Process Evaluation of the Universal Immunization Program in Imphal-East District of Manipur: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Various strategies have been made to make vaccines universally available including to most hard-to-reach and vulnerable population. However, change in coverage level never reached upto expected level in spite of giving so much effort by the Govt. of India and World bodies. Therefore, there is the need to look beyond. Hence, the process evaluation of Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was conducted to evaluate the process of UIP using selected variables. Methods: A cross-sectional observation was done during the period from May 2017 to April 2020 among the 14 health?care facilities and 36 selected session sites, and interview was done to 48 health?care providers working at different levels, located in Imphal East district of Manipur. Both checklist and pretested semi-structured questioners were used for collection of data. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, proportion, and percentage were used. Results: Ice-lined refrigerator and Deep-freezer were found to be present in working condition in 11 (100%) centers. The use of vaccine carrier was found in all 36 (100%) centers. Way of vaccine administration was found to be correct in 26 (72.2%) centers. Availability of up?to?date microplan was found in 18 (78.3%) centers. Conclusions: Barriers in the UIP were not uniform throughout the villages and districts. Hence, area?specific measures need to be taken up for overcoming the barriers and challenges.

Controle de temperatura dos freezers / Control de la temperatura de los congeladores / Freezer temperature control

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as orientações necessárias para o controle de temperatura dos freezers em Bancos de Leite humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer las directrices necesarias para el control de la temperatura de los congeladores en los Bancos de Leche Humana y en los Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana con el fin de asegurar la calidad en los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Regeneration of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Isolates Following Deep Freezer Storage

Mycelial growth and survival ratio of ectomycorrhizal fungi were determined after storage at -70degrees C for 1, 3, or 6 mon. Seventeen of 23 ectomycorrhizal fungi did not survive after storage for more than 6 mon, whereas Cenococcum geophilum, Lepista nuda, and some species of Rhizopogon and Suillus did survive.

Preservation of continuous cell lines at -85°C: A low-cost alternative for resource limited countries.

Background: Cell culture is the most popular method of virus propagation because of its high sensitivity. However, the need of high cost liquid nitrogen for storage of cell lines is one of the main limiting factor for its widespread use in developing countries. Objective: The present study was therefore carried out to standardize the preservation of continuous cell lines at deep freezer (-85ºC) for 6 months. Methods: Fixed number of Vero and Hep2 cells were preserved at -85ºC deep freezer in separate vials and were revived at one month interval to check the growth pattern. Results: Both the cell lines could be revived with healthy cells and monolayer was formed within 7-10 days, after storage at -85ºC for 4 months. Conclusion: The present study highlights the utility of -85ºC deep freezer as an alternative to liquid N 2 for preservation of these cell lines at least up to four months.

Freezing effect on post-thawed sperm characteristics especially sperm DNA integrity comparing between liquid nitrogen vapour and computerized program freezer.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the cryodamage effects on human sperm characteristics, especially on sperm DNA integrity, after 6 months of freezing comparing between liquid nitrogen vapour (LNV) and computerized program freezer (CPF). Forty normal semen samples were collected for semen analysis. Each sample was mixed with cryoprotective media and devided into 2 straws. The first straw was frozen with LNV and the second one with CPF. After 6 months of cryostorage, semen samples were thawed, and sperm chromatin integrity as well as sperm motility, morphology, vitality and cryosurvival rate were determined. Percentages of DNA damage were higher (p<0.01) following freezing with LNV than with CPF. Sperm vitality was greater (p<0.05) after CPF than after LNV, as well as cryosurvival rate (p<0.001). Post-thawed sperm motility was greater after CPF than after LNV, either in grade A (p<0.001) or in grade B (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the percentage of normal sperm morphology comparing the two freezing methods. The current study demonstrated post-thawed decrease in sperm DNA integrity as well as other sperm characteristics after freezing in both methods. The CPF significantly provided superior results in post-thawed sperm DNA integrity, sperm motility and vitality than LNV did. In case of 6 months of cryostorage, therefore, we recommend the computerized program freezer as a preference for sperm cryopreservation.

Viability and Colony Forming Capacity of Hematopoietic Stem Cells after Cryopreservation / 대한소아혈액종양학회지

PURPOSE: Cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells is one of the essential components in autologous and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cell, the conventional method involves controlled-rate freezing by a programmed freezer in medium that contains 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectant, followed by storage in liquid nitrogen freezer. We compared the differences between different methods of cryopreservation and cryoprotectants on viability and colony forming capacity of hematopoietic stem cells. METHODS: Mononuclear cells separated using Ficoll-Hypaque from cord blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow were frozen with programmed freezer at 196degrees C or placed in a 70degrees C freezer without programmed freezer in both 10% and 20% DMSO. We measured cell viability using trypan blue dye exclusion method and colony forming capacity with methyl cellulose media at 7, 30 and 90 days after thawing. RESULTS: Cell viability of cord blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow was higher in the groups with programmed freezer compared with rapid freezing and storing in a 70degrees C freezer. Also as the storage time passed, the decrease in viability of hematopoietic cells was much less in the groups of controlled-rate freezing by a programmed freezer. The number of colony in cord blood and bone marrow was higher with programmed freezer and that of peripheral blood was higher with rapid freezing and storage in a 70degrees C freezer. Comparing the differences between different concentraions of DMSO, cell viability was similar or slightly higher in 20% DMSO groups than 10% DMSO groups, but the number of colony was higher in 10% DMSO groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that conventional cryopreservation method using programmed freezer with 10% DMSO was more effective in the cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells.

Establishment of Korean Neuroblastoma Cell Line (NBL-K1) / 대한소아혈액종양학회지

PURPOSE: A new continuous cell line, NBL-K1, was established in tissue culture from a Korean child with stage IV neuroblastoma, arising from the adrenal gland, which had normal urinary excretion of VMA and HVA and diagnosed by light and electron microscope. METHODS: Clinical characteristics of patient was high ferritin level, normal neuron specific enolase, and normal urinary VMA and HVA. The small tissue specimen obtained from surgically resected tumor was minced with a mosquito scissors and scalpels and cultured in L-15 medium with 17% FBS (37oC and 5% CO2). Chromosome analysis was performed from bone marrow cell culture with a method of high resolution banding using methotrexate and thymidine and TGT staining. Chromosomes were analyzed by ISCN. The N-myc amplification was checked by N-myc primers, PCR, and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: The cells were attached to the bottom of culture flask on 4th day of culture and composed of a small and elongated cell body with relatively abundant granules in cytoplasm and oval shaped nucleus with one prominent nucleoli and slender nerve-like fiber. Cell clumps were observed on 10th day of culture. The morphology was changed to round cell when trypsin was added. The chromosome analysis revealed two kinds of hyperdiploidy. No cell contained homogeneously stained region (HSR). But numerous double minutes (DMs) were observed. N- myc oncogene of the NBL-K1 was not amplified. The cultured cells with many black immunobeads around the surface considered to be the neuroblastoma cells. CONCLUSION: The characteristic Korean neuroblastoma cell line (NBL K-1) was estblished for the future studies of in vitro chemosensitivity test, monoclonal antibody and xenograft.

Development of LG-1000 chromatography freezer / 医疗卫生装备

LG -1000 high -capacity chromatography freezer can be widely applied in biochemistry, medicine and pharmaceutics to make a constant cryogenic environment and refrigeration for medical materials available. The freezer is reliable, automatic and adopts some CFC-free materials, so the defficiency in related field in Chian can be made up for.