and 35°C, and coxsackieviruses at 24°C. Infectious enteroviruses were recovered and titred in median tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID50). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were taken from surfaces to examine association of surface roughness with virus stability. Overall, infectious enteroviruses were persistent on all non-porous and porous surfaces. Virus persistence was longest at 4°C followed by 24°C and 35°C. EV-A71 half-lives ranged between 6.4-12.8 hours at 4°C, 2.4-6.7 hours at 24°C, and 0.13-2.7 hours at 35°C. At lower virus titres exposed to 24°C, half-lives of enteroviruses ranged from 0.1-1.4 hours. Surface roughness values from AFM suggested smooth surfaces of non-porous surfaces were associated with better virus stability. Temperature, enterovirus concentration, and type of surface affected persistence and stability of enteroviruses. Our findings suggest both porous and non-porous surfaces in kindergartens allow enterovirus persistence and should be frequently disinfected to curb HFMD outbreaks in kindergartens.
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Objective@# To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and-mouth disease (HFMD) among children under 6 years in Wuxing District, Huzhou City from 2013 to 2021, so as to provide insights into HFMC control among children. @* Methods @#The surveillance on HFMD and enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccination among children under 6 years in Wuxing District, Huzhou City from 2013 to 2021 were captured from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the temporal, human and spatial distributions of HFMD cases and pathogenic detection results were descriptively analyzed.@*Results @#A total of 14 272 HFMD cases under 6 years were reported in Wuxing District from 2013 to 2021, with an average annual incidence rate of 465.75/104. There were 8 313 male children with HFMD (522.39/104 incidence) and 5 959 female children with HFMD (404.55/104 incidence), and higher incidence of HFMD was seen among male children than among female children (χ2=239.228, P<0.001). Most HFMD cases were found among children at ages of 1 to 3 years (10 006 cases, 70.11%), and the incidence of HFMD peaked during the period between May and July and between October and December each year. High incidence of HFMD was seen in Zhili Township (741.50/104), Yangjiabu Street (546.99/104) and Balidian Township (438.68/104). There were 717 laboratory-confirmed HFMD cases (5.02%), including 106 EV71-positive cases (14.78%) and 177 CoxA16-positive cases (24.69%). A total of 56 288 doses of EV71 vaccines were administered in Wuxing District from 2017 to 2021, with an annual average full-dose vaccination rate of 14.87%. The detection of EV71 infection was significantly lower after EV71 vaccination than before vaccination (4.49% vs. 24.93%; χ2=62.932, P<0.001).@* Conclusions @#The incidence of HFMD peaks in summer and winter among children under 6 years in Wuxing District, which predominantly occurs among children at ages of 1 to 3 years. The incidence of HFMD is high in Zhili Township, Yangjiabu Street and Balidian Township, and the number of EV71-positive cases significantly reduces after EV71 vaccination than before vaccination.
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Transient expression is the major method to express foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid proteins in mammalian cells. To achieve stable expression of FMDV capsid proteins and efficient assembly of virus like particles (VLPs) in cells, the plasmids of piggyBac (PB) transposon-constitutive expression and PB transposon-tetracycline (Tet) inducible expression vectors were constructed. The function of the plasmids was tested by fluorescent proteins. By adding antibiotics, the constitutive cell pools (C-WT, C-L127P) expressing P12A3C (WT/L127P) genes and the inducible cell pools (I-WT, I-L127P) expressing P12A3C (WT/L127P) genes were generated. The genes of green fluorescent protein, 3C protease and reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) were integrated into chromosome, which was confirmed by fluorescence observation and PCR testing. The cell pool I-L127P has a stronger production capacity of capsid proteins and VLPs, which was confirmed by Western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. In conclusion, inducing the chromosomal expression of FMDV capsid proteins was firstly reported, which may facilitate the technical process of mammalian production of FMDV VLPs vaccine and the construction of mammalian inducible expression systems for other proteins.