Comparative Studies of the Impacts of Freshwater, Cultivated and Preserved Tiger Shrimps on Consumers’ Health

Aim: The study was aimed at comparing the levels of heavy metals in Tiger shrimps- Penaeus monodon from different source categories, to ascertain the impacts of the selected heavy metals on the consumers’ health. Hypothesis: Heavy metals in blood serum of shrimp consumers were accumulated solely from the shrimps. Methodology: Tiger shrimps obtained from Ekpan Creek, Shrimp industry and shrimp farm were tested for metals (iron, manganese, nickel, and lead) concentrations using a Perkin Elmer 3110 model Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Blood samples of respondents were analyzed for the levels of iron, manganese, nickel and lead using Inductively Coupled Plasma MassSpectrometer (ICP-MS). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for the significant differences in the heavy metals in the shrimps and consumers’ blood samples at probability level of 0.05. Duncan Multiple Range (DMR) test was used to identify the source of variance using SPSS version 19.1. Health Risk Indices of heavy metals were noted as significant from 1 and above and insignificant at below 1. Results: The shrimps exhibited different trends of heavy metals according to their sources. Results showed that the safety in consumption of the shrimps was is in the order of cultivate (pond) shrimps > freshwater shrimps > preserved shrimps. Shrimp consumption had corresponding impacts on the health of the consumers. Processed shrimps should be properly examined for fitness of consumption prior to marketing, while chemicals such as sodium bisulfate, tripolyphosphate should be discouraged. Conclusion: Metallic construction materials should be discouraged and stringent water quality monitoring is recommended in Tiger shrimp aquaculture while incorporating adoption of environment friendly agricultural practices. Perturbed aquatic environments such as Ekpan Creek require protection from anthropogenic activities and impactful remediation process with a view to protecting the Tiger shrimps and other aquatic biota.

Abundance and spatial-temporal distribution of Macrobrachium surinamicum Holthuis, 1948 (Palaemonidae) in the Amazon estuary, north of Brazil / Abundância e distribuição espaço-temporal de Macrobrachium surinamicum Holthuis, 1948 (Palaemonidae) em um estuário Amazônico, norte do Brasil

Abstract Macrobrachium surinamicum is a small shrimp that inhabits rivers of low salinity. It is mainly caught as bycatch in Amazon shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum fisheries, which is widely exploited by artisanal fisheries for food and economic needs of the riverside population. This study aimed to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of the freshwater shrimp M. surinamicum in the Guajará Bay and on Mosqueiro Island, correlating the abundance of this species with abiotic factors (temperature and salinity). Samples were taken from May 2006 to April 2007 in six locations: Mosqueiro Island (Furo das Marinhas and Porto do Pelé); Icoaraci district; Arapiranga Island, edge of the city of Belém; and Combu Island, using traps named 'matapis'. A total of 361 shrimps were caught. The abundance was higher in December and lower in July 2006. The biggest catch occurred on Arapiranga Island and the lowest on Mosqueiro Island. The abundance differed significantly in December 2006 and no variable studied had significant influence on M. surinamicum abundance. In Guajará Bay, particularly the more sheltered places, as Arapiranga and Combu islands, favor the development of M. surinamicum, indicating that this species has preference for less disturbed areas.

Resumo Macrobrachium surinamicum é um camarão de pequeno porte que habita a foz de rios e águas de baixa salinidade. Sua captura na Amazônia ocorre principalmente como fauna associada à pesca do camarão-da-Amazônia Macrobrachium amazonicum que é largamente explorado pela pesca artesanal atendendo as necessidades alimentícias e econômicas da comunidade ribeirinha. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a distribuição espaço-temporal do camarão dulcícola M. surinamicum na Baía do Guajará e Ilha de Mosqueiro, correlacionando a abundância desta espécie com fatores abióticos (temperatura e salinidade). Os exemplares foram capturados no período de maio/06 a abril/07 em seis locais: Ilha de Mosqueiro (Furo das Marinhas e Porto do Pelé), Distrito de Icoaraci, Ilha do Arapiranga, orla de Belém e Ilha do Combu com armadilhas (matapis). Um total de 361 camarões foi capturado, sendo a maior abundância em dezembro e a menor em julho de 2006. A maior captura foi na Ilha de Arapiranga e a menor na Ilha de Mosqueiro. A abundância diferiu significativamente em dezembro/06 e nenhuma variável estudada teve influência significativa na abundância de M. surinamicum. A Baía do Guajará, especialmente os locais mais abrigados como a Ilha de Arapiranga e do Combu, propiciam o desenvolvimento de M. surinamicum, o que indica que esta espécie tenha preferência para áreas menos antropizadas.

An investigation on the status of wild freshwater fish and shrimp infected with metacercaria of clonorchis sinensis in Jinhua City / 预防医学

Objective To learn the status of wild freshwater fish and shrimp infected with metacercaria of clonorchis sinensis in Jinhua city.Methods Wild freshwater fish and shrimp were randomly captured in river channel,reservoir and pond from 3 counties according to the distribution characteristics of main river system in Jinhua city.Direct tabletting microscopic examination was used to detect metacercaria of clonorchis sinensis in the muscle of wild freshwater fish and shrimp.Results A total of 1 1 kinds of wild freshwater fish and shrimp were infected with metacercariae,accounting for 61 .1 1 %(1 1 /1 8),and the total infection rate was 5.63% among 2 326 wild freshwater fish and shrimp.The infection rate of fish(8.24%)was significantly higher than that of the shrimp(2.96%)(P <0.01 ).There were significant differences in the infection rate among different counties (P <0.01 ),and the infection rate in the downstream of the water system in Wu water area (1 2.90%)was the highest.Also,significant differences were observed in infection rate among different water environments (P <0.01 ),and the infection rate of pond (1 0.1 8%)was the highest.Significant differences were observed in the infection rate among different kinds of wild freshwater fish (P =0.00),and the infection rate of side skin fish(1 7.65%)and psendorasbora parve(1 7.65%)were the highest.Conclusion There were metacercaria of clonorchis sinensis infection in wild freshwater fish and shrimp with different degrees in Jinhua city.People who ate raw or undercooked freshwater fish and shrimp may be at the risk of infection.

Reproductive and morphometric traits of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from the Pantanal, Brazil, suggests initial speciation

The palaemonid shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum shows an unusually large geographic range (ca. 4 000km across) living in coastal, estuarine, and limnic inland habitats of the upper Amazon, Orinoco, and La Plata basins. This raises doubts whether allopatric, ecologically diverse populations belong to the same species. While shrimps from estuarine and Amazonian habitats have been studied in great detail, very little is known about hololimnetic inland populations. In the present study, biological traits related to growth (maximum body size, fresh weight, morphometric relationships) and reproduction (sex ratio; occurrence of male morphotypes; minimum sexable size; minimum size of ovigerous females; fecundity; egg size), were studied in M. amazonicum collected from a pond culture and two natural freshwater habitats (Rio Miranda; Lagoa Baiazinha) in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In total, 2 270 shrimps were examined (603 males; 1 667 females, 157 of these ovigerous). Sex ratio (males:females) was at all sampling sites strongly female-biased, ranging from 0.2-0.6. Maximum body size was larger in natural habitats compared to the pond culture, suggesting reduced growth or a shorter life span under artificial mass rearing conditions. Maximum fecundity observed in our material was 676 eggs, reached by the largest female (TL=65mm; Lagoa Baiazinha). A significant difference between slope parameters of linear regressions describing fecundity, either in terms of numbers of eggs laid or of larvae released, in relation to female fresh weight, indicates egg losses. This may be due in part to a 2.4-fold increase in egg volume occurring during the course of embryonic development, while the available space under the abdomen remains limited. Size-weight relationships differed significantly between males and females, indicating sexspecific morphometric differences. Males appear to have a more slender body shape than females, reaching thus lower weight at equal TL. When reproductive and morphometric traits are compared with literature data from estuarine and inland populations living in the Amazon and Orinoco plains, shrimps from the Pantanal show conspicuous peculiarities differing from other populations: (1) maximum body size is far smaller, suggesting shorter longevity; (2) females are consistently larger than males; (3) different male morphotypes are absent; (4) minimum sexable size and (5) minimum size of ovigerous females are smaller. These traits suggest a heterochronic shift (predisplacement) of sexual maturation and r-selection. In summary, our data show biologically relevant differences in life-history traits of shrimps from the Pantanal compared to M. amazonicum populations in other regions. All these differences persist also in long-term cultures maintained under constant conditions. Altogether, our data support the hypothesis that M. amazonicum in the Paraná-Paraguay drainage basin has phylogenetically diverged from allopatric populations that are hydrologically separated by continental watersheds, implying an at least incipient vicariant speciation.

El camarón palaemónido Macrobrachium amazonicum muestra una distribución geográfica inusualmente grande (aprox. 4 000km de diámetro), vive en las zonas costeras, estuarios y hábitats interiores límnicos del alto Amazonas, Orinoco y las cuencas de La Plata. Esto plantea dudas sobre sí poblaciones alopátricas y ecológicamente diversas pertenecen a la misma especie. Mientras que los camarones de estuarios y de hábitats Amazónicos se han estudiado con gran detalle, se sabe muy poco acerca de las poblaciones holo-limnéticas del interior. En el presente estudio, los rasgos biológicos relacionados con el crecimiento (tamaño máximo del cuerpo, peso fresco, relaciones morfométricas) y la reproducción (proporción de sexos; ocurrencia de morfotipos masculinos; tamaño mínimo sexable; tamaño mínimo de las hembras ovígeras; fecundidad; tamaño del huevo), fueron estudiados en M. amazonicum recolectados en un estanque de cultivo y dos hábitats naturales de agua dulce (Río Miranda; Baiazinha Lagoa) en el Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. En total, 2 270 camarones fueron examinados (603 machos, 1 667 hembras, 157 de estas ovígeras). La proporción de sexos (machos:hembras) fue en todos los sitios de muestreo fuertemente sesgada por hembras, desde 0.2 hasta 0.6. El tamaño corporal máximo fue mayor en los hábitats naturales comparado con el estanque de cultivo, sugeriendo un crecimiento reducido o un lapso de vida más corto en condiciones artificiales de crianza masiva. La fecundidad máxima observada en nuestro material fue 676 huevos, alcanzado por la hembra de mayor tamaño (largo total, LT=65mm). Una diferencia significativa entre los parámetros de pendiente de regresiones lineales que describen la fecundidad, comparando el número de huevos puestos o de larvas liberadas, en relación con el peso de la hembra, indican pérdida de huevos. Esto puede ser debido a un aumento de 2.4 veces en el volumen del huevo que ocurre durante el desarrollo embrionario, mientras que el espacio disponible bajo el abdomen sigue siendo limitado. Relaciones de tamaño-peso diferían significativamente entre machos y hembras, lo que indica diferencias morfométricas sexoespecíficas. Los machos parecen tener una forma de cuerpo más delgado que las hembras, alcanzando por lo tanto el peso más bajo en la igualdad de LT. Cuando los rasgos reproductivos y morfométricos son comparados con datos de la literatura de poblaciones estuarinas y poblaciones del interior que viven en el Amazonas y en los llanos del Orinoco, los camarones del Pantanal muestran peculiaridades diferentes: (1) el tamaño máximo del cuerpo es mucho más pequeño, lo que sugiere menor longevidad; (2) las hembras son más grandes que los machos; (3) diferentes morfotipos masculinos están ausentes; (4) el tamaño mínimo sexable y (5) el tamaño mínimo de hembras ovígeras son más pequeños. Estas características sugieren un cambio heterocrónico (pre-desplazamiento) de la maduración sexual y la selección-r. En resumen, nuestros datos muestran diferencias biológicamente relevantes en los rasgos de la historia de vida de los camarones del Pantanal comparados con M. amazonicum en otras regiones. Todas estas diferencias persisten también en cultivos a largo plazo mantenidos bajo condiciones constantes. En conjunto, nuestros datos apoyan la hipótesis que M. amazonicum en la desembocadura de la cuenca Paraná-Paraguay ha divergido filogenéticamente de poblaciones alopátricas que están hidrológicamente separadas por cuencas continentales, lo que implica al menos una incipiente especiación vicariante.

The influence of eyestalk ablation on the reproduction of the freshwater Macrobrachium acanthurus shrimp in captivity / Influência da ablação do pedúnculo ocular na reprodução do camarão de água doce Macrobrachium acanthurus em cativeiro

Macrobrachium acanthurus is distributed along the Brazilian coastal rivers and shows potential for aquaculture. This study was carried out to provide information on the reproduction of M. acanthurus in captivity and the influence of unilateral eyestalk ablation. A total of 48 females and 24 males were captured in the Sahy river in Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro State. The animals were distributed into twelve 20-liter aquariums, each with two males and four females. Two females in each aquarium were ablated. Every day the occurrence of ovigerous females was checked in each aquarium. The U test (Mann-Whitney) showed a significant difference among laying intervals and the number of hatchings between ablated and non ablated females.

Macrobrachium acanthurus é uma espécie com viabilidade para o cultivo e ocorre nos rios da costa brasileira. O objetivo este trabalho foi obter informações sobre o aspecto reprodutivo de M. acanthurus em cativeiro e a influência da técnica de ablação unilateral do pedúnculo ocular na reprodução. Foram utilizados no experimento 48 fêmeas e 24 machos coletados no Rio Sahy, Mangaratiba, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os animais foram distribuídos na proporção de dois machos para quatro fêmeas em doze aquários com capacidade de 20 litros. Das quatro fêmeas de cada aquário, duas foram abladas unilateralmente. Todos os dias foram verificados a ocorrência de exteriorização dos ovos em cada fêmea. Através do teste U (Mann-Whitney) foi verificada diferença significativa para o intervalo entre as desovas e quanto ao número de desovas entre fêmeas abladas e não abladas.

The Larval Development of Palaemonid Shrimps from the Amazon region reared In the laboratory. VII. Abbreviated development of Pseudopalaemon amazonensis Ramos-Porto, 1979 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)

Larval development of the freshwater shrimp Pseudopalaemon amazonensis Ramos-Porto was studied in the laboratory based on the offspring of ovigerous females collected in a small terra-firme forest stream near Manaus, Brazil. Ovigerous females with a mean total length of 36.5 ± 1.9 mm carried 13-19 eliptical, yolk-rich eggs measuring 2.55 ± 0.16 x 1.64 ± 0.11 mm. The larval period consisted of 3 benthie stages and the larvae accomplished metamorphosis after 7-8 days without feeding. The newly-hatched larva had sessile eyes and all appendages, except for the uropods; chelipeds were present as uniramous buds, but walking legs were fully developed and functional. Descriptions and illustrations of the 3 larval and first juvenile stages are presented.

Foi estudado o desenvolvimento larval do camarão dulcícola Pseudopalaemon amazonensis Ramos-Porto criado em laboratório, a partir das larvas eclodidas de fêmeas ovadas coletadas em um pequeno igarapé de terra-firme das proximidades de Manaus, Brasil. Fêmeas ovadas de comprimento total médio de 36,5 ± 1,9 mm carregavam 13-19 ovos elípticos e ricos em vitelo, medindo 2,55 ± 0,16 x 1,64 ± 0,11 mm. O período larval consistiu de 3 estágios larvais bentônicos e as larvas alcançaram a metamorfose após 7-8 dias, sem ingestão de alimento. A larva recém-eclodida apresentou olhos sésseis e todos os apêndices, à exceção dos urópodos; queliopodos estavam presentes na forma de botões unirremes, mas as pernas locomotoras estavam totalmente desenvolvidas e funcionais. São apresentadas as descrições e ilustrações dos 3 estágios larvais e do 1o estágio de juvenil.

O DESENVOLVIMENTO OVOCITÁRIO EM Macrobrachium amazonicum(Heller, 1862)(CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: PALAEMONIDAE), CAMARÃO DULCÍCOLA DA REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA

The oocyte development in Macrobrachium amazonicum(Heller, 1862), a freshwater palaemonid shrimp from Central Amazonia is described. This process is similar to thatof Macrobrachium acanthurus(Wiegmann, 1836). The earliest phases occupy the inner ovarian region, while the vitellogenic and the mature phases are found in the outer one. Both post-ovu-latory follicles and follicular cells morphologies are also described and illustrated.

É descrito o desenvolvimento ovocitário em Macrobrachium amazonicum(Heller, 1862), um camarão dulcícola da família Palaemonidae da Amazônia Central. O seu desenvolvimento é semelhante ao de Macrobrachium acanthurus(Wiegmann, 1836). As fases iniciais do desenvolvimento ocupam a região intema do ovario, enquanto que as fases vitelogênica e madura situam-se perifericamente. São descritas ainda a morfologia dos folículos pós-ovulatórios e das células foliculares.