Spurious infection by Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1983) Moravec, 1982 and intestinal parasites in forest reserve dwellers in Western Brazilian Amazon

ABSTRACT Subsistence hunting is the main source of protein for forest reserve dwellers, contributing to the development of spurious infections by Calodium hepaticum, frequently associated with the consumption of the liver from wild mammals. The prevalence of infections by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal protozoa is considered an indicator of the social vulnerability of a country, besides providing information on habits, customs and quality of life of a given population. Intestinal parasites mostly affect poor rural communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study reports the results of a parasitological survey carried out in 2017 and 2019, in two municipalities (Xapuri and Sena Madureira) in Acre State. Stool samples were collected from 276 inhabitants. Upon receipt, each sample was divided into two aliquots. Fresh samples without preservative were processed and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. Samples fixed in 10% formalin were processed by the spontaneous sedimentation and the centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Calodium hepaticum eggs were found in three stool samples. The overall STH prevalence was 44.9%. The hookworm prevalence (19.2%) was higher than that of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.7%), an unexpected finding for municipalities belonging to the Western Brazilian Amazon. When considering parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli showed the highest positivity rates, of 13% and 10.9%, respectively. This study is the first report of spurious infection by C. hepaticum among forest reserve dwellers that consume undercooked liver of lowland pacas. Additionally, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in Acre State.

First record of Vanilla labellopapillata (Orchidaceae: Vanilloideae) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil

The first record of Vanilla labellopapillata is presented for the state of Amazonas, Brazil, in the region of Manaus, now the western limit of the species, which was previously known only from the type locality in the state of Pará. A brief description is provided and taxonomic and ecological aspects of the species are discussed in the light of this new finding. (AU)

Landuse Pattern and Landcover of Akure Forest Reserve and Its Environs

This study investigated the pattern of land use and land cover of forest reserve in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Currently, deforestation constitutes one of the global development challenges. The broad objective of this study is to identify land use and land cover class within the study area using satellite imagery (ies) to determine the rate/trend of change of this Forest Reserve from 1988 to 2018. The research method includes the use of Geographical Positioning System, and processing of field data through GIS and Remote sensing tool (ILWIS). The research was able to identify various land use and land cover within the Akure forest reserve with the help of GIS and remote sensing tools, the boundary of Akure forest reserve and its environs was delineated, and further result of the classification of Landsat shows that as at 2018 the forest reserve is covered with majorly light vegetation with 51.79%. The study recommended that there Department of Forestry and Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development must ensure Policy that will encourage local people and institutional participation in forestry management and conservation along with safeguarding indigenous people’s traditional rights and tenure with rightful sharing of benefits.

The skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) of the Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo, San José, Costa Rica

Hesperiidae is one of the most diverse families of butterflies in Costa Rica, with approximately 486 species. Even so, there are few butterfly lists where this group has been included. In this paper, we present information on seasonality, abundance and natural history features of this family for the Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Reserve (RELO), a 2 ha forest embedded in an urban matrix. Over the course of two years, a monthly sampling was carried out on a 270 m trail across the Reserve from 08:00 to 12:00, collecting all the individuals located within 5 m on each side of the trail. To better represent the richness, individuals were also randomly collected for more than ten years, but the butterflies collected in this way were not included in the statistical analysis. Photographs were taken of all the species in order to provide an identification guide. For the cryptic species, drawings and dissections of the genitalia were made. For the community indexes we used Microsoft Excel and the Shannon index with base two logarithm. For the summary of the monthly data analysis were done according to dry and wet season. For a comparison of richness and abundance we did a g-test to evaluate if there are differences between seasons; however, with the use of the R package vegan a hierarchical cluster analysis was done using the Jaccard index with Wards minimum variance agglomerative method. With R package pvclust the uncertainty of the clusters based on a bootstrap with 10 000 iterations. 423 individuals of 49 species were included in the statistical analysis, from a total of 435 individuals of 58 species. A tendency to greater richness and abundance of skippers was found during the dry season. Through the cluster analysis, it was possible to determine that in relation to the diversity of skippers, both wet seasons are grouped significantly (P = 0.05). The dry seasons are also grouped significantly (P = 0.05). The reserve has connectivity with other green areas via a stream. During the wet season, plant growth increases connectivity, which could lead to the entry of new individuals of different species that are not permanent residents of RELO and establish small populations, increasing the richness and abundance of species. This added to the variation in the occurrence of some species of butterflies in response to seasonal variations and differences in the availability of resources in different seasons explains the grouping of species between seasons.

Con aproximadamente 486 especies, Hesperiidae es una de las familias más diversas de mariposas de Costa Rica. A pesar de eso, en pocas listas de especies locales son incluidas. En este trabajo, presentamos información sobre la estacionalidad, abundancia e historia natural de los hespéridos de la Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo. Ésta reserva se encuentra dentro de una matriz urbanizada y por un período de dos años se realizaron muestreos mensuales a lo largo de un sendero de 270 m que la atraviesa. Las recolectas se llevaron a cabo desde las 08:00 hasta las 12:00, atrapando todos los individuos encontrados a cada lado del sendero a una distancia de hasta 5 m. Para representar mejor la riqueza de especies, se siguió recolectando individuos de manera aleatoria por más de diez años posteriores al muestreo inicial. Consecuentemente, estos individuos no fueron incluidos en el análisis estadístico realizado. Se tomaron fotografías de todas las especies obtenidas en total, para proporcionar una guía de identificación de especies. Ademas, para las especies crípticas se realizaron disecciones e ilustraciones de los genitales masculinos. Para el análisis de diversidad se utilizó el índice de Shannon con logaritmo en base dos y analizando los datos por separado de las estación lluviosa y seca. Para la comparación de riqueza y abundancia se realizó una prueba G y se obtuvo que hay mayor diversidad y abundancia durante la estación seca. Se utilizó el paquete vegan R para un análisis de conglomerados de Jaccard con un indice Ward de mínima varianza. Con el Paquete R pvclust la incertidumbre de los conglomerados se realizó con un bootstrap de 10 000 interacciones. 423 individuos de 49 especies fueron incluidas en el análisis estadístico, de un total de 435 individuos de 58 especies tratadas en este trabajo. Con el análisis de conglomerados fue posible determinar que la diversidad de Hesperiidae en las dos estaciones lluviosas analizadas se agrupan significativamente (P = 0.05). Lo mismo que sucede con las estaciones secas (P = 0.05). La Reserva presenta conectividad con otras áreas boscosas a través de una quebrada. Durante la estación lluviosa, el crecimiento vegetativo aumenta el paso de individuos lo que puede propiciar la llegada de nuevas especies que no necesariamente son residentes permanentes de la Reserva y establecerse en pequeñas poblaciones que incrementan la diversidad y abundancia temporalmente, Lo anterior, mas las variaciones estacionales en la disponibilidad de recursos explican la similitud de la composición de especies entre cada una de las estaciones.

A new species of phlebotomine sandfly, Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) duckei (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil / Uma nova espécie de flebotomíneo, Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) duckei (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil

Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) duckei Oliveira, Alencar and Freitas sp. n. from Adolpho Ducke Reserve, Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, is described and illustrated based on three male specimens, the holotype and two paratypes. The paratypes have abnormalities in the external genitalia, one with asymmetric bilateral anomaly (different anomalies in each of certain paired structures) and the other with unilateral anomaly (anomaly in one of the paired structures). The new species probably belongs to the Serrana Series, integrating the list of the species whose males possess gonostylus with two stout spines (one apical and other subapical), as well as a small and very thin spine on the inner surface of the basal half.

Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) duckei Oliveira, Alencar e Freitas sp. n. da Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Estado do Amazona, Brasil, é descrita e ilustrada com base em três espécimes machos, o holótipo e dois parátipos. Os parátipos possuem anomalias na genitália externa, sendo um com anomalia bilateral assimétrica (anomalias diferentes em cada uma das estruturas pareadas) e outro com anomalia unilateral (anomalia em uma das estruturas pareadas). A nova espécie provavelmente pertence à Série Serrana, integrando a lista das espécies, cujos machos possuem gonóstilo com dois espinhos robustos (um apical e outro subapical), bem como um espinho delgado e muito curto na superfície interna da metade basal.

Plantas medicinales de Panamá 2: etnobotánica de la Reserva Forestal La Tronosa, Provincia de Los Santos / Medicinal plants of Panamá 2: ethnobotanics of Forestal Reserve La Tronosa, Province of Los Santos

La Reserva Forestal La Tronosa se localiza en la provincia de Los Santos, distrito de Tonosí con una superficie de 20,579 ha. El objetivo de la investigación era determinar el uso de las plantas medicinales. La metodología incluye, caminatas etnobotánicas y la aplicación encuestas, en las comunidades: La Bijagual, Culebra, Corotúa y la Bonita. Se identificaron 108 especies y se procesaron 1,855 datos de procedencia y parte usada de las plantas, forma de preparación y propiedades curativas. La Bonita fue la comunidad que más usa las Plantas Medicinales en un 38%. La parte más usada de la planta fue la hoja (69 %) y se preparan en lavados (65%) e infusiones (57%). Las plantas más usadas son sábila, mastranto y salvia. Las enfermedades más comunes son: respiratorias (19,7 %), dolor de cuerpo (19%) y problemas estomacales (18%).

The Tronosa Forest Reserve is located in the province of Los Santos, Tonosí district with an area of 20.579 ha. The aim of the research was to determine the use of medicinal plants. The methodology includes surveys ethnobotanical walks and implementation in communities: La Bijagual, Culebra, Corotúa and La Bonita. Species were identified 108 and 1855 data source and used portion of the plants, the preparation form and processed healing properties. La Bonita was the community that uses the medicinal plants by 38%. The part of the plant used was the leaf (69%) and are prepared in wash (65%) and tea (57%). The plants most commonly used are aloe, mastranto and sage. The most common diseases are respiratory (19,7%), body pain (19%) and stomach problems (18%).

Plantas medicinales de Panamá 1: etnobotánica de la reserva forestal el montuoso / Medicinal plants of Panamá: ethnobotanics of the montuoso forestal reserve

Se investigó el uso de las plantas medicinales de las comunidades de la Reserva Forestal El Montuoso (RFM), en el Distrito de Las Minas Panamá, se incluyeron los asentamientos humanos de mayor densidad: Chepo, Caras Pintadas, Tres Puntas, La Loma del Montuoso y La Peña. Se identificaron 142 especies. De estas especies el 52 por ciento provienen de los bosques de esta reserva y 47 por ciento de los huertos familiares, no se ha observado por parte de la población, intenciones de domesticación de las plantas, provenientes del bosque para posteriormente sembrarlas en sus huertos familiares. La parte más usada de las plantas medicinales es la hoja que se consumen generalmente en infusiones; en tanto que las raíces y la corteza se cocinan por 5 a 20 minutos (decocción y reducción). El principal uso de las plantas medicinales en la RFM es para combatir problemas gastrointestinales, enfermedades asociados al resfriado común, dolores en el cuerpo, presión arterial alta y enfermedades dermatológicas. Entre las especies silvestres más usadas tenemos: hierba de pasmo (Siparuna guianensis Aubl, Siparuna pauciflora Perkins, Siparuna tonduziana Perkins) y la hierba de montaña (Piper darienense C.DC.). The cultivated species most used are: mastranto (Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br.), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) y aloe (Aloe vera L.). Estas plantas medicinales representan un gran recurso para esta región de difícil acceso a los servicios de salud.

The use of medicinal plants in the communities of The Montuoso Forest Reserve (MFR), in the district of Las Minas Panama is investigated. Human settlements of higher density were also included: Chepo, Caras PIntadas, Tres Puntas, the Loma del Montuoso and La Peña. 142 species were identified. Of these species, 52 percent are coming from the forests of the reserve and 47 percent of home gardens. It has not been observed by the population, intentions of domestication of plants from the forest, then sow in their home gardens. The most widely used medicinal plants of the MFR are usually consumed in teas; while the roots and bark are cooked for 5-20 minutes (decoction and reduction). The main use of medicinal plants in the MFR is to treat gastrointestinal disorders, diseases associated with the common cold, body aches, high blood pressure and skin diseases. Among the wild species used are: Hierba de Pasmo (Siparuna guianensis Aubl, Siparuna pauciflora Perkins, Siparuna tonduziana Perkins) and mountain herb (Piper darienense C.DC.). The Most used cultivated species are: Mastranto (Lippia alba (Mill) N.E.Br.), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.) and Aloe (Aloe vera L). These medicinal plants are a great resource for this region of difficult access to health services.

Conocimiento y valoración de la calidad ambiental de la Reserva Forestal Bosque Yotoco: perspectiva psicoambiental / Knowledge and environmental assessment of forest reserve forest Yotoco quality: environmental psychology perspective

El presente trabajo de investigación se enmarca en el campo de la Psicología Ambiental y tuvo como propósito describir los conocimientos y las valoraciones que las personas expresaron sobre la calidad ambiental de la Reserva Forestal Bosque de Yotoco (Valle del Cauca, Colombia), así como descubrir sugerencias implícitas o explicitas pertinentes para el mejoramiento de la calidad ambiental del ecosistema en mención. Los participantes fueron algunos de los visitantes a la reserva desde el año 1994 hasta el 2011. Este estudio utilizó una estrategia metodológica cualitativa. Los datos analizados se obtuvieron a través del muestreo al azar de los libros de registro de visitantes, en el cual éstos escriben los comentarios sobre el carácter de su experiencia inmediatamente culminan el recorrido de la misma. Los resultados son ampliamente favorables hacia el reconocimiento de la calidad ambiental de la Reserva en sus aspectos físicos, bióticos y especialmente los psicosociales. Se destacan algunos comentarios relacionados con la apreciación del paisaje, la importancia como fuente originaria y regula-dora de agua, el ser uno de los pocos "sobrevivientes" de bosque en la vertiente oriental de la cordillera occidental colombiana, la buena atención de los funcionarios y su posibilidad para la educación ambiental pertinente.

The present research is framed in the field of environmental psychology and was aimed to describe the knowledge and assessments that people expressed about the environmental quality of the forest Forest Reserve Yotoco (Colombia), and discover relevant implicit or explicit suggestions to improve the environmental quality of the ecosystem in question. Participants were among the visitors to the Reserve during the years 1994 through 2011. This study used a qualitative methodological strategy. The data analyzed were obtained through random sampling of the record books of visitors where they write comments on the nature of their experience immediately culminate the course of it. The results are very favorable towards the recognition of the environmental quality of the Reserve in its physical, biotic and especially psychosocial aspects. The study highlights some reviews related to the appreciation of the landscape, the importance as originating and regulating water supply, one of the few to be "survivors" of forest on the eastern slope of the Colombian Western Cordillera, good care provided by the staff and the possibility for the relevant environmental education.

Variações espaço-temporais no estoque de sementes do solo na floresta amazônica / Space-time variations in soil seed stock in an amazon rainforest

The dispersion efficiency, longevity and the ability of seeds to remain latent waiting for suitable conditions for germination in the forest soil seed bank ensures the presence of pioneer tree species in disturbed areas. The seasonal and spatial variations in the density and floristic composition of the seed bank in tropical rainforests is a subject still little understood. This work verified the existence of spatio-temporal changes of the seed bank present in areas of humid tropical rain forest located near Manaus, Amazonas. In each of the six study areas, 40 circular samples of topsoil (10 cm in diameter and 2 cm deep) were randomly collected every two months, from August 2004 to June/2005. Inside a greenhouse, the collected soil samples were distributed in trays and the emergence of seeds present in the soil was accompanied during four months. There was a significant reduction (H: 14.09112, p <0.05) in the mean density of seeds presents in the soil in June (early dry season) compared to February (middle of the rainy season). There was also a significant difference (H: 188.7245, p <0.05) in the mean density of soil seeds present in the different samples areas. Similar to other tropical forest areas, the permanent seed bank in the forest was dominated by pioneer species, mainly from the family Melastomataceae, while typical tropical forest species were rare in the forest soil.

A dispersão eficiente, a longevidade e a capacidade das sementes de permanecer em estado latente a espera de condições adequadas de germinação no banco de sementes do solo da floresta garantem a presença de espécies arbóreas pioneiras nas áreas perturbadas. As variações estacionais e espaciais na densidade e na composição florística do banco de sementes em Florestas Tropicais Úmidas são assuntos ainda pouco compreendidos. Este trabalho verificou a existência de modificações espaço-temporais do banco de sementes presente em áreas de Floresta Tropical úmida localizadas próximas a Manaus, AM. Em cada uma das seis áreas estudadas, foram coletadas 40 amostras circulares de solo superficial (10 cm de diâmetro e 2 cm de profundidade) ao acaso. Essas amostras foram coletadas a cada dois meses, entre agosto/2004 e junho/2005,. As amostras de solo foram distribuídas em bandejas em casa de vegetação e a emergência das sementes presentes no solo foi acompanhada por 4 meses. Houve uma redução significativa (H: 14,09, p < 0,05) na densidade média de sementes no solo em junho (início da estação seca) em relação a fevereiro (meio da estação chuvosa). Houve também diferença significativa (H: 188,72, p < 0,05) na densidade média de sementes do solo presente nas diferentes áreas amostradas. Assim como para outras áreas de florestas tropicais, o banco de sementes permanente da floresta foi dominado por espécies pioneiras, principalmente da família Melastomataceae, enquanto as espécies típicas da Floresta Tropical madura foram raras no solo florestal.

The effect of climate and soil conditions on tree species turnover in a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest in Costa Rica

On a global level, Tropical Montane Cloud Forests constitute important centers of vascular plant diversity. Tree species turnover along environmental gradients plays an important role in larger scale diversity patterns in tropical mountains. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of beta diversity across the Tilarán mountain range in North-Western Costa Rica, and to elucidate the impact of climate and soil conditions on tree species turnover at a local scale. Seven climate stations measuring rainfall, horizontal precipitation (clouds and wind-driven rain) and temperatures were installed along a 2.5km transect ranging from 1 200m.a.s.l. on the Atlantic to 1 200m.a.s.l. on the Pacific slope. The ridge top climate station was located at 1 500m.a.s.l. Climate data were recorded from March through December 2003. Additionally, seven 0.05ha plots were established. On all plots soil moisture was monitored for one year, furthermore soil type and soil chemistry were assessed. Woody plants with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥5cm were identified to species. Species’ distributions were explored by feeding pairwise Sørensen measures between plots into a Principal Component Analysis. Relationships between floristic similarity and environmental variables were analyzed using Mantel tests. Pronounced gradients in horizontal precipitation, temperatures and soil conditions were found across the transect. In total, 483 woody plants were identified, belonging to 132 species. Environmental gradients were paralleled by tree species turnover; the plots could be divided in three distinctive floristic units which reflected different topographic positions on the transect (lower slopes, mid slopes and ridge). Most notably there was a complete species turnover between the ridge and the lower Pacific slope. Floristic similarity was negatively correlated with differences in elevation, horizontal precipitation, temperatures and soil conditions between plots. It is suggested that beta-diversity in the study area is largely driven by species with narrow spatial ranges, due to the interactions between topography, climate and soil formation processes, especially around the wind-exposed and cloud covered ridge area. The findings emphasize the extraordinary conservation value of tropical montane cloud forests in environmentally heterogeneous areas at mid-elevations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1489-1506. Epub 2010 December 01.

A nivel global, los bosques nubosos tropicales constituyen importantes centros de diversidad florística. El recambio de especies a través de gradientes ambientales juega un papel importante en los patrones de diversidad en las montañas tropicales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la diversidad beta de plantas leñosas a través de la Cordillera de Tilarán en el noroeste de Costa Rica y aclarar el impacto del clima y las condiciones del suelo en la distribución de especies a una escala local. Se instalaron siete estaciones meteorológicas, en las cuáles se midió lluvia, precipitación horizontal y temperatura, a lo largo de un transecto de 2.5km desde 1 200msnm de altitud en la vertiente Atlántica a 1 200msnm en la vertiente Pacífica. La estación de la cima se localizó a 1 500msnm. Los datos climáticos se registraron entre marzo y diciembre del 2003. Además, se establecieron siete parcelas de 0.05ha. En cada parcela se monitoreó la humedad del suelo por un año. Se determinaron los tipos de suelo y sus propiedades químicas. Las plantas leñosas con un diámetro ≥5cm fueron identificadas. La distribución de las especies fue explorada insertando las medidas Sørensen entre parcelas en un Análisis de Componentes Principales. Las relaciones entre la similitud florística y las variables ambientales se analizaron mediante pruebas de Mantel. Se encontraron gradientes pronunciados en la precipitación horizontal, temperaturas y condiciones del suelo a través del transecto. En total, se identificaron 483 plantas leñosas, pertenecientes a 132 especies. El recambio de especies leñosas se efectuó de forma paralela a los gradientes ambientales; según los análisis las parcelas se dividen en tres unidades distintivas florísticas que reflejan diferentes posiciones topográficas del transecto. Notablemente se produjo un recambio total de especies entre la cima y la vertiente Pacifica inferior. La similitud florística fue correlacionada negativamente con las diferencias de altitud, precipitación horizontal, temperaturas y condiciones del suelo entre las parcelas. Se sugiere que la diversidad beta en el área de estudio resulta en gran parte de la distribución de especies con rangos limitados, debido a las interacciones entre la topografía, el clima y los procesos de formación del suelo, especialmente alrededor de la cima que está expuesta a los vientos alisios y frecuentemente cubierta de nubes. Los resultados subrayan el valor de conservación extraordinaria que tienen los Bosques Nubosos Tropicales en áreas ambientalmente heterogéneas en alturas medianas.

Parasitoid diversity (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) on frugivorous larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Central Amazon Region, Manaus, Brazil / Diversidade de Parasitóides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae e Figitidae) de larvas frugívoras (Diptera: Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, Brasil

This study aimed to identify parasitoid species of frugivorous larvae and to describe the tritrophic interactions involving wild fruits, frugivorous insects and their natural enemies at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve (RFAD) (Manaus, AM, Brazil). Collections were performed in four 1 km² quadrants in the corners of the RFAD. The wild fruits were collected inside the forest in access trails leading to each collection area and in trails that surrounded the quadrants, up to five metres from the trail on each side. The fruits were placed in plastic containers covered with thin fabric, with a vermiculite layer on the base to allow the emergence of flies or parasitoids. Seven Braconidae species were collected, distributed among Opiinae: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913), and Opius sp., and Alysiinae: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958), Phaenocarpa pericarpa Wharton and Carrejo, 1999, Idiasta delicata Papp, 1969, and Asobara sp. Parasitism rates by braconids and figitids are presented. Doryctobracon areolatus was the most frequent, parasitizing the highest number of fly species, and showing the highest parasitism percentage in larvae feeding on Micropholis williamii fruits. The collected figitids belong to Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998 and A. pelleranoi (Brethes, 1924). All 15 tritrophic associations are new records for the Brazilian Amazon region. The RFAD is an important natural reservoir of frugivorous larvae parasitoids.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar as espécies de parasitóides de larvas frugívoras e descrever as interações tritróficas desses inimigos naturais com seus insetos hospedeiros e frutos silvestres da Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (RFAD). As coletas foram realizadas em quatro quadrantes de 1 km², ocupando áreas próximas aos cantos da RFAD. Os frutos silvestres foram coletados no interior da floresta nas trilhas de acesso a cada área de coleta e nas trilhas que delimitavam os quadrantes, até cinco metros em cada lado. Os frutos foram acondicionados em recipientes plásticos, cobertos com tecido fino, contendo camada de vermiculita, para obtenção das moscas ou dos parasitóides, que eram individualizados, contados, sexados e fixados em álcool 70 por cento. As taxas de parasitismo por braconídeos e figitídeos são apresentadas. Foram coletadas sete espécies de Braconidae, distribuídas em Opiinae: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913), Opius sp. e Alysiinae: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958), Phaenocarpa pericarpa Wharton e Carrejo, 1999, Idiasta delicata Papp, 1969 e Asobara sp. Doryctobracon areolatus foi a espécie mais frequente, parasitando o maior número de espécies de moscas e apresentando a maior percentagem de parasitismo em larvas em frutos de Micropholis williamii. OS figitídeos pertenciam a Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998 e A. pelleranoi (Brethes, 1924). Todas as 15 associações tritróficas obtidas representam novos registros para a região Amazônica brasileira.

Fitossociologia da vegetação arbórea da reserva florestal do sacavém, são luís, maranhão (brasil)

A phytosociological study was carried out in 0.5 ha of remaining patches of 'Pre-Ama-zonian' humid tropical forest within the Sacavém Forest Reserve, located in the municipality of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil (2° 32'S; 44° 17'W). The total area comprised of fifty 10x10 m quadrats in which 410 trees with a minimum perimeter at breast height (PBH) of 15 cm were sampled, including 5 dead individuals. There were found 110 species of 66 genera in 34 families. The DBH varied between 4.8 cm and 86.7 cm, with an average of 16.28 cm. The minimum, mean and maximum heights were 2.0 m, 11.16m and 25.0 m, respectively. The total basal area was 14.207 m2 or 28.4140 rrrVha with an average of 0,07 m2/tree; the absolute density was 820 trees/ha. The five most importante families in IVI were Leguminosae, Chrysobalanaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae and Arecaceae, making up 49.24% of the total. The five most important species in IVI were Licaniacf. incana Aubl., Guaina guidonia (L.) Sleumer, Copaifera langsdorffiiDesf., Dipteryx lacuniferaDucke and one morpho-species (Unknown 1 ). As much as 60% of the species had only one or two individuals. The Shannon & Weaver diversity index (') was 4.189. Although the area studied is comparatively small, several comparisons made with surveys for other Amazonian forest locations led to the conclusion that the Sacavém Reserve has similar richness, density and dominance.

Foi amostrada fitossociologicamente uma área de 0,5 ha de mata na Reserva Florestal do Sacavém, distando cerca de 7 Km do centro da cidade de São Luís (2"32'S; 44"17'W), em manchas remanescentes de floresta tropical úmida, denominada localmente de "Pré-Amazônia". A área foi dividida em 50 parcelas de l0x 10 m ( 100 m2), nas quais foram amostrados 410 indivíduos com PAP a partir de 15 cm, pertencentes a 34 famílias, 66 gêneros e 110 espécies, além de 5 indivíduos mortos não considerados na análise fitossociológica. O DAP variou de 4,8 cm a 86,7 cm, ficando a média cm 16,28 cm. As alturas mínima, média e máxima foram, respectivamente, 2,0 m, 11,16 m e 25,0 m. A área basal total foi de 14,207 m2, equivalente a 28,4140 m2/ha, com média de 0,07 m2/indivíduo, e a densidade absoluta foi de 820 indivíduos/ha. As cinco famílias mais importantes em IVI foram Leguminosae, Chrysobalanaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae e Arecaceae, perfazendo 49,24% do total. As primeiras cinco espécies em IVI foram Licania cf incana Aubl., Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer, Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Dipteryx laamiferaDucke c uma morfo-espécie (Desconhecida 1). Cerca de 60% das espécies consideradas apresentaram apenas 1 ou 2 indivíduos. O índice de diversidade de Shannon e Weaver (') foi de 4,189. Foram feitas comparações com diversos trabalhos realizados em florestas amazônicas, confirmando que a área em estudo é comparável àquelas em riqueza, densidade e dominância, embora a área tenha sido subdimensionada.