Parasitic Profile of Fresh Vegetables Sold in Selected Markets of the Cape Coast Metropolis in Ghana

Background: Vegetable consumption is a major source of vitamins, minerals and dietary fibre for the body. While fresh vegetables play a key role in the prevention of some chronic diseases, cancers, and alleviation of micronutrient deficiencies, some have been associated with foodborne parasitic infections. Objectives: We investigated the parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in three market places in the Cape Coast Metropolis in Ghana. Materials and Methods: In this study conducted over a period of three (3) months, a total of one hundred and twenty-six (126) vegetable samples were obtained from three (3) selected markets in the Metropolis. Six (6) different species of vegetables namely tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata), carrot (Daucus carota), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spring onion (Allium fistulosum) and green pepper (Capsicum annuum) were subjected to parasitological examination for the detection of parasite forms such as larvae, ova and cysts. Results: The overall prevalence of parasitic contamination of vegetables in this study was 52.4%. Five different parasites were detected namely Strongyloides spp, Hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba coli. The prevalence of parasitic contamination was higher in leafy vegetables such as spring onions (90.5%), lettuce (76.2%) and cabbage (66.7%). Multiple parasitic contaminations were a common feature of leafy vegetables than smoothly surfaced ones such as green pepper and tomatoes. Conclusion: The study revealed that most vegetables purchased from the markets in the metropolis were highly contaminated with intestinal parasites. It is therefore recommended that vegetables should be subjected to thorough disinfection processes before being served for food to reduce the transmission of intestinal parasites.

Frecuencia de listeria monocytogenes en muestras de tomates (lycopersicum esculentum) y cilantro (coriandrum sativum) frescos en tres supermercados de Valencia, Venezuela / Prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in fresh tomatoes (lycopersicum esculentum) and coriander (coriandrum sativum) in three markets of Valencia, Venezuela

Se determinó la frecuencia de L. monocytogenes en tomates y cilantro, de tres diferentes supermercados, ubicados en el Municipio Valencia, Estado Carabobo, durante ocho semanas. Se evaluaron 192 muestras: 96 de tomates y 96 de cilantro. Procesamiento y análisis microbiológico, según Normas Industriales COVENIN 3718:2001. Paquete estadístico SPSS versión 12.0. Se aplicó prueba de Kolmogorov Smirnov, test de U Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis y correlación de Spearman. Nivel de significancia (pListeria spp para tomates y cilantro, durante las ocho semanas de recolección en los tres supermercados; ni tampoco entre las distribuciones de NMP en tomates y cilantro de los tres supermercados (Chi²=5,233 p2=1,624 p2=6,547 p2=2,667 pListeria spp en tomate fue 41,66 por ciento (25,0 por ciento L. monocytogenes y 16,7 por ciento L. ivanovii); en cilantro 77,08 por ciento (36,5 por ciento L. monocytogenes, 33,3 por ciento L. ivanovii, 7,3 por ciento L. seeligeri). Se concluye que el elevado porcentaje encontrado de L. monocytogenes en tomates y cilantro, es independiente del supermercado de expendio; se evidencia la necesidad de un control microbiológico a nivel del sistema de riego, recolección y distribución, para asegurar la calidad del producto.

The incidence of L. monocytogenes in tomatoes and coriander obtained from three different markets, during eight weeks were determined. 192 samples were evaluated: 96 of tomatoes, and 96 of coriander. The isolation of L. monocytogenes was performed using COVENIN 3718:2001. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 12.0. Kolmogorov Smirnov, Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis U test; Spearman’s correlation were applied, and pListeria spp to tomatoes and coriander during the eight weeks of recollection in the markets; neither between the distributions of MPN of tomatoes and coriander from the markets (Chi²=5,233 p2=1,624 p2=6,547 p2=2,667 pL. monocytogenes and 16,7 percent L. ivanovii); in coriander 77,08 percent (36,5 percent L. monocytogenes, 33,3 percent L. ivanovii and 7,3 percent L. seelige.). We concluded that the high level of L. monocytogenes in tomatoes and coriander is independent of the markets store; we see the necessity of a microbiological control on the irrigation system, collection and distribution to ensure the quality of the product.

Indicadores entéricos en vegetales frescos que se comercializan en mercados populares de Maracaibo / Enteric indicators in fresh vegetables sold at popular food markets in Maracaibo

Se analizó la calidad microbiológica de 300 vegetales (100 lechugas, 100 cilantros y 100 perejiles) en dos mercados de la ciudad de Maracaibo. Se determinó coliformes totales (CT), coliformes fecales (CF) y Escherichia coli por la técnica del número más probable. Los CT oscilaron entre 10³-10(9) NMP/gr en más del 80% de las lechugas adquiridas en ambos mercados; mientras que los CF se ubicaron entre 10¹-10(7) NMP/gr en 90% de las muestras del mercado 2. Para 96% de los cilantros los CT estuvieron entre 10(4)-10(9) NMP/gr. Los CF se ubicaron entre 10(4)-10(9) NMP/gr en 88% y 84% de las muestras del mercado 1 y 2. Los CT oscilaron entre 10(4)-10(9) NMP/gr en 90% o más de los perejiles. Se obtuvieron valores de CF entre 10³-10(9) NMP/gr en 82% y 60% de los especímenes recolectados en el mercado 1 y 2, respectivamente. 52% de las muestras de perejil adquiridas en el mercado 1 presentaron recuentos elevados para E. coli (10(4)-10(7)NMP/gr). Según los criterios microbiológicos para E. coli, 84,7% de los vegetales fueron satisfactorios y 15,3% insatisfactorios. Debido a la variabilidad de los niveles de coliformes y E. coli en los vegetales frescos, es recomendable establecer normas locales para evaluar la calidad microbiológica de estos alimentos.

The microbiological status of 300 vegetables (100 lettuces, 100 corianders, and 100 parsley) from two food markets in Maracaibo city was analyzed. Total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and Escherichia coli were determined by the most probable number technique. TC oscillated between 10³-10(9) MPN/gr in over 80% of the lettuces bought at both markets, while FC oscillated between 10-10(7) MPN/gr in 90% of the samples from Market 2. In 96% of the corianders, TC varied between 10(4)-10(9) MPN/gr, and FC varied between 10(4)-10(9) in 86% and 84% of the samples from Markets 1 and 2 respectively. In parsley, TC oscillated between 10(4)-10(9) in 90% or more of the total samples, and FC varied between 10³-10(9) in 82% and 60% of the samples from Market 1 and 2 respectively. In 52% of the parsley samples obtained from Market 1 there were high E. coli counts (10(4)-10(7) MPN/gr). According to the microbiological criteria for E. coli, 84.7% of the vegetables were satisfactory and 15.3% non satisfactory. Due to the variability of the coliform levels in fresh vegetables, it is advisable to establish local norms to evaluate the microbiological quality of this food.

Qualidade de hortaliças comercializadas no noroeste do Paraná, Brasil / Quality of green vegetables marketed in the northwest of Parana, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar parasito-logicamente a qualidade de hortaliças consumidas cruas provenientes de locais de produção e de feiras livres do município de Maringá, Paraná. De julho/2002 a julho/2004, foram coletadas 66 amostras de hortaliças em 13 chácaras e 181 amostras em 17 feiras livres. Pés de alface (variedades lisa, crespa e americana), maços de agrião e rúcula, recolhidos aleatoriamente e em triplicata foram submetidos às técnicas de Oliveira & Germano, Kynioun e à pesquisa de coliformes totais e termotolerantes. O índice total de parasitismo das hortaliças de feiras (63 por cento) e chácaras (71,1 por cento) não diferiu estatisticamente. As hortaliças das chácaras mostraram-se mais parasitadas por protozoários (10/47) que as das feiras (19/114). Larvas de Rhabditoidea e ovos de Ancylostomatoidea encontravam-se igualmente distribuídos nas hortaliças de ambos os locais. Formas parasitárias de outras espécies foram também encontradas. Todas as amostras de alface crespa coletadas nas chácaras estavam contaminadas por bactérias totais e termoto-lerantes em índices não compatíveis com o consumo humano. São discutidos ainda a dificuldade em se diagnosticar laboratorialmente gênero e espécie de parasitas de interesse humano observados em hortaliças e os desafios da vigilância epidemiológica na busca de boa qualidade para hortaliças ingeridas cruas.

This work had the objective of performing a parasitological evaluation of fresh vegetables colleted from production places and free markets of Maringá, Paraná. From July/2002 to July/2004, 66 samples were collected in 13 smallholdings and 181 samples in 17 free markets. Heads of lettuce (varieties flat, curly and American), watercress and rocket salad, picked up randomly and in triplicate, were submitted to Oliveira & Germano's and Kynioun staining techniques and to the research of total and thermotolerant coliforms. The total index of parasitism of the vegetables of free markets (63%) and smallholdings (71.1%) didn't differ statistically. The fresh vegetables from smallholdings have shown more protozoa than (10/47) that from the free markets (19/114). Rhabditoidea larvae and Ancylostomatoidea eggs were equally distributed in the fresh vegetables of both places. Parasitic forms of other species were also found. All the curly lettuce samples collected in the smallholdings presented total and thermotolerant bacteria index incompatible with the human consumption. The difficult in doing laboratorial diagnose at the genre and specie level of the human parasites in fresh vegetables and the sanitary surveillance challenges in the obtaining of good quality products were discussed.

Ausência de Yersinia enterocolitica em alimentos, e reservatórios animais, em áreas do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / The absence of Yersinia enterocolitica in foods and animal reservoirs in areas of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil

Através das análises efetuadas, em 96 amostras de hortaliças cruas, coletadas em 5 restaurantes da cidade do Recife, que servem almoço no peso, não foram encontradas Yersinia enterocolitica nem outras enterobactérias patogênicas. As análises realizadas a partir dos "swabs" orais e retais, obtidos em 15 suínos aparentemente sadios do município de Bonito, no Estado de Pernambuco, também não evidenciaram a presença de Y. enterocolitica. Foram obtidas amostras para análises em 22 roedores e um espécimen de marsupial, entre os quais também não foram encontrados nem Y. enterocolitica nem outros enteropatógenos.

A search for the presence of enteropathogenic bacteria in fresh vegetables obtained in 5 restaurants from the city of Recife, revealed neither Yersinia enterocolitica nor other pathogenic bacteria in 96 samples analyzed. Furthermore, Y. enterocolitica was not found in the oral and rectal swabs taken from 15 apparently healthy pigs at an abattoir in the municipality of Bonito in the Pernambuco State. Another search in which twenty one rodents from four species and one marsupial specimen were examined did not detect the presence of Yersinia and other enteropathogenic bacteria.

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in fresh vegetables and food-handlers of faculty of medicine Siriraj Hospital.

Studies on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in food-handlers and fresh vegetables of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital were carried out in November-December, 1987. The total number of 142 stool specimens and 105 nail specimens were collected and examined. In was found that the prevalence of parasitic infections and Enterobius vermicularis that would be directly transmitted from the food handlers to the consumers were found. Rhabditis spp. was only parasite found in fresh vegetables. Routine stool examination, personal hygiene, prevention and treatment of infected persons were suggested for the prevention of parasitic infections.