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OBJECTIVE@#To analyze characteristics and related factors of the plantar pressure during the level walking and single leg standing in the chronic ankle instability (CAI) individuals.@*METHODS@#From April 2019, 75 CAI individuals and 40 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Both of the static and dynamic plantar pressure were measured during six times level walking and three times single leg standing testing. The data including peak force, time to peak force in various foot contact areas and the time to boundary (TTB) and velocity of center of pressure (COP) were measured and compared between the affected side and the unaffected side and between the CAI cases and the healthy individuals. The correlations between the plantar pressure and the gender, Beighton score, affected side and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The characteristics of plantar pressure distribution in the CAI individuals included: (1) During the level walking, the affected side showed the similar pressure contribution as the unaffected side (P>0.05). While compared with healthy individuals, there was a significantly higher peak force in the 5th metatarsal area (t=-3.86, P=0.03) of the affected side, lower peak force in the 1st (t=2.99, P=0.02), 2nd metatarsal head areas (t=2.09, P=0.01) of the affected side, medial hindfoot areas of both sides (affected, t=2.33, P=0.01; unaffected, t=3.74, P=0.02) and toes areass of both sides (affected, t=2.23, P=0.01; unaffected, t=3.28, P=0.02) and a delay to peak force in the 4th metatarsal head area (t=3.33, P=0.01) of the affected side. (2) During the single leg standing, the CAI individuals showed significantly worse balance control in the anterior/posterior direction (P < 0.05) and lateral/medial direction (P < 0.05) compared with the healthy controls, and the affected side had more severe balance control deficit in the lateral/medial direction (P < 0.05). (3) The women (P < 0.05) and the individuals with higher Beighton scores (P < 0.05) showed worse balance control deficit in the lateral/medial direction.@*CONCLUSION@#CAI individuals showed significantly a more lateral shifted plantar distribution during the level walking compared with the healthy individuals and the tendency was worse on the affected sides, and showed worse balance control in the anterior/posterior direction and lateral/medial direction during the single leg standing. The women and those with generalized ligament laxity showed significantly worse balance control.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Ankle , Ankle Joint , Case-Control Studies , Foot , Joint InstabilityABSTRACT
@#Working in prolonged standing position among industrial workers has been shown to be associated with different potentially serious health outcomes, namely lower back pain, leg pain, fatigue, discomfort, and other health issues. Personalisation of insole offers a solution that will provide a perfect fit and comfort to the shoes wearer based on the ergonomic considerations. It works in a way that it alters the pressure away from painful areas by increasing the surface area that supports the weight of the body and evenly distributes it to the whole plantar area. Survey was conducted among workers at a manufacturing industry company to study on the level of pain experienced by them together with their foot anthropometry. Then, the foot pressure of each of the workers was collected by using pressure measurement device (F-scan). Combination of these data was used to design the customized insole that is fit for the worker. The personalised insoles were fabricated by using Additive Manufacturing technology. After that, the insoles were validated by using the F-scan and Electromyogram (EMG) to ensure their effectiveness in reducing pressures on the foot and muscle activity hence improving the comfort of the shoe wearer. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the insole is able to reduce the peak pressure of four out of five areas of the worker’s foot with the reduction of pressure percentage ranging from 6% to 28%.
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PURPOSE: Changes in the curvature of the vertebral columns of elderly women with increasing age causes various side effects and disorders. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the 8-figure scapular brace to improve pulmonary function and balance ability based on lung capacity and foot pressure by increasing the vertebral curvature. METHODS: Seventeen elderly women with a forward head posture were selected. Women were asked to wear the 8-figure scapular brace and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured, as were changes in foot pressure. Measurements were conducted three times each and the mean values were used for subsequent analyses. For static evaluation, we used the paired t-test to identify differences between pre and post values. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in FEV1 and FVC before and after use of the brace (p>0.05); however, there was a significant decrease in forefoot pressure and an increase in rearfoot pressure following application of the brace (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Application of the 8-figure scapular brace to correct vertebral curvature in elderly women influenced pressure distribution change from immediate effect body arrange of cervical and thoracic. However, wearing the 8-figure scapular brace may interfere with expansion of the chest and therefore respiratory muscle activity. Accordingly, it is necessary to apply appropriate treatment when wearing a scapular brace and to allow a sufficient intervention period while also providing therapeutic interventions such as posture correction or respiration training.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Braces , Foot , Forced Expiratory Volume , Head , Lung Volume Measurements , Posture , Respiration , Respiratory Muscles , Spine , Thorax , Vital CapacityABSTRACT
Introducción: Del tipo de tratamiento y la eficacia del mismo depende la evolución y la mejora en la calidad de vida del paciente con heridas crónicas; existen diversos tratamientos para las heridas crónicas de acuerdo con el tipo de lesión, la duración del tratamiento y los factores individuales del paciente. Los diversos tratamientos innovadores demuestran resultados favorables en cuanto a la reducción del tiempo y el tamaño de las heridas crónicas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir los tratamientos innovadores utilizados en el manejo de las heridas crónicas, de uso poco frecuente en las clínicas de heridas. Metodología: Revisión de la literatura estructurada en tres fases: recolección de artículos en bases de datos como Scopus, Pubmed, Dialnet, Ebscohots, y Elsevier; uso de palabras clave como pie diabético, herida crónica y úlcera por presión; revisión y clasificación de 50 artículos en idioma español, inglés y portugués. Resultados: Se registraron 12 tratamientos innovadores para el manejo de las heridas cónicas, cada uno con evidencia científica de su utilidad en los distintos tipos de heridas crónicas. Conclusión: Conocer nuevos tratamientos ayuda al enfermero a ampliar las opciones de intervención, presentar alternativas de tratamiento de menor costo, o más rápida dependiendo del tipo de herida y la condición del paciente.
Introduction: The type of treatment and its efficacy depends on the evolution and the improvement of the quality of life of the patient with chronic wounds; diverse treatments exist for chronic wounds according to the type of injury, duration of the treatment, and the individual factors of the patient. The diverse innovative treatments demonstrate favorable results in terms of reduction of time and size of chronic wounds. This article has as its objective to describe the innovative treatments used in the handling of chronic wounds, of infrequent use in wound care centers. Methodology: Review of the structured literature in three phases: recollection of articles in databases such as Scopus, Pubmed, Dialnet, Ebscohots, and Elsevier; use of keywords such as diabetic foot, chronic wound, and pressure ulcer; review and classification of 50 articles in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. Results: 12 innovative treatments were registered for the handling of chronic wounds, each one with scientific evidence of their utility in the different types of chronic wounds. Conclusion: Determine new treatments helps the nurse to extent the intervention options, and present treatment alternatives of lower cost or faster treatment depending on the type of wound and the condition of the patient.
Introdução: Do tipo de tratamento e da eficácia do mesmo depende a evolução e a melhora na qualidade de vida do paciente com feridas crónicas; existem diversos tratamentos para as feridas crónicas de acordo ao tipo de lesão, à duração do tratamento, e aos fatores individuais do paciente. Os diversos tratamentos inovadores demostram resultados favoráveis em quanto à redução do tempo e o tamanho das feridas crónicas. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever os tratamentos inovadores utilizados no manejo das feridas crónicas, de uso pouco frequente nas clínicas de feridas. Metodologia: Revisão da literatura estruturada em três fases: recolecção de artigos em bases de dados como Scopus, Pubmed, Dialnet, Ebscohots e Elsevier; uso de palavras chave como pé diabético, ferida crónica e úlcera por pressão; revisão e classificação de 50 artigos em idioma Espanhol, Inglês e Português. Resultados: Registraram-se 12 tratamentos inovadores para o manejo das feridas cónicas, cada um com evidencia científica de sua utilidade nos diferentes tipos de feridas crónicas. Conclusão: O conhecimento de novos tratamentos ajuda ao enfermeiro a ampliar as opções de intervenção, apresentando alternativas de tratamento mais rápidas ou de menor custo, dependendo do tipo de ferida e da condição do paciente.
Subject(s)
Leg Ulcer , Diabetic Foot , Pressure UlcerABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-postural control on foot pressure in subjects with forward head posture. METHODS: Forty-two healthy adults were recruited in this study. Participants were divided into two groups: The forward-head postural (FHP) group (craniovertebral angle0.05). CONCLUSION: We suggest that cervical posture control using visual feedback has a positive effect on the distribution of foot pressure in subjects with forward head posture.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Feedback, Sensory , Foot , Head , Heel , PostureABSTRACT
Background: The notion of limb dominance has been commonly used in the upper extremity, yet the two lower extremities are often treated as equal for clinical purposes. But both the lower limbs may not be perfectly symmetrical. There are conflicts of results with relation to leg dominancy, postural sway and foot pressure, which aided us to study the effect of lateralization on foot pressure and postural sway in middle age population. Methods: Thirty two normal subjects were recruited based on criteria, whose dominant lower limb was ascertained, Foot Pressure and postural sway was assessed by weighing scale and postural sway meter respectively. Results: Descriptive statistics and two way ANOVA were used as statistical analysis. Foot Pressure showed significant difference (P value <0.05) between dominant and non-dominant leg. On the other hand postural sway showed significant antero-lateral sway towards dominant side (P value <0.001). Conclusions: Lateralization of foot pressure is significant over dominant leg while postural sway is significant over anterolateral dominant side.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection on spastic gastrocnemius (GCM) and tibialis posterior muscles (TPo) by using the foot pressure measurement system (FPMS). METHODS: Eighteen ambulatory CP patients were recruited in this study. BTX-A was injected into the GCM at a dose of 6-12 units/kg and TPo at a dose of 4-9 units/kg according to the severity of equinus and varus deformity. Foot contact pattern, pressure time integral (PTI), coronal index using the FPMS and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and visual inspection of gait pattern were used for evaluation of the therapeutic effect of BTX-A injection. Clinical and FPMS data were statistically analyzed according to the muscle group. RESULTS: A significant decrease in the MAS score of the GCM and TPo was observed, and spastic equinovarus pattern during gait showed improvement after injection. The GCM+TPo injection group showed a significant decrease in forefoot, lateral forefoot pad, and lateral column PTI, and a significant increase in hindfoot PTI and coronal index. In the GCM only injection group, forefoot PTI and lateral column PTI were significantly decreased and hindfoot PTI was significantly increased. The TPo only injection group showed a significant decrease in lateral column PTI and a significant increase in the coronal index. Change in PTI in the hindfoot showed a significant correlation with the change in MAS score of the GCM. Change in PTI of the lateral column and coronal index showed a significant correlation with the change in MAS score of the TPo. CONCLUSION: The FPMS demonstrated the quantitative therapeutic effect of BTX-A on abnormal pressure distribution in equinovarus foot in detail. The FPMS can be a useful additional tool for evaluation of the effect of BTX-A injection.
Subject(s)
Humans , Botulinum Toxins , Cerebral Palsy , Clubfoot , Congenital Abnormalities , Foot , Gait , Muscle Spasticity , MusclesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To examine the results of tibialis anterior tendon transfer for the treatment of a calcaneus deformity in children with a myelomeningocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven feet in sixteen children were examined in this study. The mean age at the time of surgery was 7(+2) years (range, 4(+11)-14(+9)) and the mean follow up duration was 25 months (range, 15-50). Three-dimensional gait analysis and dynamic foot-pressure measurement were performed to analyze the results of the index operation. RESULTS: There was no recurrence or aggravation of the deformity. The sagittal kinematics of the ankle improved, and the relative impulse of the calcaneus decreased postoperatively. Those patients with an increased range of motion of the pelvic rotation during gait showed less improvement in the relative impulse of the calcaneus than those with a good range of pelvic rotation. They also had a lower range of knee sagittal motion and an increased range of abduction of the hip, and up-obliquity of the pelvis. CONCLUSION: A good range of motion of the hip and pelvis in coronal and transverse planes, and of the knee in the sagittal plane are important predictors of the functional transfer of tibialis anterior tendon in patients with a calcaneal gait in a myelomeningocele.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Ankle , Biomechanical Phenomena , Calcaneus , Congenital Abnormalities , Follow-Up Studies , Foot , Gait , Hip , Knee , Meningomyelocele , Pelvis , Range of Motion, Articular , Recurrence , Tendon Transfer , TendonsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the changes of pressure distribution on the foot after orthopaedic surgery for equinus deformity in spastic cerebral palsy using F-scan system. METHOD: Twenty-one children with spastic cerebral palsy were participated in this study. They had equinus deformity on foot and received soft tissue surgery. Pressure distribution on foot was measured before and after operation using F-scan system (Tekscan Inc., USA). Paired t-test was used in comparison of preoperative and postoperative measurements for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Total contact area, contact length, midfoot and hindfoot contact width were significantly increased after operation. Relative impulses of medial and lateral forefoot were significantly decreased and relative impulse of hindfoot significantly increased after operation (p<0.05). Anteroposterior distance of center of pressure (COP) and velocity of COP were significantly increased and mediolateral distance and slope of COP were significantly decreased after operation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that patterns of foot pressure distribution during walking were significantly improved after operation. Therefore, these findings suggested that F- scan system might be useful for surgical outcome measurement for foot deformities in the children with spastic cerebral palsy.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Cerebral Palsy , Equinus Deformity , Foot Deformities , Foot , Muscle Spasticity , WalkingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the difference of weight bearing between affected and intact feet during straight or circular walking in hemiplegic patients. METHOD: 16 hemiplegic patients who could walk without assistive devices were included in this study. We used insole foot-pressure system to measure weight bearing ratio of both feet during walking. We assessed walking speed and pressure ratio during straight or circular walking at their comfortable gait speed. RESULT: Pressure ratio of affected foot showed negative correlation with walking time irrespective of walking direction. Pressure ratio of affected foot and walking time during circular walking to the affected side was significantly higher and slower respectively than that to the intact side. CONCLUSION: Asymmetrical weight bearing of both feet during walking is highly correlated with walking ability in hemiplegic patients and pressure ratio of affected foot may be simple and useful determinant of walking ability.
Subject(s)
Humans , Foot , Gait , Hemiplegia , Self-Help Devices , Walking , Weight-BearingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To find out the characteristics of foot pressure in children with mild spastic diplegic cerebral palsy over 7 years old compared with those of normal children. METHOD: Twenty children with mild spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and fourteen normal children over 7 years old articipated in this study. The foot was divided into 7 portions and then foot contact area, pressure of each foot portion and pathway of center of pressure (COP) were measured and analyzed by F-scan system (Tekscan Inc., USA) RESULTS: In children with cerebral palsy, first metatarsal area MET1) showed the highest relative impulse followed by MET2/3, hindfoot and hallux. Relative impulse of hallux, MET1 and medial midfoot were significantly higher in cerebral palsied than in normal children, while that of hindfoot was significantly lower in cerebral palsied than in normal children. Anteroposterior ratio of COP and gait velocity were significantly lower in cerebral palsied than in normal children. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of foot pressure distribution and the pathway of COP in children with mild spastic diplegic cerebral palsy were identified by quantitative analysis by F-scan system. Foot scan could be used for eval uating the foot pathology in children with cerebral palsy during gait.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Cerebral Palsy , Foot , Gait , Hallux , Metatarsal Bones , Muscle Spasticity , PathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To find out the characteristics of the foot pressure distribution and the path of center of pressure (COP) in the children with cerebral palsy, compared with normal control children. METHOD: Twenty-four children with spastic cerebral palsy(CP) and 38 normal children were participated in this study. The parameters of foot contact, plantar pressure and COP were measured using F-scan system (Teksan Inc.) with pressure ensitive insoles inserted in the shoes. RESULTS: The total contact area, mid foot contact width and also the pressure of hallux and medial side of mid foot were significantly higher in the children with CP than in normal controls. While the pressure of hind foot was significantly lower in the children with CP compared with normal controls. Anteroposterior distance and velocity of COP were significantly lowered in the cerebral palsied children. The paths of COP of both groups were directed inwardly without any significant differences between both groups. CONCLUSION: We can identify the characteristics of the foot pressure distribution and the path of COP in the children with spastic CP using F-scan system. These quantitative data of foot scan may be useful for evaluating the foot pathology during the gait in the children with CP.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Cerebral Palsy , Foot , Gait , Hallux , Muscle Spasticity , Pathology , Shoes , WalkingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To find out the changes of the plantar pressure distribution of foot and the pathway of center of pressure (COP) in normal preschool children with age. METHOD: Thirty-eight normal children aged 1 to 6 were participated in this study. We divided into three groups according to the age. Foot contact area, pressure of the foot and pathway of COP were measured using F-scan in-shoe measuring system (Tekscan Inc.) during the gait. RESULTS: The ratio of midfoot contact width to forefoot contact width was decreased with age (p<0.05). And the relative pressure of the medial midfoot was decreased with age (p<0.05). In the analysis of COP, the ratio of anteroposterior length of COP to total contact length was significantly increased (p<0.05), and the ratio of mediolateral width of COP to forefoot contact width was tend to decrease. CONCLUSION: We can identify the characteristics and changes of the foot pressure distribution and the pathway of COP in preschool children with normal foot using F-scan system. These quantitative data of foot scan are useful for evaluating the foot pathology in preschool children during the gait.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Foot , Gait , PathologyABSTRACT
Deformity due to the diabetic foot causes repetitive and excessive pressure to the certain areas of a foot, which may result in ulcers and pains. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the pressure of the sole for the prevention and management of the diabetic foot lesions. The computerized foot scan system is one of the direct methods to measure the excessive pressure from the deformity of a foot. However, it is not usually affordable in a developing country due to its high cost, space occupancy, and lack of trained personnel. Manual counting using Harris mat is another rather affordable method, however it has problem of the time consumption for a quantitative measure and poor in reproducibility. The purposes of this study were to obtain the objective and quantitative data from Harris mat footprints of diabetic patients by using Paint Shop Pro and to apply the same method to the patients with other foot lesions. Fifty three cases(twenty four males and, twenty nine females) who were referred due to the diabetic foot lesions were evaluated. The average age was 56.62+/-8.03 years and the duration of diabetes mellitus was 104.93+/-79.53 months. By the Paint Shop Pro , the highest pressure was recorded at the first toe(thirteen cases), followed by the calcaneal area (also thirteen cases) and the first metatarsal head area (seven cases) in order of the right foot. Of the left foot, the highest pressure was recorded at the first toe (fourteen cases), followed by the calcaneal area(twelve cases) and the third metatarsal head area(nine cases). By the manual analysis, the highest pressure was recorded at the calcaneal area (thirteen cases), followed by the first toe(ten cases) and the fifth metatarsal head area (six cases) in order of the right foot. Of the left foot, the highest pressure site was the first toe(fourteen cases), followed by the calcaneal area(fifteen cases) and the third matatarsal head area(seven cases) in order of pressure level. Based on these results, we have concluded that the Paint Shop Pro analysis method is an easy and inexpensive foot pressure measurement system which is clinically applicable. However further researches for the test-retest reliability and a comparison with the computerized foot scan system would be required for the standardization of this method.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Congenital Abnormalities , Developing Countries , Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetic Foot , Foot , Head , Metatarsal Bones , Paint , Toes , UlcerABSTRACT
OBJECTS: The purpose of this study is to estimate the values of foot pressure of the stance phase during a gait cycle in hemiplegic gait. METHOD: Thirty patients who had a stroke and forty healthy adults were evaluated by the EMED-SF system to analyze the stance phase of hemiplegic gait. The stance phase was evaluated by 6 points according to the foot pressure and center of pressure proposed by Lee et al.2) RESULTS: 1) In hemiplegics, the stance time of involved limb decreased compared with that of the uninvolved limb and increased that of control groups (p<0.05). 2) In hemiplegics, the midstance time increased but the loading response and terminal stance decreased compared with the uninvolved limb and controls (p<0.05). 3) In hemiplegics, the midstance time decreased and the loading response and terminal phase increased according to the increased Brunnstrom stage (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that an analysis of stance phase by the measurement of plantar pressure was a valuable parameter in the gait analysis of hemiplegic patients.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Extremities , Foot , Gait , Gait Disorders, Neurologic , StrokeABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of high heeled shoes on plantar pressure and muscle fatigue. The subjects were 36 women who were divided into three groups, i.e., high heel, middle heel and low heel. The mean height of each heel was over 7 cm, 5 cm and below 2 cm respectively. The plantar pressure was measured by F scan system. The fatigue of subjects was evaluated with endurance time and voluntary maximal contraction that was measured by Cybex 6000 system and the degrees of foot pain and fatigue by visual analogue scale. With high heeled shoes, the plantar pressure was shifted from hindfoot to forefoot, and from the lateral part to the medial part in forefoot. With all shoes, the plantar pressure was generally increased in the forefoot after 8 hours. Especially the pressure of medial and middle parts of forefoot was significantly increased on high heeled shoes. Voluntary maximal contraction and endurance time was significantly decreased in subjects with high heeled shoes for 8 hours. The degrees forefooot pain and fatigue by visual analogue scale were very significantly increased in subjects with high heeled shoes. With low heeled shoes, the fatigue was the least degree and the middle heeled shoes are recommendable for cosmetic needs and lesser fatigue and pain. In conclusion, when women were in high heeled shoes for a long time, the pressure of forefoot and foot pain and fatigue were increased. Therefore, these effects of high heeled shoes on the plantar pressure and fatigue should be considered in women with high heeled shoes.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Fatigue , Foot , Heel , Muscle Fatigue , ShoesABSTRACT
This study focused on the effect of pressure sensation from the each plantar surface of the feet on postural control. The plantar surfaces of the feet were made less sensitive by cooling, using a specially designed apparatus set on a force plate. Three areas were cooled: the plantar surface of the heel, the forefoot, and the entire plantar surface of the foot. And the non-cooling condition was the control. The subjects, seven healthy men, were asked to track a continuously moving target spot displayed on a visual monitor while standing on the force plate. This tracking was done by controlling the center of foot pressure (CFP) by leaning forward and backward at the ankles. The target was moving at 0.025 Hertz (once per 40 seconds) with a triangular waveform. The moving range of the target was from 30 to 70 percent (%) of the total foot length from the heel, and this range was divided into 10 percent (%) subranges. Postural controllability was evaluated by the difference between movements of the CFP and target for each subrange. When the entire surface of the foot was cooled, postural controllability of moving the CFP anteriorly was significantly worse than the control. Postural controllability of moving the CFP anteriorly for the anterior and the posterior moving subranges was significantly worse than the control when the heel was cooled. When the forefoot was cooled, postural controllability of moving the CFP anteriorly for the anteriorly moving subrange was significantly worse than that of the control. These results suggest that pressure sensation from the plantar surface definitely participates in moving the CFP anteriorly for postural control. When the CFP is situated on the heel, pressure sensation from the heel alone may play a necessary role for postural control. When the CFP is situated on the forefoot, however pressure sensation from the forefoot may need to be the supplemented by sensation from the heel for adequate postural control.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the position of the center of foot pressure (CFP) and control of standing posture in ten healthy men by tracking the CFP to the moving target.<BR>Subjects were required to track a continuously moving target displayed on a screen while standing on a force plate. The velocity of the target movement was 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 hertz (Hz) with a triangular waveform. The target was moved 30-70% within the range of the heel regarding the foot length as 100%, and the range was divided by 10%. Each subrange was named (A), (B), (C), (D) for backward movement from 70% to 30%, and (E), (F), (G), (H) for forward movement from 30% to 70%.<BR>The standing posture control was analyzed by mean error and absolute error at turning point between target- and CFP-movement.<BR>The mean error of backward movement was significantly greater than that of forward movement in the two forward subranges at 0.15 Hz. As for the other frequencies, there was no significant difference between directions of CFP movement. Mean error of A was significantly greater than that of B and C in higher frequencies, but there was no significant difference at 0.05 Hz. Regarding absolute error, there was no significant difference between the forward and backward turning point with a decrease in frequency. Mean error of D or E was greatest among the section in all frequencies. The ratio of the greater D or E and A or H was greatest at 0.05 Hz.<BR>These results suggested that CFP tracking at 0.05 Hz is hardly influenced by direction and velocity of the target movement. Terefore, we conclude that controllability of the stand-ing posture differs markedly in various CFP positions. In addition, control of the standing posture in a backward direction is inferior to that in a forward one.