Sexual behavior according to undergraduate students: perspective of cross-cultural nursing and intersectional framing / Comportamiento sexual según estudiantes universitarios: perspectiva de enfermería transcultural y encuadre interseccional / Comportamento sexual segundo jovens universitários: perspectiva da enfermagem transcultural e do enquadramento interseccional

ABSTRACT Objective: to discuss undergraduate students' sexual behavior from the perspective of social markers and cross-cultural care proposed by Madeleine Leininger. Methods: descriptive-exploratory qualitative research, with a theoretical-philosophical foundation in the Transcultural Theory. Convenience sample was composed of 57 young people from two universities in Rio de Janeiro. The focus groups' content were analyzed lexically using the IRAMUTEQ software. Results: four classes emerged: Young people's sexual scripts: between the fear of an unplanned pregnancy and the risk of exposure to sexually transmitted infections; Affective relationships: trust in steady sexual partners, apparent sense of security and disuse of condoms; Sexual practices, gender and cultural determinants: distinction in men's and women's role; Sexual partnerships, negotiation of condom use and vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections. Final considerations: challenges are perceived for the attention to undergraduate students' sexual health, who verbalized risky sexual behaviors due to sociocultural vulnerabilities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: discutir el comportamiento sexual de estudiantes universitarios en la perspectiva de los marcadores sociales y el cuidado transcultural propuesto por Madeleine Leininger. Métodos: investigación cualitativa descriptiva-exploratoria, con fundamento teórico-filosófico en la Teoría Transcultural. La muestra de conveniencia fue compuesta por 57 jóvenes de dos universidades de Río de Janeiro. Los contenidos de los grupos focales se analizaron léxicamente mediante el software IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: surgieron cuatro clases: Guiones sexuales de jóvenes: entre el miedo a un embarazo no planeado y el riesgo de exposición A INFECCIONES DE TRANSMISIÓN SEXUAL; Relaciones afectivas: confianza en parejas sexuales estables, aparente sensación de seguridad y desuso de preservativos; Prácticas sexuales, género y determinantes culturales: distinción en los roles de hombres y mujeres y; Parejas sexuales, negociación del uso del condón y vulnerabilidad a las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Consideraciones finales: se perciben desafíos para la atención a la salud sexual de estudiantes universitarios, quienes verbalizaron conductas sexuales de riesgo, debido a vulnerabilidades socioculturales.

RESUMO Objetivo: discutir os comportamentos sexuais de jovens universitários na perspectiva dos marcadores sociais e do cuidado transcultural proposto por Madeleine Leininger. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa descritiva-exploratória, com alicerce teórico-filosófico na Teoria Transcultural. Amostragem por conveniência foi composta por 57 jovens de duas universidades cariocas. Os conteúdos dos grupos focais foram analisados lexicalmente pelo software IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: emergiram quatro classes: Roteiros sexuais de jovens: entre o receio de uma gestação não planejada e o risco da exposição às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis; Relacionamentos afetivos: a confiança em parcerias sexuais fixas, aparente sensação de segurança e o desuso dos preservativos; Práticas sexuais, gênero e determinantes culturais: distinção nos papéis de homens e mulheres; Parcerias sexuais, negociação do uso do preservativo e a vulnerabilidade às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Considerações finais: percebem-se desafios para atenção à saúde sexual dos jovens universitários, que verbalizaram comportamentos sexuais de risco em função de vulnerabilidades socioculturais.

The Impact of Framing on Attitudes Towards Vaccination in an Indian Sample

Introduction: Vaccines have emerged as a ray of hope in our battle against Covid-19. That as the backdrop, this research was aimed at studying how the framing of messages impacts attitudes of Indians towards Covid- 19 vaccines. The hypothesis was that the perceived norms about taking the vaccine will influence participants’ reported intentions to take the Covid vaccine. That is, exposure to a message indicating how willing or unwilling other Indians are to get vaccinated for the Covid-19 disease, will bring about a change in the beliefs and behavioural intention of the participants which will be in line with the message. Methodology: A between-subjects design was used. Participants (N=125. M=56, F=69) were randomly assigned to either of the two levels - positive or negative. Participants were pro-vaccines in general and between 18 to 30 years. A seven-point Likert scale was used to measure participants' willingness to take the vaccine, once it is commercially available. Results: Data was found to be not normally distributed. Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test was used. The Median score was 6 and 5 for level 1 and level 2, respectively. The obtained difference between the two groups was insignificant. Descriptive data was found to be in line with the hypothesis. Conclusion: Statistical significance was not found in the impact of framing on the participants in this study. In qualitative responses, groups expressed concerns over vaccines. Respondents from the negative framing group, agreeing to take the vaccine, could have been due to the social desirability bias

To Blame or Not? Modulating Third-Party Punishment with the Framing Effect / 神经科学通报·英文版

People as third-party observers, without direct self-interest, may punish norm violators to maintain social norms. However, third-party judgment and the follow-up punishment might be susceptible to the way we frame (i.e., verbally describe) a norm violation. We conducted a behavioral and a neuroimaging experiment to investigate the above phenomenon, which we call the "third-party framing effect". In these experiments, participants observed an anonymous perpetrator deciding whether to keep her/his economic benefit while exposing a victim to a risk of physical pain (described as "harming others" in one condition and "not helping others" in the other condition), then they had a chance to punish that perpetrator at their own cost. Our results showed that the participants were more willing to execute third-party punishment under the harm frame compared to the help frame, manifesting a framing effect. Self-reported anger toward perpetrators mediated the relationship between empathy toward victims and the framing effect. Meanwhile, activation of the insula mediated the relationship between mid-cingulate cortex activation and the framing effect; the functional connectivity between these regions significantly predicted the size of the framing effect. These findings shed light on the psychological and neural mechanisms of the third-party framing effect.

The corona chronicles: Framing analysis of online news headlines of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, USA and South Africa

Background: The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, now in its second year, has resulted in a large corpus of literature in a number of disciplines, particularly virology and epidemiology. In contrast, scholarly inquiry in other areas of the health sciences, particularly in media representations and public health communication, is still emerging. Aim: As an integral stakeholder in communication during a pandemic, this descriptive study sought to delineate the media frames of the COVID-19 pandemic in online news headlines in the first month that the COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. Setting: Online news headlines in three global hotspots, namely Italy, the USA and South Africa, during the month of March 2020, were analysed. Methods: Thematic content analysis and epidemic framing typology. Results: The findings indicate that COVID-19 has been internationally portrayed as a lethal pandemic that destroys and disrupts human life. Discursive frames of consequences monopolised its coverage, whilst discursive frames of reassurance were rare, despite the high survival rate. One of the unique findings of this study is that the COVID-19 pandemic coverage included the naming of positive patients, who were thereby made known to the public. Conclusion: Internationally, COVID-19 pandemic coverage used consequence frames that dramatized loss of life instead of deploying frames of reassurance that foreground the high survival rate of this disease. Contribution: Results of the study may help inform public health communication of the COVID-19 pandemic, by offering a detailed description of the frames that journalists use in news headlines, all of which possibly influence public perception of the pandemic. Theoretically, the article has also contributed to the application of epidemic framing typology and has contributed to knowledge in the field of public health communication and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Encuadres Mediáticos del Perdón y la Reconciliación en el Contexto del Conflicto Armado Colombiano / Media Framings of Forgiveness and Reconciliation in the Context of the Colombian Armed Conflict / Enquadramentos Midiáticos do Perdão e da Reconciliação no Contexto do Conflito Armado Colombiano

Resumen Debido a su duración e intensidad, el conflicto armado colombiano puede ser analizado como un conflicto intratable. La intratabilidad involucra el desarrollo del ethos del conflicto (EDC), un conjunto de creencias sociales compartidas por la mayoría de los miembros de la sociedad, de manera que es usualmente exhibido en el discurso mediático. Este estudio describe, a través de la lexicometría unidimensional y multidimensional, cómo el EDC permeó el discurso de cuatro de los principales medios de comunicación en Colombia (El Tiempo, El Espectador, Noticias Caracol, Noticias RCN); específicamente, cómo el EDC caracterizó el encuadre del perdón y la reconciliación durante el proceso de paz entre el Gobierno colombiano y las FARC-EP (2012-2017). Los resultados sugieren que el EDC en Colombia se transformó con los diálogos de paz, probablemente promoviendo una orientación hacia la paz. Sin embargo, simultáneamente, algunas de las creencias del EDC que contribuyen a la intratabilidad también fueron presentadas en el discurso mediático.

Abstract Given its duration and intensity, the Colombian armed conflict can be analyzed as an intractable conflict. Intractability involves the development of an ethos of conflict (EOC), a set of social beliefs shared by most members of society, which is usually exhibited in media discourse. Using unidimensional and multidimensional lexicometry, this study describes how the EOC permeated the discourse of four of Colombia's main means of communication (El Tiempo, El Espectador, Noticias Caracol, Noticias RON), and, specifically, how the EOC characterized the framing of forgiveness and reconciliation during the peace process between the Colombian Government and the FARC-EP (2012-2017). The results suggest that the EOC in Colombia was transformed with the peace dialogues, probably fostering an orientation toward peace. Nevertheless, some of the beliefs of the EOC that contribute to intractability were also simultaneously present in media discourse.

Resumo Devido à sua duração e intensidade, o conflito armado colombiano pode ser analisado como um conflito intratável. A intratabilidade envolve o desenvolvimento do ethos do conflito (EDC), um conjunto de crenças sociais partilhado pela maioria dos membros da sociedade, de maneira que é usualmente exibido no discurso midiático. Este estudo descreve, por meio da lexicometria uni e multidimensional, como o EDC permeou o discurso de quatro dos principais meios de comunicação na Colômbia (El Tiempo, El Espectador, Noticias Caracol, Noticias RON); especificamente, como o EDC caracterizou o enquadramento do perdão e da reconciliação durante o processo de paz entre o governo colombiano e as Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (FARC-EP - 2012-2017). Os resultados indicam que o EDC na Colômbia se transformou com os diálogos de paz, provavelmente promovendo uma orientação para a paz. Contudo, de forma simultânea, algumas das crenças do ED C que contribuem para a intratabilidade também foram apresentadas no discurso midiático.

Efecto de marco en un juego de coimas: La relevancia de la dimensión moral / Frame effect in a bribery game: the relevance of the moral dimension

Resumen La corrupción es un fenómeno que involucra componentes morales. Sin embargo, este aspecto no se ha visto reflejado en los experimentos de corrupción de manera inequívoca. De los elementos utilizados para señalizar la presencia de normas, tanto las externalidades negativas como el castigo y la introducción de marcos, han arrojado resultados mixtos o nulos, lo que pareciera cuestionar su validez como instrumentos para estudiar la corrupción. En este experimento se buscó evidencia de que el componente moral está presente en un juego de coimas. Se contó con dos grupos independientes de participantes (N = 106) que fueron expuestos al juego en un marco neutro o con opciones que llevaban etiquetas con contenido semántico concreto (por ejemplo, ofrecer un trato corrupto). Por último, para evaluar la connotación moral de los escenarios de toma de decisiones, se solicitó a los participantes que completaran (post-decisión) una escala de maquiavelismo, que ha estado asociada a diferentes aspectos en la toma de decisiones morales. El experimento logró identificar un claro efecto de marco tanto para los jugadores A como para los B. Los resultados muestran que los participantes eligieron las opciones corruptas en menor medida en el tratamiento con el marco cargado que con el marco neutro. Además, las respuestas al juego mostraron diferencias individuales en el nivel de maquiavelismo, ya que puntajes elevados de maquiavelismo estuvieron directamente asociados a ofertas corruptas, aunque solo en el marco cargado.

Does social status matter for resource distribution? / A hierarquia social é importante para a distribuição dos recursos? / ¿La jerarquía social es importante para la distribución de los recursos?

Abstract Resources are distributed unequally depending on the social status (SS) of people. Researchers have often used experiments to explain the role of SS in economic decisions. However, the diverse ways of inducing SS has produced contradictory results. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of SS on the distribution of monetary resources in students aged 18 to 25 years from Córdoba (Argentina). Three experiments using mixed factorial designs were conducted. Different ways of inducing SS and the effect on decisions in different games were examined. In Experiment 1, the effect of two SS induction techniques on the decisions of the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG) was compared. In Experiment 2, the effect of SS on the same games, including Social Value Orientation (SVO) and Subjective Social Status (SSS) as covariates was analyzed. In Experiment 3, the role of SS, SVO and SSS in the DG and the Dictator Game Taking (DGT) was examined. In the three experiments, it was not found that SS had any effect on the decisions of the games. However, more rejection and negative valence was observed (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p =.72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) for unfair offers than for fair ones (Exp. 2: p < .001). Also, pro-social individuals made fairer offers in the DG (Exp. 2: p < .05) and participants offered more money in the DGT than in the DG (Exp. 3: p = .01). Those findings showed that the effect of SS on behavioral responses is not robust, which highlights the need to obtain new experimental evidence to investigate its role in those decisions.

Resumo Os recursos são normalmente distribuídos de maneira desigual em função do status social (SS) das pessoas, razão pela qual diversos pesquisadores utilizam experimentos para explicar o papel do SS nas decisões econômicas. No entanto, as diversas formas de induzir o SS geraram resultados contraditórios. No presente trabalho, investigou-se o efeito do SS na distribuição dos recursos monetários em estudantes de 18 a 25 anos da cidade de Córdoba, na Argentina, por meio de três experimentos com desenhos experimentais mistos. Especificamente, foram avaliadas diferentes técnicas para manipular o SS e seu efeito nas decisões econômicas: no Experimento 1 comparou-se o efeito de duas técnicas de manipulação do SS nas decisões do Jogo do Ultimato (JU) e do Ditador (JD); no Experimento 2 analisou-se o efeito do SS nos mesmos jogos, incluindo a orientação de valores sociais (SVO) e o status social subjetivo (SES) como covariáveis e, no Experimento 3, indagou-se o papel do SS, da SVO e do SES no JD e no Ditador de Tomar (do inglês, Dictator Taking Game). Nos três experimentos observou-se que o SS não teve efeito nas decisões dos jogos. Não obstante, evidenciou-se maior rejeição (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) e valência negativa para as ofertas injustas do que para as justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Além disso, descobriu-se que quanto maior a pró-socialidade, maior a quantidade ofertada no JD (Exp. 2: p < .05) e que no JDT se oferece mais dinheiro do que no JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Os resultados observados evidenciam que o efeito do SS nas respostas comportamentais não é robusto, por isso se destaca a importância de continuar investigando seu papel em tais decisões.

Resumen Los recursos son usualmente distribuidos de manera inequitativa en función del estatus social (ES) de las personas, razón por la cual diversos investigadores utilizan experimentos para explicar el rol del ES en las decisiones económicas; sin embargo, las diversas formas de inducir el ES han generado resultados contradictorios. En el presente trabajo se investigó el efecto del ES en la distribución de los recursos monetarios en estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, por medio de tres experimentos con diseños experimentales mixtos. Específicamente, se evaluaron distintas técnicas para manipular el ES y su efecto en las decisiones económicas: en el Experimento 1 se comparó el efecto de dos técnicas de manipulación del ES en las decisiones del Juego del Ultimátum (JU) y del Dictador (JD); en el Experimento 2 se analizó el efecto del ES en los mismos juegos, incluyendo la orientación de valores sociales (SVO) y el estatus social subjetivo (SES) como covariables; y en el Experimento 3 se indagó el rol del ES, de la SVO y del ESS en el JD y en el Dictador de Tomar (JDT). En los tres experimentos se observó que el ES no tuvo efecto en las decisiones de los juegos. No obstante, se evidenció mayor rechazo (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) y valencia negativa para las ofertas injustas que para las justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Además, se encontró que a mayor prosocialidad, mayor cantidad ofertada en el JD (Exp. 2: p < .05), y que en el JDT se ofrece más dinero que en el JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Los resultados observados evidencian que el efecto del ES en las respuestas comportamentales no es robusto, por lo que se destaca la importancia de continuar investigando su rol en dichas decisiones.

A DenseNet-based diagnosis algorithm for automated diagnosis using clinical ECG data / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To train convolutional networks using multi-lead ECG data and classify new data accurately to provide reliable information for clinical diagnosis.@*METHODS@#The data were pre-processed with a bandpass filter, and signal framing was adopted to adjust the data of different lengths to the same size to facilitate network training and prediction. The dataset was expanded by increasing the sample size to improve the detection rate of abnormal samples. A depth-wise separable convolution structure was used for more specific feature extraction for different channels of twelve-lead ECG data. We trained the two classifiers for each label using the improved DenseNet to classify different labels.@*RESULTS@#The propose model showed an accuracy of 80.13% for distinguishing between normal and abnormal ECG with a sensitivity of 80.38%, a specificity of 79.91% and a F1 score of 79.35%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The model proposed herein can rapidly and effectively classify the ECG data. The running time of a single dataset on GPU is 33.59 ms, which allows real-time prediction to meet the clinical requirements.

Concept learning through question framing in Pharmacology

Background: Framing questions is a skill that requires expertise, knowledge, guidance and mentoring. It provides structure for deep learning, critical thinking and also promotes interaction and communication. Objective of this study is to analyze the question framing skills of fifth semester medical students on a ‘must know’ area in Pharmacology.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Pharmacology of a Government Medical College in Central Kerala. After briefing about the study, each of the participants was instructed to frame a question which were collected after 15 minutes. The data on different aspects of questions was analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 16.Results: Total 130 students, 79 females and 51 males participated in this study. 7 questions were incomplete and excluded from further analysis. From the rest 123 properly framed questions, 106(86.2%) were correct, 10(8.1%) were partially correct and 7(5.7%) incorrect with regards to the task assigned. In this study knowledge as well as application was tested in 50.4% questions, comprehension in 21.1% and application alone in 22.8%. The knowledge dimension tested was factual in 91(74%) and conceptual in 32(26%). Non-hierarchical classification showed 96(78%) convergent and 27(22%) divergent.Conclusions: In this study majority of the participants framed direct short answer questions which reflects factual knowledge indicating their lower-level cognition. Critical thinking and procurement of higher level cognition can be attained by directing them to frame the right question especially in medical education.

Framework-building and Promotion Tactics of Patient Electronic Engagement Under E-Health Environment / 中国医院管理

Patient engagement is considered as one pillar of new stage of health care reform and new vitality of health care quality improvement.In recent years,the rapid development of E-Health technology provides richer opportunities for patients to actively participate in health care.The article concludes the basic connotation of patient electronic engagement and proposes the framework on the basis of foreign actions as well as literature reviews,expounds the type,media and methods of patient electronic engagement as well.From the views of projects support,patient education and information rights,feasible policy measures are proposed for patient electronic engagement advancement under E-Health environment.

Comunicação pró-ambiental: estratégias informacionais, comportamentais e de framing em cartazes / Pro-environmental communication: informational, behavioral and framing strategies in posters / Comunicación pro-ambiental: estrategías informacionales, comportamentales y de framing en carteles

Usar cartazes para promover comportamentos pró-ambientais é um recurso popular e de baixo custo, mas geralmente baseado em senso comum. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver um sistema de categorização para características persuasivas em cartazes pró-ambientais, baseado em um método misto qualitativo/quantitativo. A partir de uma amostra pública e critérios de saturação, foram selecionadas 75 peças publicitárias, identificando-se principalmente: estratégias persuasivas; tipo de ênfase sobre os impactos dos problemas ambientais; e tipo de comportamento. A maior parte dos cartazes enfatizavam consequências para a natureza, operacionalizavam comportamentos, apresentavam informações ou utilizavam framing positivo. Testes de associação mostraram que framings positivos foram associados à indicação de comportamento e ênfase na natureza. O oposto ocorreu com os framings negativos. Esses resultados são discutidos quanto às limitações na eficácia de cartazes pró-ambientais, assim como as vantagens de utilizar sistemas de categorização, como o aqui desenvolvido, para orientar pesquisa e intervenção na área.

Posters designed to promote pro-environmental behavior are a popular, low-cost resource, though often based on common sense. The objective of this research was to develop a categorization system to identify persuasive characteristics in pro-environmental posters, with a mixed methods approach. Based on a public sample and data saturation, 75 pieces of Brazilian advertising were selected, by mainly identifying: persuasive strategies; type of emphasis regarding the impacts of environmental problems; type of recommended behavior. Results revealed that the majority of posters emphasized consequences towards nature, operationalized behaviors, showed information or used positive framing. Qui-square tests showed that positive framing was associated with indication of behavior and emphasis on nature. The opposite occurred with negative framing. Efficacy limitations in pro-environmental posters are discussed, along with the advantages of using categorization systems (such as the one developed) to guide research and intervention, are advocated.

Utilizar carteles para promover comportamientos pro-ambientales es un recurso popular, de bajo costo, pero generalmente basado en el sentido común. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un sistema de clasificación para identificar las características de persuasión en carteles pro-ambientales, con un método mixto cualitativo/cuantitativo. A partir de una grande muestra publica y criterios de saturación, se seleccionaron 75 anuncios publicitarios brasileños, identificando principalmente: las estrategias de persuasión; el tipo de énfasis sobre los efectos de problemas ambientales; y el tipo de comportamiento recomendado. Los resultados revelaron que la mayoría de los carteles enfatizó consecuencias hacia la naturaleza, con indicación operacionalizada de comportamientos, mostró información o encuadre positivo utilizado. Testes del qui-cuadrado mostraron que encuadres positivos se asociaron con indicación de la conducta y el énfasis en la naturaleza. Lo contrario ocurrió con encuadres negativos. Se discuten las limitaciones de eficacia en carteles pro-ambientales, así como las ventajas de la utilización de sistemas de categorización (como lo que se desarrolló) para guiar la investigación y la intervención.

Efeito de configuração no apoio ao casamento de pessoas do mesmo sexo em universitários brasileiros / Issue frame effect in the support of same-sex marriage among brazilian undergraduates / Efecto de configuración en el apoyo del matrimonio de personas del mismo sexo en universitarios brasileños

Efeito de configuração refere-se ao impacto que a forma de apresentar um tópico tem sobre a opinião. Esta pesquisa investigou o efeito de configuração no endosso ao reconhecimento legal das uniões de pessoas do mesmo sexo em uma população universitária brasileira composta por pessoas com diferentes níveis de preconceito. Foram usados três diferentes configurações: homoafetivo, homossexual e pessoas do mesmo sexo. Oito mil e oitenta e dois estudantes universitários do sul do Brasil responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico, escala de preconceito contra diversidade sexual e de gênero e randomicamente deram sua opinião sobre o tópico em questão. Não foram encontradas diferenças no nível de endosso às configurações. No entanto, grupos historicamente associados a menor apoio à diversidade sexual e de gênero e pessoas com atitudes mais negativas em relação à diversidade sexual e de gênero endossaram menos essas uniões. Portanto, a maneira como a questão é enquadrada não influencia o endosso à reivindicação da união de pessoas do mesmo sexo.

Framing effect refers to the impact that the presentation of a topic has on the opinions of individuals. The objective of this research was to evaluate the presence of the framing effect on the endorsement to legal recognition of same-sex unions in a Brazilian university population. It took into account three different frames: homosexual; homoaffective and same sex. Eight thousand and eighty-two college students from southern Brazil answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, a prejudice against sexual and gender diversity scale and randomly gave their opinion about homosexual; homoaffective; or, same sex marriage. There were no differences in the level of endorsement of the frames, however, groups historically associated with lower support to sexual and gender diversity, and those with more negative attitudes towards sexual and gender diversity endorsed least these unions. Therefore, the way the question is framed does not influence the endorsement to legal recognition of same-sex unions.

Efecto de configuración se refiere al impacto que la manera de presentar un tema tiene en la opinión. La investigación estudió el efecto de configuración en el respaldo del reconocimiento jurídico de las uniones entre personas del mismo sexo en una población universitaria brasileña formada por personas con diferentes niveles de prejuicio. Si utilizó distintos marcos: homoafectivo, homosexual y personas del mismo sexo. Ocho mil ochenta y dos estudiantes universitarios en el sur de Brasil respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, escala de prejuicio en contra de la diversidad sexual y de género y de forma aleatoria dieron sus opiniones sobre el tema. No hubo diferencias en el nivel de respaldo de los marcos. Sin embargo, grupos históricamente asociados con un menor apoyo a la diversidad sexual y de género y personas con actitudes más negativas hacia la diversidad sexual y de género respaldaron menos estas uniones. Por lo tanto, la forma en que la pregunta se enmarca no influye en el respaldo de la demanda por las uniones de personas del mismo sexo.

How we think about depression: The role of linguistic framing / Como pensamos sobre la depresión: el rol del encuadre lingüístico

Descriptions of emotional disorders vary according to cultural and historical context. Framing mental illness as a disease - as opposed to being a consequence of psychosocial factors - has been proposedías a strategy to fight stigma in recent years. Here we combine two studies, a corpus analysis and an experimental survey, to explore this issue in the case of Spanish. First, we conducted a corpus analysis to investigate the patterns of linguistic framing of depression -including disease like descriptions and metaphorical frames using data from Latin American countries. Two main patterns were identified: (1) depression is frequently framedías a brain disease. In line with medicalization trends observed worldwide, this pattern has increased over time. (2) The data showed that depression is also metaphorically construedías a place in space or as an opponent. Second, we investigated whether the instantiation of subtle linguis tic cues influences people's perception of a description of a hypothetical case of depression. A survey experiment conducted among Colombian students revealed that when depression was framedías a disease, the participants' perception of the depressed person's responsibility was reduced. Moreover, disease-like descriptions and metaphorical frames influenced participants' initial interpretations of the role of social causal factors.

Las descripciones de los desórdenes emocionales varian de acuerdo a la cultura y los contextos históricos. Recientemente, se ha propuesto que enmarcar lingüisticamente estos desórdenes como enfermedades - en contraposición a consecuencias de factores psicosociales - podría ser una estrategia para combatir estigmas. En este trabajo combinamos un análisis del corpus lingüistico y un estudio experimental para explorar las caracteristicas y consecuencias del enmarque lingüistico en español para el caso de la depresión. En primer lugar investigamos la frecuencia de distintos patrones de enmarque - incluyendo enmarque de enfermedad y otros enmarques metafóricos usando datos provenientes de distintos paises de Latinoamérica. Dos patrones emergen: (a) La depresión es frecuentemente enmarcada como una enfermedad cerebral y (b) La depresión se describe metafóricamente como un lugar en el espacio o un oponente. En segundo lugar, investigamos si el enmarque lingüistico afecta la percepción de un caso hipotético de depresión. Una encuesta a estudiantes colombianos reveló que cuando la depresión se describe como una enfermedad, los participantes tienden a percibir una menor responsabilidad de la persona afectada. Por otra parte, los resultados revelan que los distintos enmarques metafóricos estudiados inciden en las interpretaciones de los participantes sobre el rol de las causas sociales.

Aproximación a los encuadres de salud en noticieros de la televisión mexicana / Approach to framings health in Mexican television newscasts

Resumen Propósitos del estudio: Los encuadres sobre salud en los medios de comunicación inciden tanto en las percepciones y conductas de las audiencias como en los procesos de construcción, comunicación e interpretación del problema y asuntos de salud. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo tres informativos de la televisión mexicana (TVAzteca, Televisa y C7) abordan el tópico de la salud. Se presentan avances del estudio, en proceso, sobre encuadres de salud. Metodología: Se recurrió al análisis de contenido de una muestra de 62 piezas, identificando como principales variables a los actores -personas e instituciones-, acciones, lugares geográficos, espacios físicos, temáticas, posibles razones y enfoques de la noticia, así como la perspectiva de género adoptada. Resultados: Los resultados preliminares de la investigación muestran una reducida agenda centrada en la prevención de enfermedades infectocontagiosas y en el tratamiento clínico de problemas biomédicos (físicos y fisiológicos) de salud. También cabe destacar la mayor frecuencia de informaciones institucionales distribuidas por la Secretaría de Salud y del IMSS. Conclusiones: Se sugiere ampliar la cobertura temática y territorial de asuntos/perspectivas sobre salud a partir del cuidado de la calidad y la precisión en el tratamiento informativo e incorporar la perspectiva de género, hoy ausente.

Abstract Aims: Framing health in media impact in perceptions and behavior of audiences, also in the construction processes, communication and interpretation of health issues and questions. The aim of this paper is to show how the news in Mexican television (TVAzteca, Televisa and C7) address issues related to health; it present a preview of study in progress on framing health. Methodology: It´s resorted to a content analysis of a sample of 62 pieces, identifying the main variables -people actors and institutions, actions, geographic locations, physical spaces, thematic, possible reasons and approaches to news and gender approach adopted. Results: Preliminary research results show a reduced agenda focused on preventing infectious diseases and clinical treatment of biomedical problems (physical and psychological) health. Also should be noted the greater frequency of information institutional distributed by the Ministry of Health and IMSS. Conclusions: It's suggested expanding the thematic and territorial coverage of issues/perspectives on health from the quality care and precision in the informative treatment and incorporate the, now absent, gender perspective.

Effects of thrombolytic information in different time windows upon thrombolytic decision making in patients with cerebral infarction / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To discuss the influence of framing information and time window information upon risk decision making about thrombolysis therapy in patients with cerebral infarction or their relatives in the scenarios of thrombolytic therapy for acute cerebral infarction.Methods Inpatients and outpatients with cerebral infarction or their relatives(n=327) were randomly divided into positive framing group(n=187) and negative framing group(n=140).Every participant underwent risky messages about thrombolytic treatment in three different time windows:0-90 minutes,91-180 minutes and 181-270 minutes.Results In any thrombolytic time window condition,there was no significant difference in thrombolytic tendency of participants between the positive framing group and the negative framing group (0-90 min:x2=1.24,P＞ 0.05;91-180 minutes:x2 =0.35,P＞0.05;181-270 minutes:x2 =0.07,P＞ 0.05).In a negative framework conditions,compared with the participants receiving thrombolytic information in 181-270 minutes time window,subjects receiving thrombolytic information in 0-90 minutes window were more tolerant of thrombolytic treatment (69.3 ％ vs 51.5 ％,P＜ 0.0125).Conclusion There are mutual effects of time window and framing information upon participants' preferences for thrombolysis.Different thrombolytic information are presented according to their corresponding time windows.

O pensamento clínico e o analista contemporâneo / Clinical thought and the contemporary analyst / El pensamiento clínco y el analista contemporáneo

O presente trabalho parte da constatação no campo da nossa disciplina da existência de um hiato entre a clínica e a teoria. Procura caracterizar a ideia de pensamento clínico inspirado na obra de André Green e outros autores, como uma singular racionalidade, e trata de criar pontes entre a experiência vivida na clínica e certos parâmetros norteadores da teoria (ou teorizações ad hoc) que não tornem a experiência uma mera aplicação técnica, mas que em contrapartida não desabem numa idealização da espontaneidade irrefletida e/ou atuada. A fecundidade da noção de pensamento clínico nos casos limite será explicitada a partir de um relato clínico no qual podem ser investigadas e reconhecidas noções como enquadre, trauma, limite da representação, indiscriminação afeto-representação e traumatismo narcísico-identitário...

This work emerges from the realization in our discipline's field of the existence of a hiatus between the clinical and the theoretical. An attempt is made to characterise the idea of the clinical thought inspired by the work of André Green and other authors, as a binding thought between both. It is about creating bridges between the lived experience in the clinical and certain guiding parameters of the theoretical (or ad hoc theorizations) which do not turn an experience a mere technical application, but which on the other hand will not collapse in an idealization of the unthinking and/or acted idealization. The fertility of the notion of clinical thought in limit cases will be made explicit from a clinical account where notions such as framing, trauma, representation limit, affection-representation indiscrimination and narcissistic-identity trauma can be investigated and recognized...

Este trabajo parte de la constatación, en el ámbito de nuestra discipl ina, de la existencia de una brecha entre la clínica y la teoría. El autor intenta caracterizar la idea de pensamiento clínico inspirado en la obra de André Green y otros autores, como un pensamiento de enlace (una singular racionalidad) entre ambas. La idea gira en torno de construir puentes entre la experiencia vivida en la clínica y ciertos parámetros rectores y algunas teorías (o teorías ad hoc) que no hacen de la experiencia una mera aplicación técnica, pero que tampoco acaban en la idealización de una espontaneidad irreflexiva o una actuación. La fecundidad de la noción de pensamiento clínico en los casos limite (borderline) se pondrá de relieve en un breve informe clínico del cual emanan y pueden ser investigados conceptos como encuadre; trauma; límite de la representación; no discriminación afecto-representación y trauma narcisista-identitario...

Influence of cover statement and clarity of messages upon risk decision making about thrombolysis therapy in patients with cerebral infarction / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective Influence of cover statement and clarity of the messages upon risk decision making about thrombolysis therapy in patients with cerebral infarction was discussed in the Scenarios of thrombolytic therapy for acute cerebral infarction.Methods Inpatients and outpatients with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into two groups:detailed / simple cover statement group.Every participant underwent obscure messages and clear messages with only one frame:positive or negative frame.Results In the simple cover statement group,both obscure messages subgroup and clear messages subgroup were not influenced by the framing effect with preference to the risk seeking.In the detailed cover statement group,participants in the clear messages group were not influenced by the framing effect(x 2 =0.19,P＞0.05),while the subjects in the obscure messages group were actually affected by the framing effect,with the preference to risk seeking in the positive framework (x 2=7.90,P＜0.01).Conclusion The risk decision making about thrombolysis therapy in patients with cerebral infarction is influenced by cover statements and clarity of the messages.To improve the rate of thrombolysis therapy,the patients should be exposed to the obscure messages in the positive framing information under the detailed cover statement.

O pensamento clínico contemporâneo: revisitando a técnica / Contemporary clinical thought: revisiting the technique / El pensamiento clínico contemporáneo: revisitando la técnica

Este trabalho é parte de uma apresentação feita em 2012, no II Encontro Internacional André Green, realizado na Asociación Psicoanalítica Argentina. O texto retoma alguns conceitos fundamentais de Green, particularmente os conceitos de pulsão, representação e pulsão de morte. Desenvolvem-se, a partir daí, algumas ideias sobre as reformulações da técnica, interpretação, construção, contratransferência imaginativa e silêncio do analista.

'This article is part of a presentation shown in 2012, during the II International André Green Meeting, which took place at the Asociación Psicoanalítica Argentina. The text considers some of Greens basic concepts, particularly the ideas of drive, representation and death drive. From this, ideas on the reformulations of the technique, interpretation, construction, imaginative countertransference and silence of the analyst are developed.

Este trabajo es parte de una presentación realizada en el II Encuentro Internacional André Green del año 2012, en la Asociación Psicoanalítica Argentina. El texto retoma algunos conceptos fundamentales de Green, en particular los conceptos de pulsión, representación y pulsión de muerte. De ahí se desarrollan algunas ideas sobre las reformulaciones de la técnica, interpretación, construcción, contratransferencia imaginativa y silencio del analista.

A mãe morta: um ponto de cruzamento teórico-clínico entre narcisismo, estadolimite e negativo / La madre muerta: un punto de cruce teórico clínico entre narcisismo, estado límite y negativo / The dead mother: a theoretical-clinical crossing point between narcissism, borderline state, and negative

O complexo da mãe morta constitui, na obra de André Green, um ponto de cruzamento teórico-clínico entre narcisismo, estado-limite e negativo. Este núcleo traumático precoce constitui-se por um movimento único de duas vertentes: o desinvestimento do objeto materno, principalmente afetivo, mas também representativo, que constitui um assassinato psíquico do objeto, e a identificação inconsciente com a mãe morta. Ele se manifesta no tratamento analítico pela atualização, na transferência, de uma depressão infantil primária, frequentemente depois de anos de análise. Este luto branco manifesta-se, no tratamento, por uma depressão de transferência que pode ter várias modalidades. As sequências de um tratamento analítico permitem identificar duas modalidades: uma se manifesta por um câncer da tireoide no quarto ano de análise e a outra, por um momento de transferência lateral, ocorrendo no sétimo ano de análise e realizando-se por um envolvimento brusco numa paixão amorosa homossexual. Essas sequências permitem identificar as relações entre essas duas modalidades de atualização de um núcleo de mãe morta e o papel da dinâmica transferência/contratransferência e do processo interpretativo na elaboração dessa depressão infantil primária. As duas modalidades remetem à oposição, à complementaridade, ao quiasma entre a mãe morta, a depressão essencial e a depressão psicótica.

The complex of the dead mother is, in André Green’s work, a theoretical-clinical crossing point between narcissism, borderline state, and negative. This early traumatic core encompasses a single movement of two sources: the disinvestment of the maternal object, especially affective, but also representative, that constitutes a psychic murder of the object, and the unconscious identification with the dead mother. It manifests itself in the analytic treatment by surfacing, in transference, a primary childhood depression, often after years of analysis. This white mourning manifests itself, in the treatment, by a transference depression which may have different modalities. The sequences of an analytic treatment render the identification of two modalities: one manifests itself by means of a thyroid cancer in the fourth year of analysis, and the other by means of a moment of lateral transference, in the seventh year of analysis, by a sudden commitment to a homosexual passion. Those sequences allow for the identification of the relations between those two surfacing modalities of a dead mother and the role of the transference/countertransference dynamics, as well as of the interpretative process in working-through this primary childhood depression. The two modalities refer to opposition, complementarity, the chiasm between the dead mother, essential depression, and psychotic depression.

El complejo de la madre muerta constituye, en la obra de André Green, un punto de cruce teórico clínico entre narcisismo, estado límite y negativo. Este núcleo traumático precoz se constituye por un movimiento único de dos vertientes: el desinvestimiento del objeto materno, principalmente afectivo, pero también representativo que constituye un asesinato psíquico del objeto, y la identificación inconsciente con la madre muerta. Se manifiesta en el tratamiento analítico por la actualización, en la transferencia, de una depresión infantil primaria, frecuentemente después de años de análisis. Este luto blanco se manifiesta en el tratamiento, por una depresión de transferencia que puede tener varias modalidades. Las secuencias de un tratamiento analítico permiten identificar dos modalidades: una se manifiesta por un cáncer de la tiroides en el cuarto año de análisis y la otra por un momento de transferencia lateral, ocurriendo en el séptimo año de análisis y realizándose por una involucración brusca en una pasión amorosa homosexual. Esas secuencias permiten identificar las relaciones entre esas dos modalidades de actualización de un núcleo de madre muerta y el papel de la dinámica transferencia/ contratransferencia y del proceso interpretativo en la elaboración de esa depresión infantil primaria. Las dos modalidades remiten a la oposición, a la complementariedad, al quiasma entre la madre muerta, la depresión esencial y la depresión psicótica.

O pensamento clínico contemporâneo: uma visão histórica das mudanças no trabalho do analista / Contemporary clinical thinking: a historical vision of the changes in the analysts work / El pensamiento clinico contemporáneo: una visión histórica de los cambios en el trabajo del analista

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para a compreensão das mudanças ocorridas na clínica psicanalítica contemporânea, a partir do ponto de vista histórico e conceitual. O artigo aborda as três etapas históricas sucessivas da atividade do analista (seguindo o fio condutor da teorização e da contratransferência): freudiana, pós-freudiana e contemporânea. Concentra-se, em particular, nas mudanças introduzidas na passagem do segundo para o terceiro modelo: de um "conceito totalizante" da contratransferência - que inclui a totalidade do funcionamento mental do analista e que é o núcleo do modelo clínico pós-freudiano - até a "concepção enquadrada" da contratransferência dentro de uma mais ampla e complexa visão contemporânea do trabalho psíquico do analista (na qual as noções de enquadre e de "enquadre interno" são centrais, e na qual a contratransferência enquadra-se e está subordinada ao pensamento clínico do analista).

The main objective of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the changes occurred in contemporary psychoanalytic practice, from a historical and conceptual point of view. The article approaches the three successive historical phases of the activity of the analyst (following the thread of theorization and countertransference): Freudian, post-Freudian and contemporary. It focuses particularly on the changes introduced during the passage from the second to the third model: from a "totalizing concept" of countertransference - which includes the totality of the mental functioning of the analyst and the nucleus of the post-Freudian clinical model - to the "framed conception" of countertransference in a more broad and complex contemporary vision of the analyst's psychic work (in which the notions of framing and of "internal framing" are central, and in which countertransference is framed and is subordinate to the analyst's clinical thinking).

Aportar a la comprensión, desde un punto de vista histórico y conceptual, del cambio en la clínica psicoanalítica contemporánea es el principal objetivo de este artículo. Este se ocupa de la sucesión de tres etapas históricas en la evolución de la actividad del analista (siguiendo el hilo de la teorización de la contra-transferencia): freudiana, post-freudiana y contemporánea. En particular se centra en los cambios introducidos en el pasaje del segundo al tercer modelo: desde un "concepto totalizante" de la contra-transferencia, que incluye la totalidad del funcionamiento mental del analista, y que es el núcleo del modelo clínico post-freudiano; hacia una "concepción encuadrada" de la contra-transferencia dentro de una más amplia y compleja visión contemporánea del trabajo psíquico del analista (en la que las nociones de encuadre y de "encuadre interno" son centrales; y en la que la contra-transferencia se encuadra y subordina al pensamiento clínico del analista).