Da lógica formal enquanto antecâmara da filosofia transcendental / Formal logic as the antechamber of transcendental philosophy

Neste artigo, pretendo explicitar o papel da lógica formal no projeto crítico kantiano. No tratamento dessa questão, abordarei a relação entre a lógica formal, frequentemente chamada por Kant de lógica geral, e a lógica transcendental. Assumirei a tese de que a lógica formal e a lógica transcendental são duas ciências racionais puras, distintas, independentes, porém, com conexões entre si, a despeito das leituras que sugerem que a lógica transcendental substitua a lógica formal ou que a lógica formal mantenha a sua existência, devendo, no entanto, ser subordinada à lógica transcendental. Na caracterização da lógica formal, utilizarei, sobretudo, a Jäsche-Logik. Quanto à lógica transcendental, exposta na Kritik der reinen Vernunft, irei me servir da leitura semântica de Loparic para tratar do conhecimento metafísico da natureza. Inicio o artigo apontando a proximidade de Kant com a lógica formal e o seu emprego na elaboração do projeto crítico.

In this article, it is intended to explain the role of formal logic in the Kantian critical project. In addressing this issue, it will be considered the relationship between formal logic, often called by Kant as general logic, and transcendental logic. It will be assumed that formal logic and transcendental logic are two pure, distinct, independent but interconnected rational sciences, despite readings that suggest that transcendental logic replaces formal logic or that formal logic maintains its own existence, but must be subordinated to transcendental logic. In the formal logic characterization, it will be mainly used the Jäsche-Logik. As for transcendental logic, presented in Kritik der reinen Vernunft, it will be used Loparic's semantic reading to deal with the metaphysical knowledge of nature. The article begins by pointing out the proximity of Kant to formal logic and its use in the elaboration of the critical project.

Hacia un enfoque sistémico de las contradicciones en la investigación educativa / Towards a system approach to dialectical contradictions in research in education

Se fundamenta una concepción sistémica de las contradicciones a tener en cuenta en la investigación educativa, en la que se incluyen las de esencia lógico formal y las de índole dialéctica (externas e internas). Se trabajó con métodos propios del nivel teórico del conocimiento para sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de las experiencias en la formación de doctores en Pedagogía registradas por el autor. Se ofrecen pautas metodológicas básicas para valorar las contradicciones develadas al comunicar los resultados científicos.

A systemic conception of the contradictions to keep in mind in the educational investigations is presented. In this general understanding the contradiction type logical - formal and of dialectical nature (external and intern) are included. Methods of the theoretical level of the knowledge (analytic - synthetic, inductive - deductive, historical - logical and the system focus) were utilized to systematize information coming from the consulted bibliography and of experiences in Ph. D. in Pedagogy tuition, registered by the author. Some basic methodological rules are offered to value the devalued contradictions when communicating the scientific results.