ABSTRACT
The different extracts and of Viola yedoensis Makino and Viola inconspicua were analyzed and identi-fied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). One-dimensional infrared spectrum showed that the extracts of Viola yedoensis Makino and Viola inconspicua contained the aromatics,volatile substances and glyco-sides,with not significant differences from each other. However,different extraction sites of the two medicinal materials in second derivation spectrum were obviously different,especially the number of automatic peaks and peak intensity in the range of 970 800 cm-1. Viola yedoensis Makino displayed 5 automatic peaks,6 automatic peaks and 6 automatic peaks,while Viola inconspicua displayed 7 automatic peaks,4 peaks,4 peaks in the second derivation spectrum of petroleum ether extraction site,chloroform extraction site and the ethyl acetate extraction site. In addition,the peak position of the strongest peak in the second derivative of the ethyl acetate extraction site was 1 467 cm-1,while the strongest peak of the Viola inconspicua was at 1 384 cm-1,so the two medicinal mate-rials can be distinguished by the strongest peak position of ethyl acetate extraction site in second derivation spec-trum. Studies demonstrated that one-dimensional infrared spectroscopy combined with the second-order derivative analysis could achieve the accurate identification between Viola yedoensis Makino and Viola inconspicua. This research provides new ideas and new methods for the identification of Viola and other adulterants.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUNDS: Stone analysis is essential to determine the possible cause of stone formation and treatment of urolithiasis. Physical analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), compared to chemical analysis, requires minimal sample volume, shows uniform sensitivity and specificity to all components and provides quantitiative results with greater reproducibility. We compared urinary stone analysis using FT-IR and chemical ananlysis. METHODS: From January 1996 to May 1999, 515 urinary stones were analyzed. For physical anlaysis, we used FT-IR system 2000(Perkin-Elmer Co., U.S.A.) and SpectrumTM software(Perkin-Elmer Co., U.S.A.). Chemical analyses for calcium, phosphate, uric acid, carbonate, magnesium, ammonia, oxalate and cystine were performed. Stone analyses with FT-IR were compared to those with chemical analysis. Clinical findings and the other laboratory findings including routine urinalysis, serum tests, and 24 hour urine test were also investigated. RESULTS: We analyzed 515 urinary stones from 501 patients. Sex ratio was 2.8: 1 and mean age was 48 years. Physical analyses were performed in 515(100%) stones and 81.2% of them showed mixed composition. And 79.4% included calcium oxalate monohydrate or dihydrate. Calcium oxalate monohydrate(63.3%), uric acid(11.3%), calcium oxalate dihydrate(9.9%), and carbonate apatite(8.3%) were commonly found as a major component. Chemical analyses could be done in only 454 cases(88.2%) due to insufficient sample and the most common positive findings were calcium(50.0%), phosphate(33.0%), and uric acid(18.5%). Seventy-one cases(15.6%) with negative chemical reactions to all components were mixed stones except 9 cases. When the stone components were analyzed by FT-IR and chemical method, we found full agreements in only 2.3%, partial agreements in 56.3%, poor agreements in 11.5% and no agreements in 4.3% of total cases. Hypercalciuria and natriuresis were found in 36.1% and 23.0%, respectively. The pH of urine shows significant differences in uric acid and struvite stones compared to the pH of the others(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found difficulties in detecting minor or mixed components of urinary stone and in analyzing small sized stone by chemical methods. Physical analysis using FT-IR can provide more accurate determinations of composition of urinary stones and can be significantly useful in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of urolithiasis.