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This article is a summary of the Second China Breast Milk Science Conference, which was held in Beijing from August 5 to 7, 2022, with the theme of "Data sharing, method sharing and science sharing". The purpose of the conference is to summarize the latest progress in breast milk research, identify the unresolved issues, and jointly discuss the direction of future breast milk research. Firstly, we summarize the contents and purpose of breast milk scientific research and prospect of breast milk science. The second part focuses on the research status of breast milk composition and its health effects, and puts forward the future research direction. The third section focuses on the health effects of breastfeeding and scientific support and key aspects of breastfeeding promotion actions. The fourth part elaborates the specific methods of current scientific research of breast milk and emphasize the importance of method standardization and the idea of future methodological research. The fifth part consists of the strategy of feeding infants with medical conditions and ways to better promote the growth and development of these infants. The last part introduces the innovation, deficiencies, and future research directions of infant formula production technology in China. This conference demonstrate the importance of multidisciplinary communication, discussions and collaborations in clinical medicine, nutrition, perinatal health, food science, and policy-making in the scientific research of breast milk, and provides guidance for future multidisciplinary research on the physiology of lactation, the composition of breast milk, breastfeeding, and infants and young children nutrition.
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Objectives: To compare growth, anemia prevalence, and sickness frequency in HIV-exposed uninfected infants on different feeding modes. Methods: In this retrospectivecohort study, 109 HIV-exposed uninfected infants registered atour center were categorizedintothree groups as per their feeding mode during first 6 months viz. exclusively breast fed(n=50), animal milk fed (n=40) and commercial infant formula fed (n=19). Theiranthropometric parameters, hemoglobin and frequency of sickness at the age of 6 monthswere compared. Results: There were no significant inter-group differences in the weightfor age, weight for length, length for age z-scores (P=0.16, 0.37 and 0.12, respectively);proportion of infants with underweight (P=0.63), wasting (P=0.82), or stunting (P=0.82),and mean hemoglobin levels among the 3 groups at 6 month of age. Animal milk fed andformula fed infant had increased risk of sickness compared to exclusively breastfed infants(OR 2.5 and 2.49, respectively; P<0.01). Conclusions: In circumstances wherebreastfeeding is not feasible or preferred, animal milk feeding offers a viable alternative tocommercial infant feeding formula in HIV exposed infants.
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Introduction: The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia is still low. In Palu City, Central Sulawesi, exclusive breastfeeding practice in 2014 was only 59.7% which was far below the national target of 80%. This study aimed to assess modifiable potential factors that can promote exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Palu City. Methods: A total of 80 mothers with a child over the age of 6-24 months attending the Bulili Health Center were recruited into the study using convenience sampling. For purposes of the study potential factors identified for assessment using a standardised questionnaire were knowledge, attitude, practice, socio-culture, formula milk exposure to commercials, and support from health professionals and family. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were applied. Results: Young mothers aged 20-35 years made up more than half the sample (57.5%). In terms of education, 42.5% had graduated from junior high school. Almost two-thirds (63.75%) of the mothers were housewives. Only 26.2% of the subjects practised exclusive breastfeeding. The factors related to exclusive breastfeeding (p<0.05) were attitude, practice, socio-culture factors such as religion, culture and, influence of community and formula milk and exposure to commercials. Multivariate analysis indicated that only practice (p=0.000), socio-culture (p=0.002) and exposure to formula milk commercials (p=0.000) were significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: The main modifiable factors that lead to exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Palu are socio-culture followed by practice and formula milk commercials. Besides promotion of cultural aspects, a definite policy on infant formula commercials is needed to support exclusive breastfeeding.
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Objective To explore the basic ingredients of the tree shrew’ s( Tupaia belangeri) milk and compare with the dairy ingredients of other milks.Methods We select ten seed tree shrews after delivery ( 1 ~21 ) d with lactation mother tree shrews, and use artificial passive breastfeeding method let the young tree shrews suck breast milk,we took the milk from the young tree shrews in the stomach, directly using aseptic operation with a syringe immediately, once every two days, for consecutive three to five times, and a total of 18 mL milk was taken from each seed tree shrew.Then the milk was detected according to the national standard method for component testing.Results The total solid content of the tree shrew’ s milk was 43.63%, including 26.01%of fat, 10.41%of protein, 0.45% of lactose and 0.99%of ash content.Compared with cow's milk, the tree shrew’ s milk contained 3.36 times of total solid contents, 1.24 times of ash, 2.74 times of protein, 6.67 times of fat, and 0.09 times of lactose.Compare with baby formula milk, the tree shrew’ s milk contained 1.44 times of total solid contents, 0.20 times of ash, 0.58 times of protein, 1.53 times of fat, and 0.06 times of lactose.The trace mineral composition of the tree shrew’ s milk showed that the calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and iron contents were 1.83 times, 2.73 times, 1.25 times, 1.93 times, 1.28 times, and 1.48 times higher than those in the cow's milk, and were 0.66 times, 0.85 times, 0.34 times, 0.26 times, 0.85 times, 0.24 times lower than those in baby formula milk.Conclusions The main nutrients of tree shrew’ s milk is of high fat, high protein and low sugar, and it can provide a basis for tree shrews artificial brood and breeding work.
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Objective To study the effect of breast milk on secretion of Ghrelin and Peptide YY (PYY)during different periods in SD rats.Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into breast milk-fed group(BG) and formula-artificial fed group(FG) with 20 in each group.After 21 days both of the 2 groups were fed by same forage.Ten of each group were experimentized in day 21 equivalently weaning period,and rest rats were experimentized at the 50th day equivalently childhood.Real-time PCR was used to determine the mRNA of PYY,Ghrelin from gastric,colon.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine Ghrelin,PYY protein expression in the gastrointestinal tract tissues.Results There were no difference between body weight and gastrointestinal mucosal development of 2 rat groups in day 21 and day 50(P ＞0.05),mRNA and protein expression of Ghrelin and PYY in breast milk-fed group were higher than formula-artificial fed group in both day 21 and day 50 (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The Ghrelin and PYY levels of breast milk-fed rats is higher than formula-artificial fed ones,and this phenomenon continues to their childhood.Breast milk protects offspring from obesity by influencing the secretion of brain-gut peptide and has long-term consequences on the regulation of food intake and energy balance from neonatal period to their later life.
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Introduction: Despite evidence from various studies on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) being best for infants, many women do not or are unable to practise EBF. This study aimed to examine perceptions on EBF and its influencing factors among a sample of Malay women in rural and urban areas in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methods: A qualitative study using in-depth interviews was conducted to examine respondents’ views about EBF including their beliefs, experiences and feelings. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, followed by discussion and identification of emergent concepts. Results: Data saturation was achieved after interviewing a total of 30 women. The mean age of the women was about 30 years with most having at least secondary level schooling; the majority were working women. Thirteen of the 30 women practised EBF. They believed breastfeeding allowed them to fulfill their reproductive role and regarded it as a gift from God. The practice required sacrifice, and was therefore associated with a combination of positive and negative feelings. Differing opinions surfaced with regard to belief in the superiority of breastfeeding and feasibility of practice. Many women accepted breastfeeding practice but found it challenging to practise EBF especially when confronted with low milk production, perceived low nutritional quality breast milk, and work commitments. Conclusion: Women should be educated on the importance of EBF with regard to the nutritional adequacy of breast milk and long term benefits for mother and children.
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When directly breast feeding for preterm infants is not available,a preferred alternative is expressed maternal milk or donor breast milk.The evidences to date indicated that feeding preterm infants with expressed maternal milk and donor breast milk was associated with a slower growth in the early postnatal period,the effects on long-term growth in preterm infants was still unclear.Feeding with expressed maternal milk and donor breast milk could deliver preterm infants a degree of specific components of human milk.The potential benefits of the specific components for preterm infants were associated with promoting neurodevelopment and decreasing the incidence of feeding complications.Before expressed maternal milk and donor breast milk are widely used in clinical practice,further studies are still needed to explore the long-term effects on growth and development in preterm infants.
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Crohn’s disease (CD) that becomes a public health concern in developed countries shows similarities in clinical signs and pathological features with Johne’s disease (JD) in ruminants infected by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Few researches conducted in Europe, the USA, and Australia showed relationships between MAP, CD, JD and dairy products. Indonesians consume milk and diary products from domestic and imported source. Adji in 2004 found some domestic dairy cows that were seropositive for MAP, and this could be a serious problem in dairy farm animals and human health in the future. The aim of this study was to detect MAP in the growing up formula milk. Fifty samples from five established factories were taken from supermarkets in Bogor. Polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) with insertion sequence (IS) 900 as primer and culture in Herrold’s egg yolk media with mycobactin J (HEYM J) as a gold standard were used in this study. Neither MAP grew up in HEYM J medium after 20 weeks of culture period nor positive samples by PCR IS 900 were found. Although there were no positive samples found in this study, further extensive and comprehensive studies on MAP should be done with more and varied samples, as well as in human to provide data on MAP in Indonesia.
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis , ParatuberculosisABSTRACT
Objective A quick and sensitive method was developed for determination of folic acid (FA) in infant formula milk powder. Method Perchloric aicd was added into infant formula milk powder to extract FA in ultrasonic wave condition. After solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18 material as plug and reaction with potassium permanganate, FA was determined by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). pH 5.0 and 0.1 mol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate were used as mobile phase. the flow rate was 1 ml/min. BDS C18 was used as separating column and column temperature was 30 ℃. Results The linear range of the method was 0.005-1.5 ?g/ml. The average recovery was 91.7%- 98.3%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.5%. The limit of detection was 0.005 ?g/ml, and the limit of quantification was 0.017 ?g/ml. Conclusion The method has following advantages: simple, precise, accurate and easy to practice.