O avesso do mesmo lugar / El revés del mismo lugar / The reverse of the same place / L'envers du même endroit

Neste artigo, parte-se das experiências de fronteira de dois meninos. Uma é a narrativa de Zain, no filme Cafarnaum, anterior à sua migração do Líbano; a outra, o caso clínico de Túlio, construído por um grupo de supervisão em serviço de medidas socioeducativas em São Paulo. Abordaremos o laço social nesses distintos contextos, observando subjetividades singulares e universais de adolescentes marcados por desigualdade e injustiça social. O objetivo é interrogar a psicanálise diante da condição de desenraizamento imposta ao sujeito na contemporaneidade. O cinema, objeto da cultura, evoca a nossa responsabilidade ética ao aproximar ficção e realidade, denunciando violências de gênero e situações desumanas oferecidas aos imigrantes e às infâncias subalternizadas. Há o convite para a criação de dispositivos clínicos que ofereçam a hospitalidade como operador conceitual diante das urgências sociais

El presente artículo se basa en las experiencias fronterizas de dos niños. Una es la narración de Zain en la película Cafarnaum, antes de su emigración del Líbano; la otra es el caso clínico de Tulio, construido por un grupo de supervisión em un servicio de medidas socioeducativas en São Paulo. Abordaremos el vínculo social en estos diferentes contextos, observando subjetividades singulares y universales de adolescentes marcados por la desigualdad y la injusticia social. El objetivo es cuestionar el psicoanálisis ante la condición de desarraigo que se impone al sujeto en la contemporaneidad. El cine, objeto de la cultura, evoca nuestra responsabilidad ética al unir ficción y realidad, denunciando la violencia de género y las situaciones inhumanas que se ofrecen a los inmigrantes y a las infancias marginadas. Hay una invitación a crear dispositivos clínicos que ofrezcan hospitalidad como operador conceptual ante las urgencias sociales

This article is based on the frontier experiences of two boys. One is Zain's narrative in the movie Cafarnaum, before his emigration from Lebanon; the other is the clinical case of Tulio, developed by a supervision group in a social and educational measures service in São Paulo. We will approach the social bond in those different contexts, observing singular and universal subjectivities in adolescents marked by inequality and social injustice. The goal is to interrogate psychoanalysis in the face of the uprooting condition imposed on contemporaneous subjects. Cinema, an object of culture, evokes our ethical responsibility by bringing fiction and reality together, denouncing gender violence and inhuman situations faced by immigrants and underprivileged children. There is an invitation to create clinical devices that offer hospitality as a conceptual operator in the face of social urgencies

Dans cet article, nous partons des expériences frontalières de deux garçons. L'un est le parcours de Zain dans le film Cafarnaum, avant sa migration du Liban ; dans l'autre, le cas clinique de Tulio, construit par un groupe de supervision d'une institution de protection socio-éducative à São Paulo. Nous aborderons le lien social dans ces différents contextes, en observant les subjectivités singulières et universelles d'adolescents marqués par des inégalités et l'injustice sociale. Il s'agit d'interroger la psychanalyse face à la condition de déracinement imposée au sujet dans le contemporain. Le cinéma, objet de culture, évoque notre responsabilité éthique en proposant la rencontre entre fiction et réalité, en dénonçant la violence de genre et les situations inhumaines imposées aux immigrés et aux enfances subalternes. Il s'agit ici d'une invitation à créer des dispositifs cliniques qui partent de l' hospitalité comme opérateur conceptuel face aux urgences sociales

Nursing students’ knowledge, rewriting skills and perception about communicating with non-native Japanese people to transmit health information / 国際保健医療

Objective  Everyone has the right to obtain information through understandable language. Nevertheless, it has been pointed out that in Japan, a language barrier prevents it. Plain Japanese (easy Japanese) has been proposed as a solution. Plain Japanese is a language form simplified to be suitable for non-native Japanese peoples’ Japanese abilities. However, there are limited studies on healthcare professionals’ use of plain Japanese. The objectives of this study were to examine changes, moreover associations between knowledge and rephrasing skills among nursing students.Method  Eighty nursing students were subjected to this study. We conducted a lesson on “plain Japanese”. Data were collected before and after the lesson using questionnaires. We compared the number of knowledge items and rephrasing scores before and after the lesson. After the lesson, we also compared the number of knowledge items between the high rephrasing score group and the low rephrasing score group. We compared perceptions about communication with non-native Japanese people before and after the lesson.Results  Seventy-two nursing students participated in this study. There was a significant difference in the number of knowledge items before and after the lessons（from 2 to 8) (p<0.05). Rephrasing skills scores were increased as well (from 3 to 4) (p<0.05). The positive answers about “plain Japanese” increased after the lesson. However, the median number of knowledge items among the high rephrasing score group was 10 and the median number among the low rephrasing score group was 8 after the lesson. There was no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions  Overall, both the number of knowledge items and rephrasing skills scores were increased. However, it is unknown whether the increase in rephrasing skills were improved based on increased knowledge. Students will more specific knowledge and repetitive practice to improve skills in using plain Japanese.

Differences in gestational weight gain in accordance with Japanese and Institute of Medicine guidelines between Japanese and non-Japanese Asian pregnant women at a perinatal medical center in Japan / 国際保健医療

Objectives  High gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with perinatal risks to mother and child. Research shows that non-Japanese Asian women have higher GWG than Japanese women. However, no studies have compared GWG in these two populations using GWG recommendations in accordance with Japanese and Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. The study aim was to compare GWG in non-Japanese Asian and Japanese pregnant women.Methods  This was a retrospective observational study. All participants were aged ≥20 years and gave birth between September 2019 and the end of October 2020 at one perinatal medical center in Japan. Medical record data were analyzed for 170 non-Japanese Asian and 316 Japanese pregnant women. We used t-tests and chi-square tests to examine differences in age, parity, smoking status, antenatal checkups, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and GWG. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for above- and below-recommended GWG by non-Japanese Asian and Japanese status. We also analyzed differences in delivery type, abnormal blood loss, and birth size according to GWG.Results  After adjustment for confounding factors, the multivariable-adjusted OR and 95% CI for GWG above the Japanese guidelines recommendations was 1.86 (1.23-2.81) and that for GWG above IOM guidelines recommendations was 2.46 (1.45-4.16) for non-Japanese Asian women, as compared with Japanese women. Conversely, the multivariable-adjusted OR and 95% CI for GWG below Japanese guidelines recommendations was 1.55 (1.03-2.32) and that for GWG below IOM guidelines recommendations was 1.87 (1.26-2.76) for Japanese women, compared with non-Japanese Asian women. Conclusion  Because Japanese women tend to be below recommended GWG and non-Japanese Asian women tend to be above recommended GWG, midwives need to provide careful guidance to reduce perinatal risks.

Rehabilitation Treatment Involving Language Evaluation and Training Considering Poor Japanese Proficiency of Hongkongese Patient with Brain Tumor：A Case Report / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Since foreign patients may have inadequate Japanese language proficiency, rehabilitation techniques and evaluations of the higher brain and language function are often challenging. Here, we report a Hongkongese patient who suffered from higher brain dysfunction and dysgraphia after brain surgery. The patient was a 29-year-old left-handed man admitted to the Osaka International Cancer Institute for surgical resection of a choroid plexus tumor located on the trigone in the right lateral ventricle. Since the patient's mastery of the Japanese language was poor on preoperative evaluation, we partially evaluated his higher brain functions in Cantonese and English. However, he experienced left hemispatial neglect and spatial dysgraphia on postoperative day (POD) 2. On POD 48, his spatial dysgraphia (mainly in Cantonese) and higher brain functions improved with rehabilitation treatment, which involved verbal and non-verbal techniques such as task presentation and pointing. Although rehabilitation tasks and techniques are difficult due to language barriers, non-verbal techniques can be effective in providing treatment. Furthermore, it is important to evaluate the patient's language proficiency on preoperative assessment, especially in non-native Japanese speakers.

Problems for uninsured traveler in availing medical treatment: Case study of a person who suffered cerebral infarction / 国際保健医療

Background  The number of foreign tourists visiting Japan has increased to about 30 million people per year. 1.5% of them were injured or became sick during their travelin Japan and had to undergo medical treatment. Among the foreign tourists, 27% were not covered by travel health insurance.Case  A 40-year-old man from Southeast Asia who was visiting his relative in Japan experienced sudden hemiparesis and was diagnosed with cerebral infarction. During the initial treatment, it was found that the patient did not have health insurance and the relatives could not afford to pay the treatment costs. No other source of financial support was available to him During our consultations with the patient and his relatives about the medical treatment including medical expenses, he continued to be treated as an outpatient and it was aimed at an early return to his home country.Discussion  Foreigners, who are not covered under travel health insurance, could fall ill or sustain an injury during their stay in Japan. Appropriate medical care should be provided regardless of their ability to pay. However, a situation that could lead them to incur huge medical expenses from availing medical care should be avoided. For medical consultations of non-insured foreigners, it is better to consult the available systems and pay attention about feasible medical expenses. There is a need for a long-term vision of medical care to make a smooth transition from medical treatment in Japan to treatment in their home country.Conclusion  Although medical institutions can offer only a limited response, it is necessary to accumulate case examples from across the nation and prepare specific countermeasures and counselors.

A questão do estrangeiro na contemporaneidade: uma leitura a partir de Zygmunt Bauman / The foreigners question in contemporaneity: a reading from Zygmunt Bauman / La cuestión del extranjero en la contemporaneidad: una lectura a partir de Zygmunt Bauman

Vive-se um momento global em que pessoas estão sendo forçadas a sair de seus países, preponderantemente por considerarem que estes não oferecerem condições de vida e proteção, dirigindo-se para outras localidades em busca de refúgio. A partir destes movimentos internacionais levantam-se a necessidade de construir modos de convivência. O presente trabalho pretende analisar a problemática do contexto atual de migrações internacionais e a questão do estrangeiro a partir da obra do sociólogo polonês Zygmunt Bauman. Nesta análise, é realizada uma discussão acerca da questão do estrangeiro amparada ao conceito de identidade. Considerando a alteridade como uma dimensão que se faz presente na relação com o outro, por fim entendemos a necessidade de desenvolver um olhar que inclua o reconhecimento do outro em sua singularidade. Ao mesmo tempo, compreendemos a importância de desenvolver uma nova política vinculada à construção de espaços físicos e simbólicos que viabilizem a vivência na diferença. (AU)

We live in a global moment when people are being forced to leave their countries, mainly because they consider that they do not offer living conditions and protection, going to other places in search of refuge. From these international movements it is possible to observe the need to construct ways of coexistence. The present work intends to analyze the problematic of the current context of international migrations and the issue of the foreigner from the ideas of polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. For this analysis the issue of the foreigner supported by the concept of identity. Considering the otherness that is present in the relationship with the other, finally we understand the importance of the recognition of the other in its singularity. At the same time, we understand the need to develop a new policy linked to construction of physical and symbolic spaces that make possible the experience of difference. (AU)

Se vive un momento global en que las personas están siendo forzadas a salir de sus países, principalmente por considerar que éstos no ofrecen condiciones de vida y protección, dirigiéndose a otras localidades en busca de refugio. A partir de estos movimientos internacionales se plantea la necesidad de construir modos de convivencia. El presente trabajo pretende analizar la problemática del contexto actual de las migraciones internacionales y la cuestión del extranjero a partir de la obra del sociólogo polaco Zygmunt Bauman. Para este análisis se plantea la cuestión del extranjero amparado al concepto de identidad. Considerando la alteridad que se hace presente en la relación con el otro, por fin entendemos la necesidad del reconocimiento del otro en su singularidad. Al mismo tiempo, se entiende que es necesario desarrollar una política vinculada a la construcción de espacios físicos y simbólicos que viabilizen la vivencia en la diferencia. (AU)

Notas sobre a psicanálise no Sul do Brasil / Notes on psychoanalysis in Southern Brazil / Notas sobre el psicoanálisis en el Sur de Brasil / Remarques concernant la psychanalyse dans le sud du Brésil

O autor apresenta sua visão sobre a história da psicanálise no Rio Grande do Sul desde a década de 1970 até os dias de hoje, período de sua formação médica, psiquiátrica e psicanalítica. Descreve também um pequeno levantamento que realizou com colegas brasileiros, concluindo que talvez no Brasil possamos falar de uma psicanálise pós-colonial, "mestiça", que está buscando sua identidade em um processo paralelo ao do nosso país na contemporaneidade. Processo que implica a desidealização do estrangeiro e a recuperação do valor do nosso.

The author presents his perception of the history of psychoanalysis in Rio Grande do Sul from the 1970s to the present date, the period in which he carried out his medical, psychiatric and psychoanalytic training. He also describes a brief survey he conducted with Brazilian colleagues, concluding that perhaps in Brazil we could speak of a post-colonial, "mestizo" psychoanalysis; one which is seeking its identity in the contemporary world, along with that of our country. It is a process that implies de-idealizing what is foreign and recovering a value of our own.

El autor presenta su visión sobre la historia del psicoanálisis en Rio Grande do Sul desde la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad, período de su formación médica, psiquiátrica y psicoanalítica. Describe un pequeño levantamiento que realizó con colegas brasileños, concluyendo que tal vez en Brasil, podamos hablar de un psicoanálisis poscolonial, "mestizo", que está buscando su identidad en un proceso paralelo al de nuestro país en la contemporaneidad. Proceso este que resulta en no idealizar lo extranjero y la recuperación del valor de lo nuestro.

L'auteur présente son avis concernant l'histoire de la psychanalyse au Rio Grande do Sul, des années 1970 à nos jours, soit la période correspondant à sa formation en médicine, psychiatrie et psychanalyse. Il décrit aussi un petit relèvement qu'il a réuni auprès des collègues brésiliens, et en conclut qu'au Brésil nous pouvons peut-être parler d'une psychanalyse postcoloniale, "métisse" qui cherche son identité dans un processus parallèle à celui de notre pays dans la contemporanéité. Un processus qui implique la non idéalisation de l'étranger et la récupération de la valeur de ce qui nous appartient.

Vozes do exílio: sobre o impossível da identidade / Voces del exilio: sobre lo imposible de la identidad / Voices of exile: on the impossible of identity

Resumo O presente estudo aborda o tema do exílio à luz da psicanálise, tendo como fio condutor a declaração de Freud de que, durante sua infância, a leitura da Bíblia havia exercido uma grande influência em seu pensamento. Retomando algumas das narrativas ancestrais do Antigo Testamento que testemunham o fenômeno da errância, a repetição de um êxodo sempre refeito, a autora mostra que, em O homem Moisés e a religião monoteísta, Freud, ao construir a origem egípcia do profeta maior dos judeus, contrapõe a condição humana de estrangeiro à noção de identidade. O estrangeiro na constituição do eu é o ponto sobre o qual essa última grande obra reitera o princípio psicanalítico de que a origem do sujeito, individual e coletivo, advém do Outro, do heterogêneo em relação a si mesmo. Palavras-chave exílio; diáspora; estrangeiro; identidade; identificação.

Este estudio aborda el tema del exilio a la luz del psicoanálisis, teniendo como hilo conductor el reconocimiento de Freud de que, durante su infancia, la lectura de la Biblia había ejercido una gran influencia en su pensamiento. Retomando algunos de los relatos ancestrales del Antiguo Testamento que dan testimonio del fenómeno de la repetición de un éxodo que siempre se rehace, la autora muestra que, en Moisés y la religión monoteísta, Freud, al construir el origen egipcio del profeta más grande de los judios, opone la condición de extranjero a la noción de identidad. El desconocido en la constitución del yo es el punto en el que ese último gran trabajo freudiano reitera el principio psicoanalítico de que el origen del sujeto, individual y colectivo, viene del otro, de lo heterogéneo en relación a sí mismo. Palabras clave: exilio; diáspora; extranjero; identidad; identificación.

This study deals with the theme of exile from a psychoanalytic perspective. This paper is based on Freud's statement of having had his thinking strongly influenced by reading the Bible during childhood. The author recalls some ancestral narratives of the Old Testament which testify to the phenomenon of wandering or an exodus that is always repeated. The paper shows that, in Moses and monotheism, Freud establishes a contrast between the human condition of being a foreigner and the notion of identity, when he constructs the Egyptian origin of the greater prophet of the Jews. The foreigner in the constitution of the ego is the point on which this last great work reiterates the psychoanalytic principle that the origin of the subject, whether individual or collective, comes from the Other, from the heterogeneous in relation to oneself. Keywords: exile; diaspora; foreigner; identity; identification.

Clinical Characteristics and Heart Rate Variability of Foreign Domestic Violence Victims in Korea / 수면정신생리

OBJECTIVES: Domestic violence is related to many psychiatric diseases, such as depression, anxiety disorder, and PTSD. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an index of autonomic control of the heart and is related to cardiovascular and emotional disorders. Although there have been some studies on the effects of domestic violence on women's mental health, relatively little information is available on HRV in this population. The aim of this study is to investigate demographic data, psychological features, and HRV in female victims of domestic violence and difference between Korean and foreign female victims. METHODS: A total of 210 female victims of domestic violence (166 Korean women and 44 foreign women) were recruited for this study. Psychological symptoms were measured using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). HRV measures were assessed by time-domain and frequency-domain analyses. RESULTS: The mean score of HAM-A was 13.81, that of HAM-D was 12.92, and that of IES-R was 33.61 ; there were no significant differences between Korean and foreign women in these measures. In HRV time domain analyses, approximate entropy (ApEn) was significantly increased in foreign women compared to the Korean women. The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD) was significantly decreased in foreign women compared to Korean women. There were no significant differences in the other HRV variables between Korean and foreign women. CONCLUSION: Female victims of domestic violence in Korea are associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. The physiologic factors of a female victim's nationality could be related to higher ApEn and lower RMSSD in foreign female victims. These findings have important implications for future study to study the relationships among ethnic and environmental factors and HRV variables.

Analysis of Operational Characteristics and Substantiality Plan of Inpatient Diets for Foreigners in Hospitals

The objectives of this study were to analyze the operational characteristics and to explore the substantiality plan of inpatient diets for foreigners in hospitals. Questionnaires were mail-delivered to 128 hospitals, and a total of 62 questionnaires were usable with a response rate of 48.4 percent. Statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS Win 11.0 for descriptive analysis, independent t-test, and χ2 test. Results can be summarized as follows. The average number of inpatient meals for foreigners in the last 6 months were 405 and 53 for general therapeutic diets and special therapeutic diets, respectively. The rates of hospitals with an exclusive department and exclusive staff for foreign inpatients were 48.4% and 53.2%, respectively. Major nationalities of foreign inpatients were China (37.5%) and Russia (31.3%), and their major medical departments were internal medicine (43.9%) and surgery (39.0%). The number of hospitals that provided inpatient diet only for foreigners was 42 (72.4%) and influencing factors were number of permitted beds (P<0.05), an exclusive department (P<0.001), and exclusive staff (P<0.01). The main type of menu was USA·European style (61.1%), and the price of inpatient meals for foreigners was mostly \10,000~\25,000 (62.0%). As 75.9% of hospitals did not possess dietary slip manuals for foreigners, the case of preparing inpatient meals for foreigners in the form of a general therapeutic diet partially-modified according to disease was the majority (55.4%). Dietitians felt the need for nutrition management guidelines and dietary slip manuals (47.3%) as a substantiality plan of inpatient diets for foreigners. There is a need for exclusive foodservice standards for foreign inpatients in the changing medical environment.

Do ato de ver ao olhar que se mostra: observações psicanalíticas e filosóficas da obra de arte / From the act of seeing to the look which shows: psychoanalytic and philosophical observations from the work of art

Neste estudo pretendemos explorar a esquize do olho e do olhar na pintura a partir da leitura lacaniana de O visível e o invisível, de Merleau-Ponty. Se, de um lado, o ato de ver apreende os objetos do mundo cultural e os ultrapassa, de outro, há o olhar como aquilo que se mostra ao observador, desorganizando seu campo perceptivo. Esse olhar de fora, que nos percebe e nos arrebata, é concebido por Lacan como o registro do Real e descrito por Merleau-Ponty como o "olhar estrangeiro". Qual outrem, esse "olhar estrangeiro" vem surpreender o pintor (e o espectador), brotando do fundo do horizonte invisível, inesgotável, e inscreve-se continuamente, produzindo desejos e incitando o artista a elaborar novas criações. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar a leitura que Lacan fez de Merleau-Ponty no Seminário XI acerca do olhar como estranhamento a partir de O visível e o invisível, bem como suas implicações na "visibilidade anônima" que habita a obra de arte.

In this research we intend to analyze the eye squize and the looking in the painting from the Lacanian reading of the Visible and the invisible, by Merleau-Ponty. On one hand, the seeing act apprehends the objects from the cultural world and overtakes it; on the other hand, there's the view from what has been shown to the observer, disarranging his perceptual field. This uninvolved vision, this look that perceives and enchants us is conceived by Lacan as the Royal Registry and described by Merleau-Ponty as a "Foreigner eye". This "Foreigner eye" come to surprise the painter (and the spectator), sprouting from the invisible horizon background, being inexhaustible, inscribing itself continuously, and producing wishes and inciting the artist to pursuit new creations. In this regard, this paper is aimed to investigate Lacan's reading from Merleau-Ponty in XI Seminar, the looking as strangeness from the text Visible and the Invisible, and the implications in the "unnamed visibility" that inhabits the work of art.

Infection Status of Endoparasites in Foreigner Workers Living in Cheonan City, Chungnam Province, Korea

At present, more than 500,000 foreigner workers, most of them from Asian countries with high parasitic infection rates, are working in Korea. Since investigation into the prevalence of parasitic infections in foreigner workers has not yet been conducted in Korea, the present study was performed to determine the parasitic infection status of foreigner workers living in Cheonan City, Chungcheongnam-do (Chungnam Province) and to plan, on that basis, effective control measures. From October to December 2013, the parasitic infection status of 231 foreigner workers employed at selected Cheonan-si small businesses was investigated by both stool examination and ELISA. A total of 60 individuals (26.0%) were found to be infected with parasites. The stool examination detected 14 positive cases (6.1%), and ELISA revealed 50 positive people (21.6%), for at least a kind of parasitic disease. The most common infection was cysticercosis (8.7%), followed by toxocariasis (7.8%) and clonorchiasis (7.4%). Since it was proved that parasitic infections were prevalent among foreigner workers living in Cheonan City, more comprehensive study is urgently needed in order to understand the nationwide status of parasitic infections in foreigner workers.

A Comparison Study using Mixed Methods on Foreign Residents' Satisfaction with Korean Health Care Services

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine and compare satisfaction with Korean health care services for Americans, Chinese and Russians who resided in Korea. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to 252 participants (81 Americans, 89 Chinese, 82 Russians). Three focus group interviews were subsequently conducted in order to obtain a greater understanding of participants' experience and perspectives. RESULTS: The average satisfaction score was 3.09, with Americans and Russians showing significantly higher scores than Chinese. Overall, participants reported higher satisfaction in 'Facility', 'Quality of care' and 'Nursing services' as opposed to 'Information/education'. 'Care with cultural respect' as well as communication related services. Data from the focus group interviews were categorized into 12 sub-categories, 7 categories and 2 themes. The two themes were common experience and contrasting experience. Common experience included 4 categories, 'Quality of care', 'Hospital facility and health care system', 'Language barrier' and 'Information and education'. Contrasting experience included 3 categories, 'Medical cost', 'Health care personnel' and 'Accessibility'. CONCLUSION: Results of this study provide basic knowledge on foreign residents' satisfaction and experience with Korean health care services. Further research is needed with foreigners from different cultural backgrounds. Administrative and educational efforts are required to improve communication skills and cultural competency.

Key Elements for the Improvement of Healthcare Services for Foreigners in Korea: A Delphi Study / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the key elements for the improvement of healthcare services for foreigners in Korea. METHOD: Delphi technique was used for this study. As the members of an expert panel for this study, 32 healthcare professionals, who were physicians, nurses, administrators, and care coordinators, with at least 6 months of experiences in international clinics and healthcare services in five metropolitan areas in Korea participated. Data collections were conducted three times from August to October, 2009. The priority and the importance were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS Win 15.0. RESULT: The key element selected most frequently by the experts was the 'Healthcare providers' abilities for foreign languages' followed by 'Guidelines for facing medical accidences and disputes', 'Information and guide for healthcare services written in English', ''Informed consent preventing medical disputes', 'System of healthcare service fees for foreigners'. CONCLUSIONS: The key elements for the improvement of healthcare services for foreigners in Korea were mostly the requirements for effective communication with the foreign clients and the systemic support. The key elements identified in this study can be applied usefully for the development of strategies to improve the quality of healthcare services for foreigners.

Foreign Residents' Experience of Korean Health Care Services / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the experience of health care services by foreign residents in Korea. METHOD: Participants were 12 foreigners from China, North America, and Japan. Qualitative data were collected using three focus group interviews and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The participants' experience of health services was categorized as 21 sub-categories, 11 categories and three main categories. The main categories were 'Quality of health care', 'Health care personnel', and 'Health care system and infrastructure'. The main category of 'Quality of health care' included three categories, 'Health care personnel' included another four categories, and 'Health care system and infrastructure' included the remaining four categories. The participants reported positive experiences such as favorable feelings and satisfaction particularly, with the high quality of health care but also negative experiences such as apprehension, distrust, difficulties, and inconvenience in the health care service in Korea. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study can be helpful in the development of strategies to improve health care services for foreigners by providing fundamental information about the foreign residents' experience of health care services in Korea from their perspectives.

Survey of present medical services for foreigners by large public hospitals in Hangzhou / 中华医院管理杂志

The study focused on tertiary public hospitals in Hangzhou,investigating the comments of both hospitals workers and foreigners in the city with questionnaires and literature search.The foilowing four problems were identified in the study in the foreigner medical services in Hangzhou:Communication barriers between doctors and foreign patients,insufficient communication of medical service information,poor service environment and service attitude,and payment mechanism for medical insurance and charges.On such basis,the authors recommended policy changes for the government to improve foreigner-oriented medical services,including building the regulations up to intemational customs for medical services,reforms in the payment system,medical insurance management,as well as planning and promotions of foreigner-related service institutions,and management strategies for key elements within the hospital

One Stage Correction of the Severe Secondary Cleft Lip Nasal Deformities in Foreigners

PURPOSE: It is accepted universally that correction of the cleft lip nasal deformity requires multiple stages of surgery. Following primary lip repair in infancy or early childhood, secondary surgery to improve the deformity of the lip and nose is frequently necessary. A suitable surgical procedure to correct the accompanying deformity, such as cleft palate and alveolus, must be carried out at an appropriate age. In developing countries, it is common for patients with cleft lip nasal deformity to present severe secondary deformities in adolescence, because of poor follow-up and inappropriate surgery. METHODS: The first patient was a 12 year old Mongolian boy. He presented prominent lip scar, short lip, wide columella, asymmetric nostril, palatal fistula, cleft alveolus, and velopharyngeal incompetence. He underwent cheilorhinoplasty, transpositional flap, alveoloplasty by iliac bone graft, and sphincter pharyngoplasty. On follow-up, a bilateral maxillary hypoplasia and a class III malocclusion developed. He underwent LeFort I osteotomy and maxillary advancement at the age of 16 years. The second patient was an 18 year old Eastern Russian girl. She presented with a deviated nose, right alar base depression, short lip, protrusion on vermilion, large palatal fistula, and severe VPI due to short palate. She underwent the combined procedure of cheilorhinoplasty, corrective rhinoplasty, tongue flap for palatal fistula, and superiorly based pharyngeal flap. And the tongue flap was detached at postoperative 3 weeks. RESULTS: The overall results have been extremely pleasing and satisfactory to patients. There were no postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: We discovered the one stage operation for radical correction was sufficient procedure to provide excellent clinical outcomes in patients with severe cleft lip nose deformity.

Evaluation of Emergency Care for Foreign Patients in Korea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate current statistics relating to foreigners who visit a Korean emergency department (ED). METHODS: Subjects included in this study were 125,263 patients who visited one Korean ED from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010. We divided subjects into two groups, natives (Koreans) and foreigners (non-Koreans). We compared the two groups according to their age, sex, chief medical complaints, department to which they were referred, their final diagnosis, results of treatment applied, ED residence time, mortality rate, total billed cost of treatment, balance of any unpaid bills and method of visiting the ED. RESULTS: Of the total patients included in the study, 119,864 (95.7%) were natives and 5,399 (4.3%) were foreigners. In natives, the majority were 0 to 10 years old (35.1%), while foreigners were mostly 41 to 50 (22.8%) years old. The most common symptom in both natives and foreigners was fever. The most common diagnosis for foreigners was head, face, and neck injury (13.8%). The main referred departments for foreigners were internal medicine (20.1%), pediatric medicine (16.9%), and orthopedics (14.3%). The admission rate for foreigners (13.0%), was lower than that of natives (17.3%). The mortality rate for foreigners (0.5%) was higher than that of natives (0.3%). The ED residence time for foreigners was higher than that of natives. The total billed cost of treatment and balance of unpaid money by foreigners was higher than that of natives. For foreigners, the proportion of medical fees paid from personal accounts and industrial medical insurance were higher than those of natives. CONCLUSION: Medical insurance and policy for the management of foreigners who visit the ED must be improved.

A Survey on Health Behavior of Chinese Foreign Students in Japan / 国際保健医療

<B>Objective</B><BR>The number of foreign students coming to Japan continues to increase year by year. The majority of those students are from China. Besides social problems and insurance difficulties, cultural differences are an underlying cause of their health problem. The aim of our research is to evaluate the health behavior and health status of students from China who are living in Japan with the objective of providing recommendations for improvement of health care.<BR><B>Method</B><BR>A survey of students was conducted using questionnaires. The target for this study is Chinese students compared with domestic students at the same university in Japan. The contents of the questionnaire are related to; attribute attitude toward health and sickness, belief in health, mental and physical health status, social support, health behavior, and fitness activity.<BR><B>Results</B><BR>The rate of collected questionnaires was 35.7% (107/300) from Chinese students and 47.7% (143/300) from Japanese students. The average age of Chinese students was 24.5 years old and average duration of their stay was three years. Chinese students had high consciousness about maintaining good health. They obtained social support from friends, parents, acquaintances, family members other than parents and not much was obtained from school related people. As for health habit, female students were more likely to practice good health habits than males.<BR><B>Conclusions</B><BR>1.Chinese students had high consciousness about maintaining good health.<BR>2.Chinese students living in a foreign culture are highly aware and concerned about their health status but they are not in a position to obtain sufficient social support from university. It is vital for them to secure imminent social supports from now on.<BR>3.Differences in responses by gender were evident in the group related to health habits.

Impacto de las migraciones en Chile: nuevos retos para el pediatra: ¿Estamos preparados? / Impact of migrations in Chile: new challenges for the pediatrician: are we prepared?

Migrations are a worldwide phenomenon, where in South América Chile has become a receiving country of immigrants. The arrival of foreigners to the country, besides being a necessity due to local demographic changes with tendency of investment of the population pyramid, it can cause local epidemiological changes, presenting unknown diseases and increasing others controlled by monitorization epidemiological programs. In Chile, 1.3 percent of the population are foreigners, mainly becoming from countries like Perú, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and recently Palestine. 11.8 percent of immigrants are younger than 14 years-old, where 40 percent of them are not enrolled in the Public Health System and 30 percent do not have identification card. A period of latency of 6 months is estimated since the illegal entry to the country until it is incorporated to the National Health System. General doctors and pediatricians must be prepare for rare diseases in the country.

Actualmente las migraciones son un fenómeno mundial. En América del Sur, Chile se ha convertido en un país receptor de inmigrantes. La llegada de extranjeros al país, además de ser una necesidad por los cambios demográficos locales con tendencia a la inversión de la pirámide poblacional, puede ocasionar cambios epidemiológicos locales, presentando enfermedades desconocidas y aumento de otras controladas gracias a los programas de vigilancia epidemiológica. En Chile, el 1,3 por ciento de la población es extranjera, principalmente provenientes de países como Perú, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador y Colombia y más recientemente de Palestina. El 11,8 por ciento de los inmigrantes son menores de 14 años de edad. Se estima que cerca del 40 por ciento de estos niños inmigrantes no se encuentran inscritos en el Sistema de Salud Pública y de estos, el 30 por ciento no tiene cédula de identidad. Se considera que existe un período de latencia de aproximadamente 6 meses desde el ingreso ilegal al país hasta que es atendido en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Los médicos generales y pediatras debemos prepararnos para la atención de niños inmigrantes quienes pudieran tener enfermedades poco conocidas en el país.