Impact of changing classification systems on prevalence and frequency distribution of odontogenic tumors in tertiary care center of Nagpur / Impacto da mudança nos sistemas de classificação sobre a prevalência e a distribuição da frequência de tumores odontogênicos em um centro de atenção terciária de Nagpur

Abstract Introduction The classification of odontogenic tumors has been revised from time to time in order to provide unified terminology. This reclassification had considerable impact on their prevalence and frequency distribution. Objectives This study was aimed to emphasize impact of changing classification systems on prevalence and relative frequency of odontogenic tumors. The secondary objective was to analyze demographics of various histological types of odontogenic tumors in comparison to published literature. Review of Indian studies (1992-2020) elaborating frequency of odontogenic tumors is summarized in the end. Methods This was a hospital-based retrospective study wherein case files of odontogenic tumors diagnosed from 1990 to 2019 period were retrieved. The classification system used originally at the time of diagnosis was retained and prevalence of odontogenic tumors in three different periods (1990-2004, 2005-2016 and 2017-2019) was compared. Further, prevalence, frequency distribution and demographics of all these tumors (1990-2019) were analyzed using latest World Health Organization 2017 classification. Results A total of 345 odontogenic tumors was diagnosed as per World Health Organization 2017 system of classification from 1990 to 2019. 96.81% tumors were benign and 3.81% constituted malignant odontogenic tumors. However, there was marked increase in prevalence of odontogenic tumors in 2005-2016 (6.2%) period as compared to 1990-2004 (3.87%) and 2017-2019 (3.47%). Ameloblastoma remained the most common tumor in three different periods, whereas keratocystic odontogenic tumor became second commonest tumor in 2005-2016 as compared to odontoma in 1990-2004 and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor in 2017-2019. Conclusions The continuous evolving systems of classification may partly be responsible for inconsistency in odontogenic tumors, with inclusion of keratocystic odontogenic tumor,and has marked impact on prevalence and frequency distribution of odontogenic tumors. The geographical variations in demographics of odontogenic tumors might reflect genetic and environment influence; however it requires elucidation by further studies.

Resumo Introdução A classificação dos tumores odontogênicos é revisada de tempos em tempos para fornecer uma terminologia unificada. Essas revisões tiveram um impacto considerável na prevalência e distribuição da frequência desses tumores. Objetivo Enfatizar o impacto da mudança dos sistemas de classificação na prevalência e frequência relativa dos tumores odontogênicos. O objetivo secundário foi analisar os dados demográficos de vários tipos histológicos de tumores odontogênicos em comparação com a literatura publicada. A revisão dos estudos indianos (1992-2020) sobre a frequência dos tumores odontogênicos é resumida no fim. Método Este foi um estudo retrospectivo com base em registro hospitalar de casos de tumores odontogênicos diagnosticados de 1990‐2019 que foram revisados. O sistema de classificação usado originalmente no momento do diagnóstico foi mantido e a prevalência de tumores odontogênicos em três períodos (1990-2004, 2005-2016 e 2017-2019) foi comparada. Além disso, a prevalência, a distribuição da frequência e os dados demográficos de todos esses tumores (1990-2019) foram analisados com a classificação mais recente da OMS de 2017. Resultados Foram diagnosticados 345 tumores odontogênicos de acordo com o sistema de classificação da OMS (2017) de 1990-2019. A ocorrência de tumores odontogênicos benignos e malignos foi de 96,81% e 3,81%, respectivamente. Contudo, houve um aumento acentuado na prevalência de tumores odontogênicos de 2005‐2016 (6,2%), comparado aos períodos de 1990‐2004 (3,87%) e 2017‐2019 (3,47%). O ameloblastoma permaneceu como o tumor mais comum em três períodos, enquanto o tumor odontogênico ceratocístico passou a ser o segundo tumor mais comum em 2005‐2016, comparado ao odontoma em 1990‐2004 e ao tumor odontogênico adenomatoide em 2017‐2019. Conclusões Os sistemas de classificação em evolução contínua podem, em parte, atribuir uma inconsistência à classificação dos tumores odontogênicos com a inclusão do tumor odontogênico ceratocístico e causar um impacto marcante na prevalência e distribuição da frequência dos tumores odontogênicos. As variações geográficas na demografia dos tumores odontogênicos podem refletir influências genéticas e ambientais, mas requerem elucidação por estudos futuros.

Distribución de patrones espásticos en extremidad superior posterior a un daño de motoneurona superior / Distribution of spastic patterns in upper extremity after an upper motor neuron syndrome

ANTECEDENTES: la evidencia sobre personas que presentan daño de motoneurona superior y desarrollan un patrón de espasticidad en extremidad superior (EES) es limitada. Este signo positivo de disfunción o secundario al daño de la motoneurona superior se asocia con pérdida de función y disminución de la independencia, provocando discapacidad y alterando la calidad de vida. OBJETIVO: determinar la distribución de frecuencias de los patrones de EES, muñeca, dedos y pulgar posterior a un daño de motoneurona superior. MÉTODO: diseño descriptivo de corte transversal prospectivo. Se realizó una medición a 206 sujetos pertenecientes a 17 centros de salud, quienes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y firmaron el consentimiento. La evaluación incluyó datos clínicos y la evaluación del patrón de EES (Clasificación de Hefter), muñeca, dedos (Zancolli adaptado) y pulgar (Clasificación de House). RESULTADOS: El análisis consideró cada una de las taxonomías de los patrones de EES evaluados (Hefter I a V). La distribución de frecuencias fue investigada mediante la prueba χ2 de bondad de ajuste, seguida de la inspección post hoc de los residuos estandarizados (z) en cada celda. Se identificaron frecuencias significativamente mayores en: el patrón III de extremidad superior, el patrón cubitalizado neutro de muñeca, el patrón del flexor profundo y mixto de Zancolli adaptado, y en los patrones 3, 4 del pulgar. Ninguna taxonomía se asoció al tiempo de evolución y tipo de ACV. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio aporta evidencia relevante sobre la distribución frecuencia de patrones espásticos, posterior a un daño de motoneurona superior. La información proporcionada busca apoyar el proceso de decisión terapéutica potenciando la recuperación funcional de la extremidad superior.

BACKGROUND: The evidence regarding people who present superior motor neuron damage and develop a pattern of spasticity in the upper limb (SUL) is limited. This positive sign of the superior motor neuron is associated with both the loss of function and the decreased independence, causing disability and altering life quality. OBJECTIVE: to determine the frequency distribution of SUL, wrist, finger and thumb patterns after superior motor neuron damage. METHOD: prospective cross-sectional descriptive design, the sample consisted of 206 patients belonging to 17 health centers, who met the inclusion criteria and signed the informed consent, approved by the committee of ethics. The study considered a measurement, including clinical data and evaluation of the pattern of SUL (Hefter´s classification), wrist, fingers (adapted Zancolli) and thumb (House Classification). RESULTS: The analysis considered each of the taxonomies of evaluated patterns (Hefter´s I-V). Frequency distribution was investigated by χ2 goodness of fit tests, followed by post hoc inspection of standardized residues (z) in each cell. Significantly higher frequencies were identified in the upper limb pattern III, the neutral cubitalized wrist pattern, the adapted Zancolli deep flexor pattern and in the thumb patterns 3, 4. No taxonomy was associated with the evolution time and type of stroke. CONCLUSION: The study provides with relevant scientific evidence regarding the frequency distribution of spasticity patterns after superior motor neuron damage. The information provided can support the therapeutic decision process by enhancing the functional recovery of upper limb.

Visualization of frequency distribution / 中华预防医学杂志

Statistical graph, as a useful tool of data visualization, plays a crucial role in the statistical description. This paper mainly introduces several common statistical charts, their characteristics, practical examples and so on for frequency distribution, including qualitative variable and quantitative variable, in order to provide application reference for readers.

Method of capture and population structure of Aegla georginae Santos and Jara, 2013 (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae) in a tributary of the Ibicuí River in southern Brazil / Método de captura e estrutura populacional de Aegla georginae Santos and Jara, 2013 (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae) em um afluente do rio Ibicuí no sul do Brasil

Abstract In the current study, we investigated population aspects of Aegla georginae in the Ibicuí River Basin by considering different capture methods and the implication of these data in the analysis of population dynamics. We sampled 1774 individuals: 1259 males (21 and 97 juveniles and 1029 and 113 adults in trap and handnet, respectively), 512 females (05 and 140 juveniles, 184 and 64 adults, and 81 and 38 ovigerous in trap and handnet, respectively) and 03 unsexed individuals (02 and 01 in trap and handnet, respectively). The frequency distribution in size classes shows a bimodal model for both sexes. The carapace length (CL) in males and females varied from 3.11 to 26.00 and 3.73 to 22.36 mm, respectively. Males presented significantly larger sizes than females. The relative abundance between males and females was significantly different from 1:1 with more males than females in most sampling periods (p < 0.05) when considering the grouped data (handnet + trap) and trap captures, but followed the expected ratio in most months when considering individuals sampled only with handnet (p > 0.05). Juveniles were recorded in all seasons, and reproduction occurs throughout the year. The population structure is similar to the model known for aeglids, and the capture methods affected the analysis of A. georginae, where the grouped data and trap captures presented greater abundance of individuals than handnet and males predominate in the larger size classes, and females in the intermediary size classes. Therefore, an integrated view of the capture methods is the best model for studying the population dynamics of aeglids.

Resumo No presente estudo, nós investigamos aspectos populacionais de Aegla georginae na Bacia do rio Ibicuí e consideramos a implicação de diferentes métodos de captura na análise dos dados de dinâmica populacional. Foram amostrados 1774 indivíduos: 1259 machos (21 e 97 juvenis e 1028 e 113 adultos em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente), e 512 fêmeas (05 e 140 juvenis, 184 e 64 adultos, e 81 e 38 ovígeras em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente) e 03 não-sexados (2 e 1 em armadilhas e rede de mão, respectivamente). A distribuição de frequência nas classes de tamanho mostrou um modelo bimodal para ambos os sexos. O comprimento da carapaça (CC) em machos e fêmeas variou de 3,11 a 26,00 e 3,73 a 22,36 mm, respectivamente. Machos apresentaram-se significativamente maiores que as fêmeas. A abundância relativa entre machos e fêmeas foi diferente significativamente de 1:1 com mais machos do que fêmeas na maioria dos períodos amostrados (p < 0,05) quando considerados os dados agrupados (rede de mão + armadilhas) e somente armadilhas, mas seguiu a razão esperada na maioria dos meses quando considerados apenas os indivíduos capturados com rede de mão (p > 0,05). Juvenis foram registrados em todas as estações do ano e a reprodução ocorreu durante todo o ano. A estrutura populacional é similar ao modelo conhecido para eglídeos e os métodos de captura afetam a análise para A. georginae, onde os dados agrupados e as capturas por armadilha apresentaram maior abundância de indivíduos do que rede de mão e machos predominando nas classes de tamanho mais altas e fêmeas nas classes de tamanho intermediárias. Portanto, uma visão integrativa dos métodos de captura é o melhor modelo para estudar a dinâmica populacional de eglídeos.

Estudio comparativo de sobrepeso y obesidad mediante el índice de masa corporal en estudiantes del colegio Manuel Vicente Ballivian y personas adultas de 20 a 32 años La Paz-Bolivia 2015 / Comparative study of overweight and obesity by means of the body mass index in students of the colegio Manuel Vicente Ballivian and adults 20 to 32 years old La Paz-Bolivia 2015

El sobrepeso y obesidad se considera un importante problema de salud en la sociedad que ha ido en aumento en los últimos años y también a nivel mundial. Se realizó una comparación mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en estudiantes de sexto de secundaria del Colegio Manuel Vicente Ballivian y personas adultas de 20 a 32 años con la participación de estudiantes de la asignatura de estadística de 2do año de la carrera de Química Farmacéutica de la UMSA. Se obtuvieron los pesos con una báscula y la altura con una cinta métrica, una vez que se obtuvieron estos datos se realizó el cálculo correspondiente para el IMC y con estos datos una tabla de distribución de frecuencias basada en una clasificación del estado nutricional según la OMS. Mediante los cálculos obtenidos y la tabla se observó que en la Unidad Educativa un 3.85% presenta delgadez moderada, 11.5% delgadez aceptable, 57.7% normal y 19.2% sobre peso y 7.69% obesidad grado I. Y en las personas adultas un 6.45% delgadez severa, 3.23% delgadez moderada, 45.2% normal, 38.7% sobrepeso y 6,45% obesidad grado I. En nuestro estudio se pudo determinar que el porcentaje de delgadez severa y sobrepeso aumenta en las personas de 20 a 32 años con respecto a los estudiantes esto debido a muchos factores entre ellos los más importantes el sedentarismo y la mala alimentación por falta de información respecto al tema.

Overweight and obesity is considered a major health problem in society that has been increasing in recent years and also worldwide. a comparison was performed using the body mass index (BMI) in sixthsecondary of Manuel Vicente Ballivian College and adults 20 to 32 years with the participation of students of the subject of statistical 2nd year of study Pharmaceutical Chemistry UMSA. weights were obtained with a scale and height with a tape measure, once obtained this information the corresponding calculation for BMI (Body Mass Index) was conducted and the data table of frequency distribution based on a classification nutritional status according to WHO. Obtained by calculations and the table is noted that the Education Unit has one moderate thinness 3.85%, 11.5% acceptable thinness, 57.7% and 19.2% on average and 7.69% weight obesity degree I. And adults thinness 6.45% severe, moderate thinness 3.23%, average 45.2% 38.7% 6.45% overweight and obesity degree I. In our study it was determined that the percentage of severely underweight and overweight increased in people 20 to 32 years with regard to the students that due to many factors including the most important physical inactivity and poor nutrition due to lack of information on the subject.

Life-stages, exploitation status and habitat use of Lutjanus goreensis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in coastal marine environments of Lagos, SW Nigeria / Ciclo de vida, estado de explotación y hábitat de Lutjanus goreensis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) en ambientes marinos costeros de Lagos, suroeste de Nigeria

The Gorean snapper, Lutjanus goreensis is an important component of artisanal fisheries and trawl landings in the Gulf of Guinea. Despite its economic importance, there is a dearth of information on size structure and life history strategies of the species. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to provide baseline data on the life stages, exploitation status and habitat use for the species in Nigeria. Monthly samples were obtained from artisanal and trawl catches in Five Cowrie Creek and Lagos coastal waters between December 2008 and December 2010, respectively. Length-frequency distributions of the fishes caught were analysed to provide preliminary information on mean and modal lengths at capture and life - history strategies based on habitat use and estuarine-dependency for L. goreensis. A total of 822 specimens of L. goreensis were collected from Five Cowrie Creek while 377 specimens were collected from Lagos coastal waters. Total length varied between 7.90-34.90cm for creek samples and from 21.90-56.10cm for marine samples. Length-frequency histograms showed polymodal size distributions in creek and marine samples. Length-frequency distributions of L. goreensis showed a high abundance of juveniles (<20cm) and sub-adults (20-35cm) which accounted for 84.1% and 68.4% of creek and marine samples examined, respectively. For the creek samples, fish in modal length class of 13.00-13.99cm were the most exploited while in the marine samples, length classes of 29.00-30.99cm and 31.00-32.99cm constituted the most frequently exploited fishes. Increase in total lengths from the creek (mean±SD; 16.19±3.73cm) to the marine habitat samples (32.89±6.14cm) indicated ontogenetic shift in habitat use. Occurrence of a predominant juvenile population in Five Cowrie Creek by L. goreensis suggests estuarine-dependency and is indicative of a temporary juvenile habitat or a migratory corridor. In conclusion, data from the presently reported study and previous studies demonstrated that juvenile L. goreensis displays estuarine dependency and habitat flexibility. Hence, this underscores the importance of preserving estuarine environments as essential fish habitats to prevent overfishing. The study also concludes that the species is vulnerable to recruitment overfishing in the marine environment especially as a consequence of shrimping. Consequently, it advocates for ban on all fishing activities during peak spawning periods in breeding grounds and shrimp ground assemblage.

El pargo Lutjanus goreensis es un componente importante de la pesca artesanal y de arrastre en el Golfo de Guinea. A pesar de su importancia económica, hay una escasez de información sobre la estructura de tamaño y las estrategias de historia de vida de las especies. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron proporcionar datos de referencia sobre las etapas del ciclo de vida, el estado de la explotación y el hábitat de la especie en Nigeria. Se realizaron recolectas mensuales de capturas artesanales y de arrastre en Five Cowrie Creek y aguas costeras de Lagos en diciembre 2008 y diciembre 2010, respectivamente. Se analizaron las distribuciones de frecuencia de tallas de los peces capturados para proporcionar información preliminar sobre la media y longitudes modales en la captura y las estrategias de historia de vida basado en el uso del hábitat y la dependencia a los estuarios para L. goreensis. Un total de 822 ejemplares de L. goreensis se obtuvieron de Five Cowrie Creek, mientras que 377 muestras de las aguas costeras de Lagos. La longitud total varió entre 7.90-34.90cm para muestras del estuario y 21.90-56.10cm para marinas. Histogramas de frecuencia de talla mostraron distribuciones de tamaño polimodales en muestras estuarinas y marinas. Distribuciones de frecuencia de talla de L. goreensis mostraron una alta abundancia de juveniles (<20cm) y subadultos (20-35cm) que representaron el 84.1% y el 68.4% de los estuarios y las muestras marinas examinadas respectivamente. Para las muestras del estuario, peces de talla 13.00-13.99cm fueron los más explotados, mientras que en muestras marinas, las tallas de 29.00-30.99cm y 31.00-32.99cm constituyeron los peces más frecuentemente explotados. Un aumento de la longitud total de la quebrada (media±SD; 16.19±3.73cm) para el hábitat marino (32.89±6.14cm) indicó un cambio ontogenético en el uso del hábitat. La aparición de una población juvenil predominante en Five Cowrie Creek por L. goreensis sugiere una estuario-dependencia y es indicativa de un hábitat juvenil temporal o un corredor migratorio. En conclusión, los datos del estudio actual y estudios previos demostraron que juveniles de L. goreensis presentan una dependencia a los estuarios y una flexibilidad en el uso de hábitat. Por lo tanto, esto subraya la importancia de preservar los ambientes estuarinos como hábitats esenciales de peces para evitar la sobrepesca. El estudio también concluye que la especie es vulnerable a la sobrepesca de reclutamiento en el medio marino, especialmente como consecuencia de la pesca de camarón. En consecuencia, se aboga por la prohibición de todas las actividades pesqueras durante los períodos de mayor puesta de huevos.

Population biology and color patterns of the blue land crab, Cardisoma guanhumi (Latreille 1828) (Crustacea: Gecarcinidae) in the Northeastern Brazil / Biologia Populacional e padrões de coloração do caranguejo terrestre, Cardisoma guanhumi (Latreille 1828) (Crustacea: Gecarcinidae) no Nordeste do Brasil

The objective of this study was to analyze the population biology and color patterns of Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1828 in a mangrove area in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Crabs were collected monthly between February 2010 and January 2012 and totaled 1,837 individuals. Sex ratios were similar between males and females in the first year and differed in the second. Sex ratios by size class differed statistically in the extremes of the distribution, with an abundance of males in the large size classes. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in carapace width between males and females in the first year, but in the second year, males were larger than females (p = 0.003), showing the importance of considering interannual variation in such studies. Both sexes presented a unimodal distribution. The size of first maturing of the females was 6.00 cm. Asymptotic carapace width for males was 9.4 cm and females for 9.2 cm, using the Wetherall method. There was no defined modal progression, which made the determination of the Von Bertalanffy growth parameter K impossible. Juveniles were found throughout all months of the year, demonstrating that there was no defined period of recruiting, although slightly fewer juveniles were found in the dry season. Four color patterns were observed, the three first patterns were the same for both sexes, while the fourth pattern was observed in females only. The four color patterns identified could be clearly related to the stage of development (size) and sexual maturity of the animal.

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a biologia populacional e os padrões de coloração da carapaça de Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1828 em uma área de manguezal em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Os caranguejos foram coletados mensalmente entre fevereiro de 2010 e janeiro de 2012 e totalizaram 1837 caranguejos. A proporção sexual foi semelhante para machos e fêmeas (1:1) no primeiro ano e diferiu no segundo ano. A proporção sexual por classe de tamanho diferiu estatisticamente nas classes extremas da distribuição, com abundância de machos nas superiores. Não houve diferença (p ≥ 0,05) entre as larguras de carapaça de machos e fêmeas no primeiro ano, porém no segundo os machos foram maiores que as fêmeas (p = 0,003), revelando à importância de se considerar as variações interanuais nestes estudos. Ambos os sexos apresentaram distribuição unimodal. O tamanho de primeira maturação sexual das fêmeas foi 6,00 cm. A largura de carapaça assintótica para machos foi de 9,4 cm e para as fêmeas de 9,2 cm, usando o método Wetherall. Não houve progressão modal definida, o que impossibilitou a determinação do parâmetro de crescimento k de Von Bertalanffy. Foram encontrados juvenis ao longo de todos os meses do ano, mostrando não haver um período de recrutamento definido, embora a abundância de juvenis tenha sido menor na estação seca. Foram observados quatro padrões de coloração, três para ambos os sexos e um quarto padrão observado apenas para as fêmeas. Os quatro padrões de coloração da carapaça estão claramente relacionados ao estágio de desenvolvimento (tamanho) e à maturidade sexual do animal.

INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION OF THE GREEN TURTLE, Chelonia mydas (CHELONIIDAE), IN THE FORAGING AREA OF GORGONA NATURAL NATIONAL PARK (COLOMBIAN PACIFIC) / Variación intraespecífica de la tortuga verde Chelonia mydas (Cheloniidae) en el área de forrajeo del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona (Pacífico colombiano)

The size distribution and body condition of the two morphotypes of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging in Gorgona Natural National Park (GNNP) in the Colombian Pacific was assessed from 2003 to 2012. Measurements of straight carapace length (SCL), curved carapace length (CCL), weight, and body condition of 1,023 turtles captured on the GNNP reefs were recorded. More black turtles (n = 747) than yellow turtles (n = 276) were captured, all of them juveniles. Black turtles were significantly larger and heavier than yellow turtles. The size of recruitment to the neritic zone was 40.0-49.9 cm SCL for both morphotypes, but there were more yellow than black turtles in this size class, indicating a difference in the recruitment pattern. The body condition index of yellow turtles was significantly higher than that of black turtles, which could indicate differences in resource use. Based on our results, we suggest that GNNP might function as a recruitment area for yellow turtles, which arrive at smaller sizes, and as part of a coastal migratory route for black turtles, which arrive at larger sizes and maintain residence at this location for an unknown period of time.

Se comparó la distribución de tallas y condición corporal de los dos morfotipos conocidos de tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas) en el área de forrajeo del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona (PNNG) en el Pacífico colombiano entre 2003 y 2012. Se tomaron medidas de largo recto de caparazón (LRC), largo curvo de caparazón (LCC), peso y condición corporal de 1.023 tortugas capturadas en los arrecifes del PNNG. Se capturaron más tortugas negras (n = 747) que amarillas (n = 276), todas juveniles. Las tortugas negras fueron significativamente más grandes y pesadas que las amarillas. El tamaño de reclutamiento a la zona nerítica fue de 40,0-49,9 cm para ambos morfotipos, pero hubo más tortugas amarillas que negras en este intervalo de tamaños, lo cual sugiere una variación en el patrón de reclutamiento. El índice de condición corporal de las tortugas amarillas fue significativamente más alto que el de las tortugas negras, lo cual podría indicar diferencias en la utilización de recursos. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se sugiere que el PNNG podría funcionar como un área de reclutamiento para las tortugas amarillas, las cuales llegan más pequeñas a esta zona; y como parte de la ruta migratoria costera de las tortugas negras, las cuales llegan más grandes e incluso residen en esta localidad durante un lapso de tiempo desconocido.

Caracterização do regime de vento em superfície na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro / Characterization of surface wind regime in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro

O trabalho aborda a caracterização do regime de vento em diversos setores da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (RMRJ), evidenciando a influência do ciclo diário e dos aspectos topográficos nas circulações locais. Na avaliação do padrão de vento foram utilizados dados horários provenientes de estações meteorológicas automáticas de superfície, organizados em gráficos de frequência de vento para o ciclo diário. Finalmente, os resultados evidenciam a modulação da circulação local de acordo com a atuação do sistema de brisa marítima-terrestre. Pode-se destacar a ocorrência de elevados percentuais de calmaria na estação Afonsos, caracterizando-a como uma região de estagnação, influenciada principalmente pelas feições topográficas locais. Este estudo disponibiliza um importante detalhamento da orientação e frequência do vento próximo à superfície, oferecendo subsídios adicionais às autoridades públicas para o aperfeiçoamento de suas políticas de gestão ambiental para a região.

This study deals with the characterization of surface wind regime in several sectors of Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region, and demonstrates the influence of daily wind cycle and the topographic aspects in the local wind circulations. For the evaluation of the wind pattern, it was used hourly data from different automatic surface meteorological stations. Afterward, these hourly data were organized in daily wind frequency. The results clearly showed that the modulation of local wind circulation follows the sea-land breeze system. It was remarkable the high percentage of calm wind conditions observed in the Afonsos weather station, which characterizes this station as a stagnation region influenced essentially by its local topographic features. Finally, this study provides large database on the direction and frequency of surface wind in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region, which could be used by the public authorities to improve their environmental management policy for the region.

A systemic review of global emergency department (1974-2012) crowding research / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective Emergency department overcrowding (EDO) is an increasingly international occurrence which affects the quality and access of health care across the globe.We assessed perceptions of EDO by a detailed and comprehensive surveying of current international research literatures.Methods Through PubMed and BMC electronic literatures search engines from 1974 to 2012,1587 papers of original articles,reviews and comments with key wordsemergency departmentANDcrowding OR overcrowding are selected.Results 52.6％ (835/1587) all selected literatures is original research articles.21.2％ (n =337) of these papers involved the disciplinary construction of emergency medicine,and editorial comment (included viewpoints) holds almost one fifth (302,19.0％).Most common types of study methods in all original researches is single-center cohort study (722/835,86.5％),and none of them was multi-center,randomized control clinical trial.The number of papers on EDO is 8 during 1974 and 1988,and gradually elevated to 325 during 1989 and 2002.Yet the number has climbed up to 1254 dramatically (account for 79％) during 2003 and 2012.Together,USA,Canada and Austria,these three countries generated more than three-quarters of all published literatures (81.0％).So far,the authors in 48 countries and areas gave forth initial contributions in the field of EDO.Conclusions The studies and papers about EDO are steadily increasing in recent years.But the investigation shows the research quality still remain need to improve.This systemic review on EDO studies showed that the standardized measurement of EDO has become the bottleneck of EDO study.It is very important and urgent for ED staff to establish an objective and effective EDO evaluation system.

Inheritance studies of plant height, pod and seed attributes in F2 genertion of certain groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.) crosses.

Inheritance of plant height, pod length, pod width, seed length and seed width was studied in a set of crosses grown during rabi 2007-08. F2 phenotypic data for plant height was a good fit to a phenotypic ratio of 1:4:6:4:1 and 1:2:1 respectively in two crosses studied indicating the involvement of more than two genes. Segregation of pod length in F2 generation of the cross ICGV 00350 x K 1340, was a good fit to a phenotypic ratio of 45 medium short : 19 long pods while in the cross ICGV 00350 x TG 37A segregation of pod length was a good fit to a phenotypic ratio of 1 long : 2 medium : 1 short pod length. Segregation of pod width in the crosses ICGV 00350 x K 1340 and ICGV 00350 x TG 37A presented a good fit to a phenotypic ratio of 3 high width: 1 medium width pods, while in the cross ICGV 00350 x Jyothi, F2 segregation data was a good fit to a phenotypic ratio of 1 high width: 2 medium width: 1 low width pods. F2 segregation of seed length in the cross ICGV 00350 x K 1340 was a good fit to a phenotypic ratio of 13 long medium: 3 short. Segregation of seed width in F2 generation of the crosses K 1340 x TCGS 888 and K 1340 x Narayani was a good fit to a phenotypic ratio of 15 medium low : 1 high width and 3 low : 1 medium width seeds.

Positive Diversifying Selection on the <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> <i>surf_4.1</i> Gene in Thailand

<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> SURFIN_4.1 is a type I transmembrane protein thought to locate on the merozoite surface and to be responsible for a reversible adherence to the erythrocyte before invasion. In this study, we evaluated <i>surf_4.1</i> gene segment encoding extracellular region for polymorphism, the signature of positive selection, the degree of linkage disequilibrium, and temporal change in allele frequency distribution in <i>P. falciparum</i> isolates from Thailand in 1988–89, 2003, and 2005. We found that SURFIN_4.1 is highly polymorphic, particularly at the C-terminal side of the variable region located just before a predicted transmembrane region. A signature of positive diversifying selection on the variable region was detected by multiple tests and, to a lesser extent, on conserved N-terminally located cysteine-rich domain by Tajima’s <i>D</i> test. Linkage disequilibrium between sites over a long distance (> 1.5 kb) was detected, and multiple SURFIN_4.1 haplotype sequences detected in 1988/89 still circulated in 2003. Few of the single amino acid polymorphism allele frequency distributions were significantly different between the 1988/89 and 2003 groups, suggesting that the frequency distribution of SURFIN_4.1 extracellular region remained stable over 14 years.<br>

Positive Diversifying Selection on the <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> <i>surf_4.1</i> Gene in Thailand

<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> SURFIN_4.1 is a type I transmembrane protein thought to locate on the merozoite surface and to be responsible for a reversible adherence to the erythrocyte before invasion. In this study, we evaluated <i>surf_4.1</i> gene segment encoding extracellular region for polymorphism, the signature of positive selection, the degree of linkage disequilibrium, and temporal change in allele frequency distribution in <i>P. falciparum</i> isolates from Thailand in 1988–89, 2003, and 2005. We found that SURFIN_4.1 is highly polymorphic, particularly at the C-terminal side of the variable region located just before a predicted transmembrane region. A signature of positive diversifying selection on the variable region was detected by multiple tests and, to a lesser extent, on conserved N-terminally located cysteine-rich domain by Tajima’s <i>D</i> test. Linkage disequilibrium between sites over a long distance (> 1.5 kb) was detected, and multiple SURFIN_4.1 haplotype sequences detected in 1988/89 still circulated in 2003. Few of the single amino acid polymorphism allele frequency distributions were significantly different between the 1988/89 and 2003 groups, suggesting that the frequency distribution of SURFIN_4.1 extracellular region remained stable over 14 years.

Restoration and monitoring of a vessel grounding on a shallow reef in the Florida Keys

This paper summarizes the results of a monitoring event designed to track the recovery of a repaired coral reef injured by the M/V Alec Owen Maitland vessel grounding incident of October 25, 1989. This grounding occurred within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Pursuant to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act, NOAA recovers money for injury to Sanctuary resources, and uses it to restore those resources. A monitoring program tracks patterns of recovery, in order to determine the success of restoration measures. To evaluate success, reference habitats adjacent to the restoration site are concurrently monitored to compare the condition of restored areas with natural areas. Restoration of this site was completed in September 1995 by means of cement and limestone rock, and the monitoring results from summer 2007 are presented. Monitoring consisted of omparison of the biological conditions in the restored area with the reference area. Monitored corals are divided into the Orders: Gorgonians, Milleporans, and Scleractinians. Densities at the restored and reference areas are compared, and are shown to be greater in the restored. Size-class frequency distributions for the most abundant Scleractinians are examined, and reveal that the restoration is converging on the reference area. Also, for the Scleractinians, number and percentage of colonies by species, as well as several common biodiversity indices are provided; measures for the restored area approximate the reference area. A quantitative comparison of colony substrate settlement preference in the restored area is provided for all Orders, and for Scleractinians is further broken down for the two most frequent Genera. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 3): 151-161. Epub 2010 October 01.

Este artículo sintetiza los resultados del seguimiento diseñado para medir la recuperación de un arrecife restaurado que fue impactado por el encallamiento del M/V Alec Owen Maitland el 25 de octubre de 1989. Este encallamiento ocurrió en el área que comprende el Santuario Marino Nacional de los Cayos de Florida. De acuerdo con la Ley de los Santuarios Marinos Nacionales, la NOAA cobra dinero por daños a los recursos del Santuario y los usa para restaurar dichos recursos. Un programa de seguimiento o monitoreo mide los patrones de recuperación para determinar el éxito de las medidas de restauración. Para evaluar el éxito, hábitats de referencia adyacentes al sitio de restauración son examinados para comparar las condiciones de las áreas restauradas con las naturales. La restauración de este lugar se completó en septiembre de 1995 utilizando roca de cemento y caliza y los resultados del seguimiento desde el verano del 2007 son presentados. Se compararon las condiciones biológicas entre el área restaurada y la de referencia. Los corales evaluados se dividieron en tres Órdenes: Gorgonios, Milleporinos y Escleractinios. Se compararon las densidades en las áreas de restauración y de referencia, siendo la densidad más grande en las áreas restauradas. Se examinaron las distribuciones de frecuencia de tamaño y clase para los Escleractinios más abundantes, lo que mostró que las áreas restauradas están convergiendo con las de referencia. Para los Escleractinios, también se presentan números y porcentajes de colonias por especie al igual que varios índices comunes de biodiversidad. Las medidas para el área restaurada se aproximan al área de referencia. Una comparación cuantitativa del sustrato preferido para el asentamiento de las colonias en el área de restauración se presenta para todos los Órdenes; para el caso de Escleractinios se presenta más detalle de los dos géneros más frecuentes.

Growth of the Pacific jack Caranx caninus (Pisces: Carangidae) from the coast of Colima, México

The Pacific jack Caranx caninus is a common species fished by artisanal fishermen off the coast of Colima, México. During 2002, monthly samples of morphometric data and otoliths were taken to determine age and growth. Seven age groups were identified. The highest growth, 14.4 cm, takes place during the first year of life. During the second year, C caninus grows 11.76 cm; the third year 9.61 cm; the fourth 7.85 cm; the fifth 6.41 cm and sixth year 5.24 cm. The constants of von Bertalanffy's growth equation were: L(infinity) = 83.26 cm, W(infinity) = 18.138 g, K = 0.202, t(0) = -0.283 and A(0.95) = 15 years. Growth curves of other species of the same genus were calculated in order to compare them with the one obtained in the present work. The gonadosomatic index presented higher values during November and May. The periods of more intensive feeding are from August to February.

El jurel Caranx caninus es una especie común que se captura en la pesca artesanal frente a las costas de Colima, México. Mensualmente, durante 2002, se tomaron datos morfométricos y muestras de otolitos para determinar la edad y el crecimiento. Se encontraron siete grupos de edad; durante el primer año de vida se da el mayor crecimiento, hasta 14.4 cm. Durante el segundo año, C. caninus crece 11.76 cm; el tercero 9.61 cm; el cuarto 7.85 cm; el quinto 6.41 cm y el último año crece 5.24 cm. Las constantes de la ecuación de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy fueron: L∞ = 83.26 cm, W∞ = 18.138 g, K = 0.202, to = -0.283 y la longevidad A0.95 = 15 años. Las curvas de crecimiento de otras especies del mismo género se compararon con las obtenidas en el presente trabajo. El índice gonadosomático presentó valores más altos durante noviembre y mayo. Los periodos de tiempo de alimentación más intensa son de agosto a febrero.

Algorithms to calculate the AQD distribution with exponential Kernel for ultrasonic doppler blood flow measurement

One of the main goals in ultrasonic Doppler blood flow assessment in the estimation of the mean speed. The aim of this work is focused in Carotid artery blood flow signals...

Genetic Polymorphism of Apolipoprotein B In Taiwanese Population.

Several studies on genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in the Taiwanese population are reviewed in this report. ApoB, the main protein component of low-density lipoprotein, contains 4536 amino acids in mature protein and 27 residues the signal peptide. Four polymorphisms, A59IV, T2488T, R3611Q, E4154K in ApoB mature protein could be detected by changes in restriction enzyme digestions, however, length polymorphism defined signal peptide (SP) and 3' variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) regions of APOB. Taiwanese exhibited 0.86 Val591, 0.99 Thr2488 (XbaI type), 1.00 Arg3611 and 0.98 Glu4154; homozygous genotype was present in most of the population which was in contrast to higher heterozygous genotype frequencies in Caucasians. The signal peptide SP27 and SP24 alleles in Taiwanese did not differ statistically from the Caucasians in frequency distribution; both groups showed SP27 homozygous genotype in most of the population. Of the 16 VNTR alleles found in normal population, Taiwanese exhibited 0.58 VNTR35, 014 VNTR37 and VNTR33; these were quite distinct from the 0.37 VNTR37, 0.25 VNTR35 and 0.10 VNTR31 reported in Caucasians. Sequence variation of these repeats mainly resided in the middle portion of the region and linkage disequlibrium was observed between VNTR and some restriction enzyme site polymorphisms. Coronary heart disease patients had greater chance to deviate from the normal trends in the polymorphic region.

The frequency distribution of cardiovascular diseases in 13 hospital admitted patients in Korea: Korean Society of Circulation

The frequency distribution of cardiovascular disease are changing recently due to the development of living environment. Unfortunately there are few epidemiological studies of cardiovascular diseases in general population, we tried to estimate the recent trend of cardiovascular diseases studying hospitalized patients in nationwide 13 large hospitals during a year of 1985. The hypertensive disease (24.1%) was the most common cardiovascular disease and the next were cerebrovascular disease (15.8%), arrhythmias (12.2%), ischemic heart disease (9.7%), congenital heart disease (9.1%), and rheumatic heart disease (5.4%) in order. This results showed that hypertensive disease and cerebrovascular disease are still the major cardiovascular disease and ischemic heart disease and arrhythmias are increased. But chronic rheumatic heart disease is declined compared with previous studies in hospitalized patients.