Radiological Criteria for Acceptable Alignment in Paediatric Mid-Shaft Forearm Fractures: A Systematic Review

@#Introduction: Forearm fractures are common in children. The remodelling capacity of growing long bones in children makes these potentially forgiving injuries, recovering with good outcomes despite minimal intervention. Clinicians rely on radiological characteristics that vary with age to guide treatment decisions and minimise adverse sequelae. The purpose of this review was to consolidate the evidence base of radiological indications for intervention in paediatric midshaft forearm fractures. Materials and methods: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for this review. Citable research output reporting radiological criteria for mid-shaft forearm fractures in paediatric patients (age ≤16 years) was screened and analysed to ascertain acceptable radiological criteria for nonoperative management. Results: A total of 2,059 papers were initially identified; 14 were selected following screening. Sagittal angulation >15°, coronal angulation >10°, and/or >50% (or >1cm) translation were the most common radiological indications for intervention in children aged 0 to 10 years. For children over 10 years of age, the most common radiological indication for intervention was sagittal angulation >10°, coronal angulation >10°, and/or >50% (or >1cm) translation. Conclusion: This study revealed a scarcity of high-quality evidence to guide management and significant variation in outcome reporting throughout the published literature. Since Noonan and Price's 1998 recommendations, there has been no significant evolution in the evidence-base guided threshold for intervention in paediatric mid-shaft forearm fractures. There remains a pressing need for a robust multicentre observational study using the patient-reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS) to address this complex and controversial area of uncertainty in paediatric trauma management.

Successful results obtained in the treatment of adolescent forearm fractures with locked intramedullary nailing / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#In the surgical treatment of paediatric forearm fractures, plate-screw and titanium elastic nails are used. During the transformation of ligamento-osseous structures from adolescence form into adult form, more stable fixation is required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of locked intramedullary nail fixation in adolescent forearm fractures.@*METHODS@#A retrospective examination was made on 36 adolescent patients who underwent surgery with locked intramedullary nail fixation due to a forearm fracture. The included patients were in the adolescent age group (12-17 years), did not meet conservative follow-up criteria and had unstable fractures (>10° angulation and 18 years or 15 years had prolonged time to union ([11.1 ± 1.8] weeks). There were no non-unions, re-fractures or infections. No complications were observed during implant removal. None of the patients had sensorial radial nerve injury or tendon damage.@*CONCLUSION@#The locked intramedullary nailing technique, which is minimally invasive and provides biological fixation, was found to be successful and safe in the treatment of adolescent forearm fractures.

Inestabilidad Radiocubital Distal (IRCD) postraumática sintomatica en paciente pediatrico. Correlación funcional e imaginológica. Serie de Casos / Distal symptomatic postraumatic Radioulnar instability (DSPRI) in childs. Functional and imaginological correlation. Case Series

Introducción Actualmente no se encuentra bien establecida la prevalencia, diagnóstico y manejo de la IRCD postraumática en pacientes pediátricos, siendo escasa la literatura al respecto. el propósito del estudio es establecer objetivamente la sintomatología y la funcionalidad. Materiales & Métodos Presentamos un estudio de serie de casos en el cual se evaluaron 126 pacientes con fractura de antebrazo distal entre febrero y noviembre de 2017 que consultaron en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción, Chile. Para la evaluación de los pacientes se utilizó el Quick-DASH, Mayo Wrist Score, Fuerza de prensión comparativa mediante dinamómetro y su correlación imagenológica mediante TAC abreviado de muñeca utilizando 3 métodos para evaluar la congruencia articular. Resultados 11 pacientes (8.7%) evolucionaron con IRCD postraumática sintomática, la mayoría de sexo masculino (83%), con media de edad de 10.4 años (4 a 14 años), 82% de los pacientes diestros, el 45% sufrió fractura de extremidad superior derecha, 92% de los pacientes tuvo una caída a nivel siendo 73% de baja energía y todos los pacientes fueron tratados con reducción Ortopédica y yeso braquipalmar con un promedio de 5.5 semanas (2-9 semanas) y un seguimiento total promedio de 10.2 semanas. Discusión la IRCD postraumática en pacientes pediátricos no se debe a una mala reducción de la fractura y un mal eje de alineación sino a una lesión ligamentaria sub-diagnosticada.

Background Currently, the prevalence, diagnosis and management of distal symptomatic post-traumatic radioulnar instability (DSPRI) in pediatric patients is not well established, and the literature on this is scarce. the purpose of the study is to objectively establish the symptoms and functionality. Methods We present a case series study in which 126 patients with a distal forearm fracture were evaluated between February and November 2017, who consulted the emergency department of the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital, Concepción, Chile. For the evaluation of the patients, the Quick-DASH, Mayo Wrist Score, comparative grip strength by dynamometer and its imaging correlation by abbreviated CAT scan of the wrist were used using 3 methods to evaluate joint congruence. Results 11 patients (8.7%) evolved with DSPRI, most of them male (83%), with a mean age of 10.4 years (4 to 14 years), 82% of right-handed patients, 45% suffered a fracture of the right upper limb, 92% of the patients had a level drop, 73% being low energy and all the patients were treated with orthopedic reduction and brachypalmar cast with an average of 5.5 weeks (2-9 weeks) and an average total follow-up. 10.2 weeks. Discussion Post-traumatic DSPRI in pediatric patients is not due to poor fracture reduction and poor alignment axis, but to underdiagnosed ligament injury.

Functional outcome of diaphyseal fractures of forearm in adolescents treated with TENS

Background:A retrospective case series study was done onforearm diaphyseal fracture in adolescents treated with TENS (titanium elastic nailing system).Purpose of the study was analysis of functional outcome of TENS in forearm diaphyseal fractures in children between 12-18 year age group. Methods:We retrospectively evaluated 30 patients operated by same senior surgeon during the period from March 2014 to February 2015 with closed diaphyseal forearm fractures in age group 12–18 years treated with TENS in whom closed reduction could not be achieved. Nail diameter taken as 33-40% of narrowest diameter of diaphysys were introduced proximally in ulna and distally in radius under image intensifier in closed manner. Postoperatively, patients encouraged for active shoulder, elbow and finger movements and suture removal done after 2 weeks. Patients were followed up for minimum period of one year.Results:In terms of union and range of motion using Anderson et al criteria 24 patients had excellent results, 4 patients had satisfactory results and one patienthad poor result having non-union of ulna. Two patients had superficial infection at the nail entry site which eventually resolved. One patient lost for follow up.Conclusions:We conclude that TENS in both bone forearm fractures in adolescent age group interms of union and range of motion is a minimally invasive and effective method of fixation.

An unusual Monteggia equivalent type 1 lesion: Diaphyseal ulna and radius fractures with a posterior elbow dislocation in a child / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

In this report, we describe an extremely unusual Monteggia equivalent type 1 lesion in a 10-year-old boy following a fall from a height of 1 m. On the plain radiographs, our patient had a particular Monteggia equivalent type 1 injury associating a posterior elbow dislocation with diaphyseal radius and ulna fractures. The patient was treated by closed reduction technique. At six months of follow-up, the fractures were consolidated and the elbow was stable. To our knowledge, only 8 adult cases and one paediatric observation with similar lesions had been reported through medical literature. Therefore, the aim of our case report is to remind this rare entity and also to provide a comprehensive review of the literature related to this uncommon lesion.

Tratamiento de las fracturas de antebrazo en niños y adolescentes con clavo endomedular flexible en el Hospital Universitario de los Andes 2006-2010 / Treatment of forearm fractures in children and adolescents with Flexible Intramedullary Nail in the Andes University hospital 2006-2010

Las fracturas del antebrazo en el niño son muy frecuentes y suponen el 45% de todas las fracturas pediátricas con predominio de varones de 3 a 1 y una mayor incidencia en mayores de 5 años , el manejo de estas fracturas tienen como objetivo, la curación consiguiendo: 1-. Reducción anatómica de los fragmentos con restableciendo de la longitud y rotación ósea, que permitan la prono supinación completa; 2-. Fijación estable que permita movilización inmediata de las articulaciones adyacente. 3-. La restitución de la curvatura radial que influye no solo en resultado funcional de la movilidad si no también en la fuerza de la aprehensión. En este trabajo se realizo una revisión clínica prospectiva en el Hospital Universitario de los Andes de Mérida, durante un lapso de 4 años, desde 2006 al 2010, estudiándose 2.869 casos de fracturas del antebrazos en niños de 2 a 16 años de los cuales 815 casos correspondieron a fracturas diafisarias. El tratamiento aplicado fue de la siguiente manera: Conservador 64%(520/815 casos) con yeso braquio palmar por 6 semanas. Quirúrgico: 36%(295/815 casos), Enclavijado 210/295 casos representando el 71.2%, Placas: 72/295 casos representando el 24.4%, Fijador Externo: 13/295 casos representando el 4.4%(AU)

Forearm fractures in children are very common and account for 45% of all pediatric fractures with a male predominance of 3-1 and an increased incidence in over 5 years, the management of these fractures aim, getting healing : 1 -. Anatomic reduction of the fragments with restoring bone length and rotation, permitting full supination prone; 2 -. Stable fixation that allows early mobilization of the adjacent joints. 3 -. The return of the radial curvature influences not only functional outcome of mobility but also on the strength of apprehension. In this paper a prospective clinical review at the University Hospital of the Andes in Mérida was conducted over a period of 4 years from 2006 to 2010, studying 2,869 cases of forearm fractures in children 2-16 years of which 815 cases corresponded to diaphyseal fractures. The treatment was applied as follows: Conservative 64% (520 cases) with brachial palmar plaster for 6 weeks. Surgical: 36% (295 cases), 210 cases Pegged representing 71.2%, Blocks: 72 cases representing 24.4%, External fixator: 13 cases representing 4.4%(AU)

Manejo y resultados quirúrgicos de fracturas diafisiarias de antebrazo en el adulto aplicando una base de datos sistematizada traumatológica / Surgical management and results diaphyseal forearm fracture in the adult applying a trauma database systematized

Se realiza un estudio abierto, observacional, descriptivo, tipo serie clínica en el IAHULA, Mérida, Venezuela, en pacientes adultos tratados quirúrgicamente por fracturas de antebrazo durante el 2012, se vaciaron en una base de datos sistematizada traumatológica, HICLINEL ®, demostrando su eficacia y utilidad. Se incluyeron 40 pacientes, 42 casos. 85% pacientes y 85,7% casos fueron controlados. 82,5% de sexo masculino. Edad promedio 29,4 años. 25% obreros. 45% por hechos viales en moto. 16,7% fueron fracturas 22A3.2. 100% tratados mediante reducción directa, 97,5% se realizo osteosíntesis con placa. 100% y 91,2% tuvieron escalas de MAYO excelente para codo y muñeca, respectivamente. 88,9% tuvo consolidación total. 8,8% presentaron complicaciones. En el manejo de estas fracturas en nuestra institución el implante de elección son las placas rectas de pequeños fragmentos bajo una reducción directa, obteniéndose resultado funcionales postoperatorios excelentes con consolidación completa. El HICLINEL® se sometió a valoración, generando datos estadísticos con buen desempeño(AU)

We performed an open-type series per se clinic in IAHULA, Merida, Venezuela, with adult patients surgically treated for forearm fractures during 2012, which were emptied into a trauma database systematized HICLINEL ® demonstrating their effectiveness and usefulness. We included 40 patients, 42 cases. 85% and 85,7% cases patients were monitored. Male 82,5%. Average age of 29.375 years. 25% workers. 45% by road motorcycle events. 22A3.2 16,7% were fractures. 100% were treated by direct reduction, 97,5% were performed plate fixation. 100% and 91,2% MAYO scales had excellent elbow and wrist, respectively. 88,9% was full consolidation. 8,8% had complications. In the management of diaphyseal forearm fractures in our institution the implant of choice are straight plates of small fragments under direct reduction, obtaining excellent postoperative functional outcome with their complete consolidation. HICLINEL ® system underwent assessment with the ability to generate statistical data, showing a good performance(AU)

Application of elastic stable intramedullary nailing for treating forearm fractures in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To summarize the application of elastic stable intramedullary nailing for treating forearm fractures in children and to evaluate its therapeutic effect.Methods A total of 98 cases of forearm fractures in children treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing were analyzed,retrospectively.Eighty-seven cases were postoperatively followed up,but 11 cases were lost.Fifty-nine cases were male,39 cases were female,ageing from 3 to 16 yearold,and the mean age was 6.5 year-old.Sixty-seven cases were ulnar shaft fracture,23 cases were radial neck fractures and 8 cases were Monteggia fracture.Results Patients were followed up 4 to 36 months.Eighty-seven cases successfully achieved complete healing.Patients recovered with no pain,no deformity and obtained excellent functional recovery.One case achieved delayed healing,and skin irritation was found in 8 cases.Conclusions Elastic stable intramedullary nailing is a minimally invasive,approch easy to deal with soft tissue injury,quick in recovery,and has a good curative effect and fewer complications.Rationally using elastic stable intramedullary nailing for treating forearm fractures in children can achieve satisfactory postoperative outcomes.

Intramedullary Kirschner Wire Fixation for Forearm Fractures in Children

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of intramedullary fixation using Kirschner wires (K-wires) for the treatment of unstable forearm fractures in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three children who underwent intramedullary fixation using K-wires for the treatment of a forearm bone fracture were evaluated. The rodiological results were based on the time to union and angular deformity at last follow-up. The clinical results were analyzed according to Price criteria. RESULTS: Average union time was 6.9 weeks. Preoperatively, average angular deformity of radius is 11.4 degrees in anteroposterior (AP) view and 15.3 degrees in lateral view. In case of the ulna, arerage angular deformity was 8.3 degrees in AP view and 12.7 degrees in lateral view. At last follow up, average angular deformity of radius was 1.5 degrees in AP view and 1.6 degrees in lateral view. In case of the ulna, arerage angular deformity was 1.3 degrees in AP view and 2.5 degrees in lateral view. According to the criteria of Price et al., 42 patients (97%) were excellent and one patient (3%) was good. No specific complication was observed. CONCLUSION: An intramedullary fixation using K-wires is an attractive treatment option for unstable forearm fractures in children in terms of safety, excellent cosmesis, short hospitalization, easy hardware removal, and providing excellent radiological and clinical results.

A Clinical Study on Nonunion of the Forearm Fracture / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Nonunion is one of the important complication during treatment of forearm fracture. Nonunion of the forearm fracture inevitably prolongs the treatment course and markedly impairs the function of the forearm. We analyzed 34 cases of nonunion of forearm fracture in 21 persons from Jan. 1979 to Dec. 1985. The results are as follows. 1. The greater force of traffic accident of machine injury produced nonunion more frequently. 2. The predilection site of the nonunion was coincidental to the fracture site of the forearm. 3. Unstable fracture such as comminuted, segmental, spiral or oblique fracture was more closely related to the nonunion than the stable fracture. Hypervascular type nonunion was more prevalent than the avascular type. 4. The probable causes of nonunion were poor external fixation, severe soft tissue injury, displaced or comminuted fracture and inadequate or inappropriate surgery. 5. Obtained bone union in all cases, but the functional result was not improved compared to the preoperative state.