ABSTRACT
Introduction: Aquatic ecosystems in southern Brazil are presently under great environmental pressure. Changes in land use result in negative impacts on the ecosystem, affecting the functioning of stream communities. Objective: To compare the benthic macroinvertebrate community richness, abundances and compositions in streams of three South Brazilian grassland landscapes and correlate community patterns with environmental and spatial variables. Methods: Fifteen streams along riparian forests were selected in three landscapes (mean geographical distance of 285.1 km) inserted in the Paraná and Uruguai river basins. Of the three landscapes, two are inserted in conservation units (State Park of Guartelá and Palmas Wildlife Refuge). Invertebrates were collected in 20 kick net points along 150 m of the streams between June and November 2015. Invertebrates were sorted in the laboratory with three sieves and were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. The taxa were classified in functional feeding groups of shredders/detritivores, predators, scrapers, collectors/filters and gatherers/collectors. For each stream, we measured the environmental variables width and velocity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature; and the relative cover of forest, grassland, plantation and silviculture in the catchments. Results: We found a total of 1 058 individuals, divided in 53 morphospecies and 34 families. Lower abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates was found in the northernmost landscape with higher temperature, and forest in the catchment. These streams were described mainly by predator groups, while streams inserted in the other two landscapes showed a more diverse guild composition of shredders/detritivores, gatherers/collectors, collectors/filterers, and scrapers. Geographical distance was the main factor influencing differences in community compositions among landscapes. Conclusions: Lower abundance of the northernmost landscape may be explained by (i) the low habitat heterogeneity due to dominance of sandy substrates, and by (ii) the anthropogenic land use of agriculture and extensive cattle breeding in the region that is ongoing and started before the creation of the conservation unit. Additionally, composition of macroinvertebrates may be correlated with environmental differences among landscapes that, in turn, are related to the geographical distance. Therefore, macroinvertebrate community responses may reflect different biota biogeographical histories that can also be associated with historical land use practices.
Introducción: Los ecosistemas acuáticos en el sur deBrasil están actualmente bajo gran presión ambiental. Cambios en el uso de la tierra pueden tener impactos negativos en el ecosistema que afectan el funcionamiento de las comunidades de arroyos. Objetivo: Comparar la riqueza, abundancia y las composiciones de macroinvertebrados bentónicos en arroyos de tres paisajes de pastizales del sur de Brasil, y correlacionar los modelos patrones de comunidad con variables ambientales y espaciales. Metodología: Quince arroyos a lo largo de los bosques ribereños fueron seleccionados en tres paisajes (distancia geográfica media de 285.1 km) insertados en las cuencas fluviales de Paraná y Uruguai. De los tres paisajes, dos están insertados en unidades de conservación (Parque Estatal de Guartelá y Refugio de Vida Silvestre de Palmas). Los invertebrados fueron recolectados en 20 puntos con una red a lo largo de 150 m de las corrientes entre junio y noviembre 2015. En el 2016, fueron clasificados en el laboratorio, con tres tamices de mallas, identificándolos al nivel taxonómico más bajo posible. Así, los taxones se clasificaron en grupos funcionales alimentícios: trituradores/detritívoros, depredadores, raspadores, colectores/filtradores y colectores/recolectores. En cada arroyo fueron medidas las variables ambientales: anchura, velocidad, pH, oxígeno disuelto y temperatura; en las cuencas, la cubierta relativa de bosques, pastizales, plantaciones y silvicultura. Resultados: Encontramos un total de 1 058 individuos, divididos en 53 morfoespecies y 34 familias. Se encontró una menor abundancia de macroinvertebrados bentónicos en el paisaje más septentrional con mayor temperatura, y bosques en la cuenca. Esos arroyos fueron descritos principalmente por grupos de depredadores, mientras que los arroyos insertados en los otros dos paisajes mostraron una composición más diversa de trituradores/detritívoros, colectores/recolectores, colectores/filtradores y raspadores. La distancia geográfica fue el principal factor que influyó en las diferencias de las composiciones comunitarias entre los paisajes. Conclusiones: La menor abundancia encontrada en el paisaje más septentrional puede explicarse por (i) la baja heterogeneidad constatada en el hábitat, debido al dominio de los sustratos arenosos, y por (ii) el uso antropogénico de la tierra: la agricultura y la cría extensiva de ganado en la región que está en curso, la cual comenzó antes de la creación de la unidad de conservación. Además, la composición de los macroinvertebrados puede estar correlacionada con diferencias ambientales entre paisajes que, a su vez, están relacionadas con la distancia geográfica. Por lo tanto, las respuestas comunitarias de los macroinvertebrados pueden reflejar diferentes historias biogeográficas de biotas que también pueden estar asociadas a prácticas históricas de uso de la tierra.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar uma check list atualizada dos registros existentes para espécies de Cladocera nas águas doces do Estado de Minas Gerais que possa servir de base para os estudos em andamento ou estudos futuros dentro do escopo do Programa Biota Minas. O trabalho baseia-se numa extensa revisão da literatura incluindo recentes revisões taxonômicas, particularmente para alguns gêneros da família Chydoridae. O levantamento realizado evidenciou a ocorrência de 94 espécies de Cladocera, distribuídos em 88 corpos de água no estado de Minas Gerais. Estes cladóceros incluem representantes de 35 gêneros pertencentes a 7 das 8 famílias com ocorrência nas águas doces da região Neotropical. Para os Cladocera em geral, a família com maior riqueza foi a Chydoridae (Ordem Anomopoda) com um total de 47 espécies registradas, correspondendo a 50 por cento da riqueza total dos Cladocera. As demais famílias, em ordem decrescente em relação à riqueza de espécies foram Daphnidae com 16, Macrothricidae com 9, Sididae e Bosminidae com 8 espécies cada, Moinidae e Ilyocryptidae com 3 espécies cada. Em relação à ocorrência nas bacias hidrográficas do estado de Minas Gerais, os dados obtidos evidenciaram registros de espécies de cladóceros em 6 das 8 bacias principais. Contudo não há qualquer registro para as bacias dos rios Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Observa-se que a maior riqueza de espécies de Cladocera em algumas bacias hidrográficas como as bacias do Rio Doce com 67 espécies, e a bacia do Rio Grande com 65 espécies resulta muito provavelmente do maior número de estudos realizados nas mesmas, e que por outro lado, bacias com baixa riqueza de Cladocera como as bacias do rio Pardo (9 espécies) e do Rio Jequitinhonha (3 espécies) ou com nenhuma ocorrência registrada (bacias do rio Mucuri e do rio Paraíba do Sul) resultam de poucos, ou nenhum estudo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que há necessidade de ampliação da cobertura geográfica para amostragem de corpos de água em outras bacias, particularmente aquelas localizadas na região norte e nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais.
The aim of this work was to present the updated checklist of Cladocera species recorded in the freshwaters of Minas Gerais state that could be used as a baseline for the ongoing or future studies in the scope of the recently initiated "Biota Minas" Program. The checklist is based on extensive literature review including recent taxonomical reviews, particularly for some genera of Chydoridae. The compiled data indicated the occurrence of 94 species of Cladocera considering 88 water bodies in Minas Gerais State. They include species from 35 genera belonging to seven among eight cladoceran families with occurrence in the freshwaters of the Neotropical region. Considering the Cladocera group as a whole, the family Chydoridae (Anomopoda Order) had the highest species richness with a total of 47 species recorded, thus corresponding to 50 percent of Cladocera total richness in Minas Gerais State. Other families in decreasing order of richness were: Daphnidae with 16 species, Macrothricidae with 9, Bosminidae and Sididae with 8 species each, Moinidae and Ilyocryptidae with 3 species each. In relation to the occurrence of Cladocera in the different river basins of Minas Gerais state the data obtained encompassed registers from 6 main basins. Nevertheless, there were no records of Cladocera species for Mucuri and Paraíba do Sul river basins. It was also observed that the highest diversity of species in some river basins were probably a consequence of a higher number of studies performed at Rio Doce basin, with 67 species recorded and Rio Grande basin with 65 species. On the other hand the low number of species recorded in River Pardo basin (9 species) and River Jequitinhonha (3 species) or no record as for River Mucuri and River Paraíba do Sul basins resulted from few or none studies at all. It was concluded that there is a need to extend the coverage for other basins, particularly those located in the North and Northeast of Minas Gerais State.