ABSTRACT
The implementation of digital payment mechanism has changed the basics of money payment as a medium of exchange. The revolutionary changes that happened in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) has paved the way for drastic changes in various spheres of activities such as government to citizens government to business government to government government to employee and government to foreign trade. In line with the developments that have been taking place across the world in Electronic Payment System (EPS) changes have taken place in the UAE also. The rulers of the country are keen in establishing a high-tech oriented EPS system supported by the platform of knowledge management (KM) system. The study is an effort to explore various dimensions of EPS such as security speed ease of payment convenience and control and its importance in generating various bene?ts to the stakeholders in the form of value driven bene?ts citizen driven bene?ts economic cost driven bene?ts and technology driven bene?ts. The study attempts to ?nd out the relationship between various dimensions of EPS on stakeholders bene?t in the UAE.
ABSTRACT
@#Pharmaceuticals were chosen as the entry point to analyze the status and characteristics of China′s pharmaceutical exports. An export competitiveness evaluation system was comprehensively constructed by selecting the scale, quality and progress of international trade as three dimensions. Net exports, export contribution rate, international market share, display comparative advantage index, competitive advantage index, Michaely index and export advantage growth index as seven indices. In order to avoid the discrepancy caused by the different angles of each index, the indicators were abstracted into two comprehensive ones through principal component analysis, to measure the export competitiveness of the world′s leading countries and regions in pharmaceuticals import and export directly. The result shows that China′s exporting competitiveness of pharmaceuticals ranks the sixth among the 10 major import and export countries in the world. On this basis, dialectical reference is made from Switzerland with strong export competitiveness of pharmaceutical products, in order to promote the long-term development of the export of pharmaceutical products in China.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación muestra el diseño de un modelo de gestión de riegos para la comercialización internacional de mercancías en las Pymes de la ciudad de Cartagena-Colombia. La metodología utilizada fue de tipo aplicada y de estudio de casos, la cual permitió conocer los procedimientos y riesgos a los que están expuestas las empresas seleccionadas (81) en proceso de comercio exterior Los resultados muestran que las operaciones en el proceso de comercio exterior de las Pymes que presentaron mayor impacto fueron la entrada de nuevos competidores con 66%, los de mayor aversión, el riesgo de contaminación de la mercancía (85%) y de mediano impacto el riesgo de falta de mecanismos inadecuados para el seguimiento y control de los procesos y/u operaciones (74%). Códigos JEL: P28, G1, C14.
Abstract The present research shows a design of a risk management model for the international commercialization of merchandise in the Pymes in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. The methodology used was the applied type and case study, which allowed us to know the procedures and the risks to which the selected companies were exposed (8l) in the process of foreign trade. The results show that the operations in the foreign trade process of the Pymes that had the greatest impact were the entry of new competitors with a 66%, those of greater aversion, the risk of contamination of the merchandise (85%) and of medium impact the risk of inadequate mechanisms for monitoring and control of processes and or operation with 74%. JEL classification: P28, G1, C14.
Resumo O presente projeto de pesquisa mostra o desenho de um modelo de gerenciamento de riscos para a comercialização internacional de mercadorias nas PME da cidade de Cartagena-Colômbia. A metodologia utilizada foi do tipo aplicado e dos estudos de caso, o que permitiu conhecer os procedimentos e riscos a que as empresas selecionadas (8l) no processo de comércio exterior estão expostas. Os resultados mostram que as operações no processo de comércio exterior das PME que tiveram o maior impacto foram a entrada de novos concorrentes com 66%,o mais aversivo, o risco de contaminação da mercadoria (85%) e o impacto médio da risco de falta de mecanismos inadequados para monitorar e controlar processos e / ou operações (74%). Classificações JEL: P28, G1, C14.
ABSTRACT
La Alianza del Pacífico se define como una iniciativa de integración profunda que procura abordar temas complejos (no de índole exclusivamente comercial) y que se fundamenta en las motivaciones y aspiraciones de los países miembros y fundadores, que tienen como objetivo lograr: una eficiente apertura comercial, la incursión a nuevos mercados y la inserción en las Cadenas Globales de Valor (GCV). A pesar de que entre Colombia y cada uno de los países que hoy conforman la Alianza del Pacífico existen acuerdos y tratados comerciales de décadas atrás, una revisión de la dinámica comercial entre el país cafetero y este grupo evidencia: por una parte, el deterioro en el volumen de las exportaciones, y por otra, un aumento de las importaciones, principalmente con México, lo que ha generado una balanza comercial en déficit, y un rezago considerable de apertura comercial, medida en términos per cápita. No obstante, al profundizar en el análisis por medio de la aplicación de indicadores como el de Balassa, se determina una cierta estabilidad y eficiencia de Colombia al exportar hacia estos países, como también la existencia de un grupo de productos con una considerable ventaja comparativa, pero poco exportados por el país cafetero.
The Pacific Alliance is an initiative characterized by deeper integration that seeks to address complex issues (not those related exclusively to trade). The PA is founded on the motivations and aspirations of its founder countries. The PA aims to achieve efficient trade liberalization, entry into new markets and integration into Global Value Chains (GVC). Although the existing trade agreements between Colombia and each of the member countries date from several decades ago, a current review of trade dynamics between Colombia and all the other member countries highlights, on the one hand, the deterioration in the volume of exports, and on the other hand, an increase in imports, mainly from Mexico. This has generated a negative trade balance and a considerable lag in terms of openness to foreign trade, measured in per capita terms. However an in-depth analysis through the application of indicators such as Balassa, shows Colombia possesses a measure of stability and efficiency to export to these countries, as well as highlighting the existence of a group of products with considerable comparative advantage, but barely exported by Colombia.
A Aliança do Pacífico é definida como uma iniciativa de integração profunda que procura abordar questões complexas (natureza não puramente comercial) e baseia-se nas motivações e aspirações dos países membros e fundadores, que visam alcançar: uma liberalização do comércio eficiente a incursão em novos mercados e integração nas Cadeias Globais de Valor (GCV). Embora entre a Colômbia e cada um dos países que hoje compõem a Aliança do Pacífico, existem acordos comerciais e tratados de décadas atrás, uma revisão da dinâmica das trocas comerciais entre o país de café e este grupo evidência: por um lado, a deterioração o volume de exportações, e, por outro, o aumento das importações, principalmente do México, o que gerou um déficit da balança comercial e um atraso considerável de liberalização do comércio, medido em termos per capita. No entanto, uma análise mais aprofundada através da aplicação de indicadores, tais como Balassa, determina-se uma certa estabilidade e eficiência da Colômbia para exportar para esses países, bem como a existência de um grupo de produtos com considerável vantagem comparativa, mas pouco café exportado pelo país.