Experiencias interactivas y conversacionales de familias visitantes en "Darwin, la exposición,explorando las especies", en el Museo Trompo Mágico, México / Interactive and conversational experiences of visiting families in "Darwin, the exhibition, exploring species," at the Museo Trompo Mágico, Mexico

Resumen Analizamos el contenido conversacional y las interacciones de diez familias, con el fin de comprender cómo es la experiencia de aprendizaje en una exposición científica. Como herramienta de análisis se utilizó un protocolo que combina aspectos teóricos y empíricos de la interactividad. Los resultados evidencian que las familias participaron activamente en la exhibición, observando y conversando sobre los animales, haciendo preguntas, buscando respuestas y elaborando explicaciones basadas en el pensamiento científico. Los adultos actuaron como facilitadores del aprendizaje y para ello se apoyaron en paneles informativos fomentando la conexión con experiencias previas. Los niños muestran curiosidad, emociones y comportamientos que evidencian sus experiencias de aprendizaje e interés por temas científicos.

Abstract We analyzed the conversational content and interactions of ten families, with the aim of understanding the learning experience of families in a scientific exhibition. As instrument of analysis, it was used a protocol combining theoretical and empirical aspects of interactivity. The results show that the families actively participated in the exhibition, observing and talking about the animals, asking questions, looking for answers and elaborating explanations based on scientific thinking. The adults acted as facilitators of learning and for this they were supported by information panels promoting the connection with previous experiences. Children show curiosity, emotions and behaviors that evidence their learning experiences and interest in scientific topics.

Ecuadorian honey types described by Kichwa community in Rio Chico, Pastaza province, Ecuador using Free-Choice Profiling

Abstract Pastaza is the largest and least populated province in Ecuador, with seven native indigenous nationalities. The Kichwas from the Rio Chico community live near to the capital city Puyo, are recognized for their knowledge on stingless honey bees. From the 400 species of Neotropical Meliponini that make honey in cerumen pots, almost 100 thrive in Southern Ecuador, and confer such biodiversity to pot-honey. In this study sensory characteristics of Ecuadorian false and genuine honeys with diverse entomological origin: Apis mellifera - light amber and amber, Geotrigona leucogastra, Melipona grandis and Scaptotrigona sp. (S. ederi np Schwarz) were investigated with Kichwa assessors (four female and four male, aged 18-62 years old). The panel was asked to taste and to identify sensory attributes of honey (appearance, taste, smell, aroma, mouthfeel, other tactile sensations), and to score their intensities in 10 cm unstructured line scales anchored with the words weak and strong, using the Free-Choice Profile methodology The Generalized Procrustes Analysis was used on the data. The first and second dimensions accounted for by 61.1% of the variance. In the descriptive sensory evaluation, darker honeys (amber A. mellifera, false and Geotrigona) were separated from (light amber A. mellifera, Melipona and Scaptotrigona) by the first dimension; whereas thicker honeys (A. mellifera and false) were discriminated from thinner honeys (Geotrigona, Melipona and Scaptotrigona) by the second dimension. The assessors were able to evaluate and differentiate honey types without previous sensory training. Remarkably, two Kichwa ladies immediately spit out the false honey, in contrast to an acceptance study on 18-honeys, where the false honey was scored among the preferred ones by 58 participants of the First Congress on Apiculture and Meliponiculture in Ecuador. Therefore, results suggest that Ecuadorian native Kichwas keep a sensory legacy of ancestral knowledge with forest products such as honey.

Common bean seeds quality during storage under treatments with potential repellent of aromatic plants / Qualidade de sementes de feijão carioca armazenado sob tratamentos com plantas aromáticas de potencial repelente

ABSTRACT ndustrial chemicals that control pests in stored seed can cause damage to health by residual effects remaining in the grains. Studies of products with potential insecticide and repellent properties are required to decrease post-harvest losses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and efficiency of seed treatment in beans stored under the following treatments: dried leaves and crushed laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), cinnamon powder (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn) and ground cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) over eight months. An untreated control and a treatment with diatomaceous earth were used to compare the results. At the beginning and at 30 days, percentages of normal and abnormal seedlings as well as seeds that did not germinate, mass of onehundred seeds, water content and infested seeds were analyzed. At 210 and 240 days, free choice arena and repellency testswere conducted. Treatments did not affect germination, mass of 100 seeds or water content; however, all plants tested showed a repellent effect on the bean weevil.

RESUMO Produtos químicos industriais que controlam pragas de sementes e grãos armazenados podem causar danos à saúde pelo efeito residual que proporcionam. Assim, são necessários estudos de produtos que apresentem repelência e potencial inseticida e reduzam perdas pós-colheita sem causar danos à saúde. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade e eficiência do tratamento com plantas aromáticas: folhas desidratadas e moídas de louro (Laurus nobilis), alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) e manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), canela em pó (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn) e cravo moído (Syzygium aromaticum L.), em sementes de feijão carioca armazenadas durante oito meses. Uma testemunha sem tratamento e outra com terra de diatomáceas foram utilizadas para comparação dos resultados. No início e a cada 30 dias foram realizadas as determinações de plântulas normais, anormais, sementes não germinadas, massa de cem sementes, teor de água e sementes infestadas. Os testes de arena de livre escolha e repelência foram realizados aos 210 e 240 dias. Os tratamentos não influenciaram a germinação, massa de cem sementes, teor de água. Entretanto, todas as plantas testadas apresentaram efeito repelente sobre o caruncho do feijão.

Antibiose e antixenose de feijão-fava a Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) / Antibiosis and antixenosis of lima bean to Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

O feijão-fava é uma importante fonte de proteínas e renda para muitas famílias do Nordeste do Brasil. O gorgulho Zabrotes subfasciatus é uma das principais pragas de feijão-fava armazenado, causando prejuízos quantitativos e qualitativos. A resistência genética é uma das formas mais promissoras para o controle de pragas. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar e caracterizar os tipos e os níveis de resistência genética de oito acessos de feijão-fava ao ataque de Z. subfasciatus . Os ensaios foram realizados em laboratório com temperatura e luminosidade controladas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando os acessos UFPI 230, UFPI 264, UFPI 271, UFPI 515, UFPI 468, UFPI 220, UFPI 280 e UFPI 134 como tratamentos. Foram realizados dois testes: sem chance de escolha e com livre chance de escolha. Houve diferenças significativas para número de ovos, insetos emergidos e mortalidade larval/pupal no teste com livre escolha por meio dos testes F e de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Os índices de atratividade e de preferência para oviposição revelaram que existem diferentes níveis de resistência do tipo não preferência para oviposição. Todos os acessos apresentaram um nível baixo de antibiose. Os acessos UFPI 220, UFPI 468, UFPI 264, UFPI 134 e UFPI 230 apresentaram resistência por antixenose quando comparados com UFPI 515. O acesso UFPI 515 foi o mais suscetível.(AU)

Lima bean is an important source of protein and income for many families in Northeast Brazil. Zabrotes subfasciatus is the main pest of stored lima bean, which is responsible for quantitative and qualitative losses. Genetic resistance is one of the most promising ways to control pests. Thus, this research aimed to study the genetic resistance of eight accessions of lima bean to Z. subfasciatus attack. Assays were performed in the laboratory with temperature and lighting controlled in a completely randomized design using the UFPI 230, UFPI 264, UFPI 271, UFPI 515, UFPI 468, UFPI 220, UFPI 280, and UFPI 134 accessions as treatments. No-choice and free-choice tests were performed. In the free-choice test significant differences were observed in the number of eggs, emerged insects and larval/pupal mortality using the F test and Scott-Knot, both at 5% of probability. The attractivity and preference indicators for oviposition have shown that there are different resistance levels of no preference type for oviposition. All accessions revealed a low antibiosis level. The UFPI 220, UFPI 468, UFPI264, UFPI 134, and UFPI 230 accessions presented antixenosis resistance when compared to the UFPI 515 accession. The UFPI 515 was the most susceptible.(AU)

Milho inteiro e moído em diferentes sistemas de alimentação para poedeiras semipesadas / Whole and ground corn in different feeding systems for brown laying hens

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos de poedeiras semipesadas alimentadas com dietas com diferentes granulometrias do milho em dois sistemas de alimentação (fatorial 4x2) utilizando-se 256 aves em 32 gaiolas, a partir da 46ª semana de idade. As granulometrias do milho utilizadas foram: milho inteiro, milho com 3.198µm, milho com 1254µm e milho com 663µm de diâmetro geométrico médio, e os dois sistemas de alimentação: completo e de livre escolha. O experimento teve duração de quatro períodos de 28 dias. Avaliaram-se consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), produção de ovos ( por centoovos/ave/dia), peso dos ovos (g), densidade específica (g/cm³), massa de ovos (g), consumo energético (kcal/ave/dia) e consumo proteico (g/ave/dia). No método de livre escolha, as diferentes granulometrias não influenciaram o desempenho. A qualidade do ovo não foi afetada pelas diferentes granulometrias do milho e pelos sistemas de alimentação. No método de livre escolha, houve redução no consumo proteico, com exceção do milho inteiro. Nas granulometrias média e grossa, o sistema completo resultou em maior número de ovos em relação ao de livre escolha.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and egg quality of semi-heavy layers fed diets with different particle sizes of corn in two feeding systems (4x2 factorial) using 256 birds in 32 cages from 46 weeks of age. The particle sizes used were round, 3.198µm, 1254µm and 663µm, and the feed systems complete and of free choice. The experiment lasted for four periods of 28 days. Food intake (g/bird/day), egg production ( percent eggs/hen/day), egg weight (g), specific gravity (g/cm³), egg mass (g), energy consumption (kcal/bird/day) and protein intake (g/bird/day) were evaluated. In the method of free choice, the different textures did not affect growth performance. The quality of eggs was not affected by the different particle sizes of corn and the feed systems. In the method of free choice there was a reduction in protein intake, except for corn grain. In the medium and coarse particle sizes the complete system provides a higher number of eggs in relation to the free choice system.

How a Huottuja (Piaroa) community perceives genuine and false honey from the Venezuelan Amazon, by free-choice profi le sensory method

Pot honey is the most abundant honey in the forest, produced by many species of stingless bees (Meliponini) of the Huottuja (Piaroa) community in Paria Grande, Venezuela. However, the commercialization of this honey is low, and false honeys, which are sold in labelled bottles, are easily found in the market. This study has investigated the ability of an untrained panel of Piaroa assessors to differentiate the genuine from the false pot honey using the Free-choice profile. This sensory method allows consumers to use their own words to describe and to quantify sensory attributes of a product. The genuine honeys, light amber Melipona fuscopilosa "isabitto" and dark amber Tetragona clavipes "ajavitte", the false light and dark "angelita" honeys, and the amber Apis mellifera honey, were evaluated. Sensory attributes related to the appearance, color, odor, flavor and mouthfeel were elicited in a qualitative session and were quantified in 10-cm unstructured line scales using individual score sheets. The data were analyzed by Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA). The bidimensional plot successfully separated genuine from false pot honeys. The first dimension (39.50 percent) was represented by the low viscosity, fermented odor and sour taste, whereas the second dimension (24.69 percent) was related to fruity and honey odor and flavor. Huottuja assessors differentiated the five honey types in terms of the perceived sensory characteristics.

Energy and oil levels in broiler starter diets / Níveis de energia e de óleo vegetal em dietas iniciais de frangos de corte

The feed intake and performance of the broilers fed with different levels of dietary energy in the starter diet to 21 days of age were evaluated. In Experiment 1 it was evaluated the performance of birds fed to 2,900 and 3,200kcal ME kg-1 diets, and the results show that ME intake was highest for birds 3,200kcal ME kg-1 on the 7th day of age. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion (FC) were not affected by dietary energy level on the 7th and 14th day of age, but on the 21st day of age, WG and FC were better for 3,200kcal ME kg-1 diets. In the experiment 2, isocaloric diets (2,900kcal ME kg-1) were formulated with four different oil levels (0, 1, 2, and 3 percent), in order to observe diet preference. Between 6 and 10 days of age, a quadratic response in FI for oil level was observed (Y=47.6+49.8x-13.4x², R²=0.98). Between 11 to 15, and 16 to 20 days of age, birds preferred to eat the diet with the highest level of oil (Y=16.6+52.85x, R²=0.97 and Y=19.30+59.05x, R²=0.98, respectively). Experiment 3 evaluated the performance and the pancreatic Lipase and Amylase activities of birds. On the 11th day of age, a linear response to WG and FC dietary oil level occurred. No differences were found in pancreatic lipase and amylase enzyme levels at 5 days of age. The diets with higher levels of energy and/or oil, during the first days of age, did not influence dietary preference, pancreatic lipase and amylase level or the performance of broilers. The results of this study show that diets with high levels of energy derived from lipids may not be interesting for young broilers, as they do not result in better performance (FI, WG, and FC).

Foram avaliados o comportamento ingestivo e o desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de energia e inclusões de óleo vegetal na dieta inicial. No Experimento 1, foi comparado o desempenho de frangos alimentados com dietas contendo 2.900 ou 3.200kcal EM kg-1 de ração, e a ingestão de EM foi maior nas aves alimentadas com 3.200Kcal EM kg-1 na primeira semana de idade. O consumo de ração (CR), o ganho de peso (GP) e a conversão alimentar (CA) não foram influenciados pelo nível de energia aos sete e aos 14 dias, entretanto, aos 21 dias de idade, GP e CA foram melhores paras aves alimentadas com dietas com 3.200Kcal de EM kg-1. No Experimento 2, foram formuladas dietas isocalóricas (2.900 Kcal EM kg-1) com diferentes níveis de óleo (0, 1, 2 e 3 por cento). Entre o sexto e o décimo dia de idade houve aumento no CR, concomitantemente à inclusão de óleo (Y=47,6+49,8x-13,4x², R²=0,98). Entre o décimo e o décimo quinto dia e também entre o décimo quinto e vigésimo dia de idade, houve preferência pela ingestão de rações com maior nível de óleo (Y=16,6+52,85x, R²=0,97 e Y= 9,3+59,05x, R²=0,98 respectivamente). No experimento 3, foi avaliado o desempenho e a atividade da lipase e amilase pancreáticas. No décimo primeiro dia de idade, houve aumento linear em GP e CR com o aumento no nível de óleo. Não houve alteração nos níveis de enzimas estudados. Dietas com altos níveis de energia e/ou óleo não alteram o desempenho ou a produção de lipase e amilase em frangos nos primeiros dias de idade. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que altos níveis de energia proveniente de lipídios não são interessantes para frangos de corte, por não alterarem o seu desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho de peso ou conversão alimentar).

Impacto de la selección de los mecanismos de pago en la producción de atención de salud: ¿están en línea con los objetivos sanitarios? / Impact of payment mechanisms on health services production in Chile: are the mechanisms in tune with the health policy objectives?

Este trabajo intenta caracterizar de los problemas que contienen los incentivos, principalmente aquellos contenidos en los mecanismos de transferencia usados en Chile, que no se encuentran a la altura de los desafíos de la actual reforma, por lo que se requiere entrar en una fase de modificación importante. A la vez, se describe evidencia empírica que muestra efectos indeseados sobre la producción de prestaciones a nivel global, desde hace algunos años y desde 2005, con la implementación de la reforma y la introducción de las GES, asociados a los mecanismos de pago. Esto es, disminución general de la actividad del SNSS, aumento de las urgencias y de la compra externa tanto vía MLE como GES. La disminución de la actividad general del SNSS no implica una caída en la productividad ya que se produce un cambio en el case-mix de producción del sistema, incentivado por las GES y sus compromisos asociados. Esto último, puede estar reflejando problemas de acceso en lo no GES. Por último, se reseña de modo general, la propuesta que está siendo trabajada en el sector para modificar los sistemas de transferencia.

The current mechanisms of financial transfer in the Chilean Health Care System imply incentives that are not up to the challenges of the Health Reform initiated in 2002. According to the authors, important modifications are required. We present empirical evidence of the undesired effects of those mechanisms on the overall generation of health services in the last few years. Starting in 2005, the Health Reform introduced Explicit Guarantees (GES) for the Provision of certain services, and these are linked to the mechanisms of payment to the providers. There has been a general decrease in the activities of the National Health Services System, an increase of emergency care and in the purchase of external services via the Explicit Guarantees and also via the Free Choice option included in the public system. The reduction of the general activity of the public system is not matched by a fall in productivity: what we observe is a change in the case mix, which is induced mainly by the Explicit Guarantees scheme and its associated commitments. A reduction of access to non GES care may be under way. We describe the general outline of a proposed change in the financial transfer mechanisms, which is being discussed in the health sector.

Learning science from museums / Museus e o aprendizado da ciência

This article provides an overview of current understandings of the science learning that occurs as a consequence of visiting a free-choice learning setting like a science museum. The best available evidence indicates that if you want to understand learning at the level of individuals within the real world, learning does functionally differ depending upon the conditions, i. e., the context, under which it occurs. Hence, learning in museums is different than learning in any other setting. The contextual model of learning provides a way to organize the myriad specifics and details that give richness and authenticity to the museum learning process while still allowing a holistic picture of visitor learning. The results of a recent research investigation are used to show how this model elucidates the complex nature of science learning from museums. This study demonstrates that learning from museums can be meaningfully analyzed and described. The article concludes by stating that only by appreciating and accounting for the full complexities of the museum experience will a useful understanding of how and what visitors learn from science museums emerge.

Este artigo oferece uma visão geral das maneiras pelas quais se concebe o aprendizado da ciência associado a visitas a museus que operam como ambientes onde é possível a livre escolha do que se vai aprender. As melhores evidências indicam que se se quiser compreender o aprendizado no nível de indíviduos inseridos no mundo real, o aprendizado difere funcionalmente conforme as condições, isto é, o contexto em que ocorre. Assim, aprender em museus não é a mesma coisa que aprender em qualquer outro ambiente. O modelo contextual de aprendizado fornece meios de organizar um sem-número de detalhes que confere riqueza e autenticidade ao processo de aprendizado em museus, sem impedir uma apreensão holística de parte do vistante. O presente artigo procura demonstrar que, somente quando levamos em conta a complexidade da experiência museal, alcançamos a verdadeira compreensão do que aprendem os visitantes a respeito da ciência, e de como o fazem.

Lessons without limit: how free-choice learning is transforming science and technology education / Lições sem limite: como o aprendizado por livre escolha vem transformando a educação em ciência e tecnologia

Societies are becoming nations of lifelong learners supported by a vast infrastructure of learning organizations. The centers of this learning revolution are not schools, but a network of organizations and media (museums, libraries, television, books, and increasingly the Internet) supporting the public's ever-growing demand for free-choice learning - learning guided by a person's needs and interests. Science learning is an important part of this revolution. Traditional boundaries and roles distinguishing groups of science educators and institutions are disappearing. To not understand and embrace these changes will impede our ability to enhance science learning worldwide.

As sociedades estão se tornando nações de aprendizes vitalícios respaldados por vasta infra-estrutura organizacional. Os centros desta revolução no aprendizado não são as escolas, e sim uma rede de organizações e mídias (museus, bibliotecas, televisão, livros e cada vez mais a Internet) que sustentam a busca crescente do aprendizado por livre escolha conduzido pelas necessidades e interesses de cada pessoa. O aprendizado da ciência é parte importante desta revolução. Estão desaparecendo as fronteiras e papéis tradicionais que distinguiam os grupos de educadores e instituições de ciência. Não compreender e não abraçar estas mudanças inviabilizam nossa capacidade de promover o ensino da ciência em âmbito mundial.