Diseño de Estrategias para la Inclusión Laboral de Personas con Diversidad Funcional Cognitiva en la segunda Ciudad más importante del Huila / Design of Strategies for the Labor Inclusion of People with Cognitive Functional Diversity in the Second Most Important City in Huila

Resumen En el municipio de Pitalito-Huila (Colombia) se evidencia un alto grado de des conocimiento sobre la diversidad funcional cognitiva, generando una proble mática social que levanta barreras e impide la inclusión de personas en esta con dición. Es así que, el problema de inclusión laboral para personas con diversidad funcional surge del desconocimiento de esta condición, de la percepción errada sobre sus capacidades, de las deficiencias educativas en torno a las competen cias laborales y de la falta de intervención gubernamental en la divulgación de las políticas públicas de inclusión. Finalmente, se proponen estrategias bajo el modelo de innovación de la triple hélice para lograr efectividad en los procesos inclusivos de inserción social, educativa y laboral.

Abstract In the municipality of Pitalito, Huila, Colombia, there is a high degree of igno rance about cognitive functional diversity, by generating a social problem, which raises barriers and prevents the inclusion of people in this condition. Thus, the problem of labor inclusion for people with functional diversity arises from the lack of knowledge of this condition, from the wrong perception of their capabil ities, from the educational deficiencies regarding labor competencies and from the lack of governmental intervention in the dissemination of public policies for inclusion. Finally, strategies are proposed under the triple helix innovation mod el to achieve effectiveness in the inclusive processes of social, educational, and labor insertion.

Caracterización de la baja visión en el Centro de Recursos y Apoyo "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" / Characterization of low vision at the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" resource and support center

Objetivo: Caracterizar las enfermedades oftalmológicas que causan diversidad funcional visual en los estudiantes del Centro de Recursos y Apoyo "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado". Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal realizado en enero, 2017. Las variables investigadas fueron: edad, sexo, grado de escolaridad, antecedentes prenatales, diagnóstico oftalmológico principal, enfermedades asociadas, síndromes oftalmológicos, agudeza visual mejor corregida, defecto refractivo, ayudas ópticas y no ópticas utilizadas. Resultados: La muestra quedó conformada por 66 estudiantes (95,6 por ciento de los matriculados), predominaron las edades entre 10-14 años, para ambos sexos. De ellos, 24 estudiantes eran ciegos totales (36,4 por ciento). El astigmatismo hipermetrópico compuesto fue la ametropía primaria más frecuente. Las ayudas ópticas y no ópticas son utilizadas por la mayoría de los alumnos. Conclusiones: Las enfermedades oculares más frecuentes causantes de baja visión fueron la catarata congénita y la atrofia del nervio óptico. Las ayudas ópticas y no ópticas son empleadas con la colaboración de la rehabilitadora y los maestros(AU)

Objective: To characterize the ophthalmologic diseases that cause visual functional diversity in students of the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" Resource and Support Center. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in January, 2017. The variables investigated were: age, gender, school grade, prenatal history, main ophthalmologic diagnosis, associated diseases, ophthalmologic syndromes, best corrected visual acuity, refractive defect, optical and non-optical aids used. Results: The sample consisted of 66 students (95.6 percent of those enrolled), predominantly aged 10-14 years, for both genders. Out of these, 24 students were totally blind (36.4 percent). Compound hyperopic astigmatism was the most frequent primary ametropia. Optical and non-optical aids were used by most of the students. Conclusions: The most frequent ocular diseases causing low vision were congenital cataract and optic nerve atrophy. Optical and non-optical aids are used with the collaboration of the rehabilitator and teachers(AU)

Evaluación de necesidades de apoyo en universitarios con diversidad funcional de origen físico: un estudio de caso / Assessment of support needs in university students with Functional diversity of physical origin: a case study

Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó las necesidades de apoyo de estudiantes universitarios con diversidad funcional de origen físico en una Institución Educativa Superior. Se analizó, además, la percepción del docente y, en su conjunto, la correspondencia con las políticas de inclusión, tanto institucionales como de la nación. Método. Bajo el estudio de caso, se trabajó el enfoque cualitativo, con un diseño de teoría crítica. Se usó la entrevista en profundidad, el grupo focal y el análisis documental para la triangulación de la información. La muestra fue de casos-tipo y se definió por saturación de categorías. Se recurrió al criterio deductivoinductivo para el análisis de la información con el apoyo del software Atlas.ti. Resultados. Los participantes manifestaron presencia de barreras arquitectónicas, poca participación social en los diferentes escenarios que se organizan y necesidades de apoyo de tipo psicológico. Asimismo, deseos de formarse como profesionales. Conclusiones. Se reconoce la importancia que tiene para las instituciones de educación superior ser inclusivas para favorecer la mitigación de las necesidades que se presentan.

Objective: this study evaluated the support needs of university students with functional diversity of physical origin in a Higher Educational Institution. In addition, the perception teachers, and as a whole, the correspondence with inclusion policies, both institutional and national, were analyzed. Method: under the case study, the qualitative approach was worked out, with a critical theory design. The in-depth interview, the focus group, and the documentary analysis were used for the triangulation of the information. The sample was case-type and defined by saturation of categories. The deductive-inductive criterion was used to analyze the information with the support of the Atlas.ti software. Results: the participants manifested the presence of architectural barriers, little social participation in the different scenarios that are organized, and psychological support needs. Conclusions: the importance of higher education institutions to be inclusive to mitigate the needs is recognized.

Diversidad funcional e inclusión en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) en Medellín / Functional diversity and inclusion in Institutions of Higher Education (IES) in Medellín

Resumen El trabajo que se informa tuvo como objetivo presentar la realidad evidenciada en materia de educación superior inclusiva para las personas con diversidad funcional (discapacidad) en Medellín, Colombia. Para ello, se implementó una investigación cualitativa, teniendo como instrumento una entrevista en profundidad que constaba de 25 preguntas que apuntaban a esclarecer las posibilidades de acceso a la educación, las condiciones para la permanencia y el reconocimiento de los apoyos (ajustes razonables) existentes y requeridos a partir de la visión de los distintos actores educativos. La entrevista fue administrada a dos estudiantes universitarios con diversidad funcional, un docente de educación superior y un funcionario de bienestar universitario por cada una de las nueve universidades seleccionadas en el área metropolitana de Medellín; la información obtenida se sistematizó en el software Atlas.ti y posteriormente se trianguló para su análisis, permitiendo la emergencia de las categorías finales. Se identificó que en la mayoría de las universidades no se tiene acceso a espacios de uso común tales como bibliotecas y auditorios. Solo en una de las nueve IES se registró la existencia de una política interna que aseguraba las condiciones para la educación inclusiva de la población con diversidad funcional. Lo anterior exhorta a revisar y trascender los enfoques que actualmente rigen el diseño de la política pública de la discapacidad en aras de garantizar el derecho constitucional a una educación con calidad que dignifique y permita la participación plena de este colectivo.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to present the reality evidenced in the field of higher education and the inclusive policies for people with functional diversities (disability) in the city of Medellin, Colombia. According to this, a qualitative research was implemented that allowed to recognize the perceptions and experience in this population. For this, a deep interview was used, with 25 questions that were focused on three main topics: access to educative opportunities, the conditions for permanence and the recognition of the support given (reasonable accommodations), according to the points of view of different educational actors. This same interview was applied to three different population groups. The first one was formed by 18 university students with functional diversities, between the ages of 22 and 30 years old. The second group was composed of 16 undergraduate students, and two from the postgraduate courses. In addition, they were classified by their functional diversity: ten of them had physical or motor disabilities (two didn't have upper limbs, two had muscular dystrophy and six had reduced mobility; in this group, four of them were born with those disabilities and two acquired them during their life). The other group had sensorial disabilities (two had deafness, three were blind and three had reduced vision). The third group was composed of 9 university teachers and 9 staff members of the university welfare department. All of them live in Medellin. The information was systematized in the Atlas.ti software and then triangulated. A comparative matrix was elaborated according to the associated principles of continuity, similarity and contrasting significant relations for the analysis and generating the appearance of final categories. In this regard, it is recognized that inclusive education merits universities as the entities which assume places full of transformation. This situation isn't visualized in this investigation because only one out of nine have been complying. Three of them are in the implementation process and the others assume that inclusive education is where the student has to adapt to the institutional conditions. It was identified that the admission process didn't take into account equitable conditions. Thus, it would be understanding that the characteristics are comparable at the diverse population, taking into account their needs and abilities. In general, universities don't provide handicap access to some common places like libraries and auditorium. Functional diversity support is mainly implemented for the population who has reduced mobility; this implies structural adjustments like ramps and elevators, among other possibilities. Only in one out of nine universities there was evidence of the existence of an internal policy put in place to guarantee the conditions needed for people with functional diversity. It is possible that one of the most evident situations has to do with the teacher's commitment, an aspect that has a considerable impact in the inclusive education. However, in spite of good wills, this question needs go further. It requires skills and training to recognize the support a particular diversity or handicap requires. Most of them expressed concern and anxiety for their ignorance about the matter; that many cases make the reference population invisible. Within the range of competences, it has to develop some skills that include technological, methodological and curricular skills. But also, there are other soft competences that designate creativity, respect, compromise, and tolerance, among others. The educational integration implies a joint effort form all the educational community. Furthermore, the human factor promotes the adaptation process significantly in the educational environment. Meanwhile, they are configured as social supports, in opposition to the barriers established by limiting the participation and recognition of the same. In light of all this, it is important to review and go further than the approaches that are currently applied in the design of the public policies focused in disabilities, to guarantee the constitutional right to a quality education and to also dignify this group and provide them with full participation.

Efectos de un programa de actividad física integral sobre la motricidad gruesa de niños y niñas con diversidad funcional / Effects of a program of integral physical activity on the gross motor control in children with functional diversity / Efeitos de um programa da atividade física integral nas habilidades motoras de grande porte em crianças com diversidade funcional

Resumen Introducción. Recientemente, en el Ecuador se está sensibilizado sobre la inclusión escolar de niños/as con diversidad funcional. Sin embargo, la ausencia de espacios adecuados y profesionales preparados hace que estos sean remitidos a hospitales o centros de rehabilitación. Además, los beneficios de la terapia física no se limitan al ámbito de la motricidad, ofreciendo igualmente avances en la función cognitiva y el aprendizaje. Así pues, este trabajo muestra una investigación realizada en el área de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación del Hospital Teófilo Dávila (Ecuador). Objetivo. El propósito del estudio es determinar el impacto de un programa de actividad física integral, respecto de la motricidad gruesa de niños/as con diversidad funcional. Materiales y métodos. La investigación acomete un diseño cuasi-experimental con un grupo experimental, tomando medidas pretest y postest. La metodología utilizada es cuantitativa descriptiva, implementando el test Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM 88) y dos encuestas de valoración personal. Resultados. El análisis de datos revela mejoras estadísticamente significativas (p<0,001) en la motricidad gruesa de los niños/as, tanto a nivel global como en cada una de las categorías del test. Igualmente, las encuestas proporcionaron información relevante respecto de la opinión de maestros y padres/tutores. Conclusiones. Los resultados de las pruebas estadísticas no dejan lugar a dudas respecto a la mejora en la motricidad gruesa de los niños/as. Asimismo, las encuestas reflejan un grado de satisfacción muy elevado, además de resaltar beneficios en la función cognitiva y el aprendizaje.

Abstract Introduction. Recently, in Ecuador, we are aware of school inclusion of children with functional diversity. However, the absence of adequate spaces and trained professionals make them to be referred to hospitals or rehabilitation centers. In addition, the benefits of physical therapy are not limited to the field of motor skills, offering advances in cognitive function and learning as well. Thus, this work shows an investigation carried out in the area of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Teófilo Dávila Hospital (Ecuador). Objective. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of a Physical Therapy program on the gross motor skills of children with functional diversity. Materials and methods. The research is approached through a quasi-experimental design with an Experimental Group, taking Pretest and Posttest measurements. The methodology used is descriptive quantitative, implementing the Gross Motor Function Measure Test (GMFM 88) and two opinion surveys. Results. The data analysis reveals statistically significant improvements (p<0.001) in the gross motor skills of the children, both globally and in each of the test categories. Likewise, the surveys provided relevant information regarding the opinion of the children's teachers and parents/ guardians. Conclusions. The results of the statistical tests leave no doubt about the improvement in the children's gross motor skills. Likewise, the surveys revealed a very high level of satisfaction, highlighting benefits in cognitive function and learning as well.

Resumo Introdução. Recentemente, no Equador está sendo promovida a inclusão escolar de crianças com diversidade funcional. No entanto, a ausência de espaços adequados e professionais capacitados faz com que estes sejam encaminhados à hospitais ou centros de reabilitação. Além disso, os benefícios da fisioterapia física não se limitam ao âmbito da motricidade, oferecendo de igual maneira avanços na função cognitiva e na aprendizagem. Assim, este trabalho amostra uma pesquisa realizada na área de Medicina Física e Reabilitação do Hospital Teofilo Davila (Equador). Objetivo. O propósito do estudo é determinar o impacto de um programa de atividade física integral, respeito da motricidade de grande porte de crianças com diversidade funcional. Materiais e métodos. A pesquisa é abordada por meio de um delineamento quase-experimental com uma turma experimental, utilizando medidas pré-teste e pós-teste. A metodologia utilizada é quantitativa descritiva, implementando o Teste Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM 88) e duas entrevista de avaliação pessoal. Resultados. A análise de dados revela melhorias estatisticamente significativas (p<0,001) na motricidade de grande porte nas crianças, tanto globalmente quanto em cada uma das categorias do teste. Igualmente, as entrevistas forneceram informação relevante respeito da opinião dos docentes e pais/representantes. Conclusões. Os resultados dos testes estatísticos não deixam margem para dúvidas respeito a melhoria da motricidade de grande porte nas crianças. Da mesma forma, as entrevistas refletem um grau elevado de satisfação, além de destacar os benefícios na função cognitiva e na aprendizagem.

The response of microbial community in aerobic rice rhizosphere that affected by various plant growth stages and soil types

Aims@#Aerobic rice is a potential crop introduced to encourage water conservation in rice planting. However, a decline of aerobic rice yield has been reported and thus this study was initiated with the aim to observe the response of microbial community in this environment which are exposed to various plant growth stage and soil types. @*Methodology and results@#To determine the effect of soil types such as peat and sandy clay loam on microbial community. A total of four growth stages were tested namely vegetative, reproductive, ripening and maturing. To determine the influence of growth stages and soil types towards microbial community in aerobic rice, Biolog Ecoplate™ technique was used to quantify the response of microbial community through microbial functional diversity and carbon source utilization. The abundance of culturable aerobic bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, nitrogen-fixing microorganism and phosphate-solubilizing microorganism were determined using five different selective media. Soil physical and chemical properties as well as total nitrogen in plant tissues were also determined. It was found that microbial functional diversity during plant growth (except for microbial evenness) varied between the soil types. Correlation analysis revealed different relationships between carbon source utilization and microbial functional diversity in both soil types. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Microbial community in rhizosphere responded according to plant development which is primarily determined by soil type. Therefore, it is concluded that soil type particularly the soil physical and chemical properties are important factors in shaping the microbial community by directly influencing the rhizosphere environment.

Bacterial communities in mining soils and surrounding areas under regeneration process in a former ore mine

Abstract Human activities on the Earth's surface change the landscape of natural ecosystems. Mining practices are one of the most severe human activities, drastically altering the chemical, physical and biological properties of the soil environment. Bacterial communities in soil play an important role in the maintenance of ecological relationships. This work shows bacterial diversity, metabolic repertoire and physiological behavior in five ecosystems samples with different levels of impact. These ecosystems belong to a historical area in Iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais, Brazil, which suffered mining activities until its total depletion without recovery since today. The results revealed Proteobacteria as the most predominant phylum followed by Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes. Soils that have not undergone anthropological actions exhibit an increase ability to degrade carbon sources. The richest soil with the high diversity was found in ecosystems that have suffered anthropogenic action. Our study shows profile of diversity inferring metabolic profile, which may elucidate the mechanisms underlying changes in community structure in situ mining sites in Brazil. Our data comes from contributing to know the bacterial diversity, relationship between these bacteria and can explore strategies for natural bioremediation in mining areas or adjacent areas under regeneration process in iron mining areas.

The invasive white ginger lily ( Hedichium coronarium ) simplifies the trait composition of an insect assemblage in the littoral zone of a Savanna reservoir

ABSTRACT The invasive white ginger lily (Hedichium coronarium - J. Köenig, 1783) simplifies the trait composition of an insect assemblage in the littoral zone of a Savanna reservoir. Invasive plants are believed to shift the trait composition of aquatic insects dwelling in banks of lentic ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the presence of the invasive white ginger lily (H. coronarium) and the functional trait indices of the aquatic insect assemblage in the littoral zone of a tropical reservoir. We sampled aquatic insects on the invaded and non-invaded banks of the reservoir and then analyzed the insect trait indices by estimating the Functional Dispersion (FDis), Functional Evenness (FEve) and the Functional Divergence (FDiv), as well as the Community level Weight-Mean traits (CWM). Finally, we compared these indices between invaded and non-invaded banks as well as their relationship with the abiotic variables, such as dissolved oxygen, pH, depth and water temperature. The result confirmed that the invaded banks had lower values of functional indices as well as dissolved oxygen. However, this abiotic variable was found to have no effect on the functional indices. In addition, the white ginger lily bank presented higher contribution of collector-gathering to predator-piercer groups. We suggest that the invasion of white ginger lily promotes low heterogeneity habitat resulting in simplification on functional traits of aquatic insect assemblage.

Diversidad taxonómica y funcional en la comunidad de peces de la pesca de arrastre de camarón en el norte del Golfo de California, México / Taxonomic and functional diversity of the bycatch fishes community of trawl fishing from Northern Gulf of California, Mexico

ResumenLa parte norte del Golfo de California es una zona mega diversa de alto endemismo con gran interés económico por las pesquerías multiespecíficas que se desarrollan, principalmente de camarón. Existe carencia de estudios recientes sobre ensamblajes de peces componentes de la fauna acompañante. Por lo que, durante las temporadas de pesca 2009-2010 y 2010-2011 se realizaron 14 viajes de pesca comercial a bordo de 13 barcos camaroneros, con un total de 119 lances, efectuados entre los 5 y 90 m de profundidad. Los 119 lances fueron analizados para evaluar la estructura de la comunidad de peces. Se utilizaron índices de diversidad taxonómica para detectar cambios taxonómicos en la comunidad siguiendo el índice de distinción taxonómica promedio Δ+ y el índice de variación taxonómica Δ* (TAXDEST del programa PRIMER v6). Para la conformación de grupos funcionales se consideró las similitudes de rasgos ecológicos y morfológicos entre las especies. Los resultados mostraron que los índices Δ+ y Δ* estuvieron dentro del promedio estimado y por dentro de los intervalos de confianza al 95 %, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los índices. Los análisis mostraron una comunidad bien estructurada debido a la gran variedad de formas y funciones de las especies dentro de la comunidad. En la composición de grupos funcionales, el atributo ecológico que más contribuyó para conformación grupos, fue el gremio reproductivo. La estructura de la comunidad fue representada por niveles tróficos intermedios 3-3.9, preferencialmente carnívoros primarios y carnívoros secundarios, dentro de las categorías tróficas de ictiobentófagos y zoobentófagos, pertenecientes a especies demersales de fondos blandos y mayormente de cuerpo fusiforme.Se concluye que el NGC presentó alta redundancia funcional de acuerdo a los grupos funcionales estimados, por lo que se considera un ecosistema estable y de gran diversidad. Es recomendable dar seguimiento a este tipo de estudios utilizando información de esfuerzo pesquero y ambiental, debido a la gran importancia biológica y ecológica del área.

Abstract The Northern Gulf of California (NGC) is a mega diverse area of high endemism with major economic interest because of the multi-specific fisheries developed, mainly shrimp. There is a lack of recent studies on bycatch fish assemblages, so during the fishing seasons from 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, on board 13 shrimp boats, 14 commercial fishing trips were performed from 5 m - 90 m in depth with a total of 119 catches. The 119 catches were analyzed to assess fish community structure using taxonomic diversity indices to detect changes in the community following the taxonomic distinctness average Δ+ and the diversity index Δ* (TAXDEST of the PRIMER v6 program). To confirm the structure of functional groups, we considered similarities of ecologic and morphologic traits among species. The results showed that the indices Δ+ and Δ* were within the expected average and confidence intervals at 95%, finding significant differences between the indices. The analyses showed a well-structured community because of the great variety of forms and functions of the species within the community. In the community of the functional groups, reproduction was the ecological attribute that contributed the most to their structure. The community structure was represented by intermediate trophic levels (3-3.9), preferably primary and secondary carnivores within the trophic categories of predators of benthic ichthyo-fauna that belong to demersal species of soft bottoms and mostly fusiform body. To conclude, the NGC showed high functional redundancy according to the estimated functional groups, thus the ecosystem was considered stable and with great diversity. This type of studies should be followed using fishing and environmental effort due to the great biological and ecologic importance in the area.

Cambios percibidos por personas con diversidad funcional motora adquirida en sus vidas cotidianas tras la obtención de perros de servicio / Changes perceived by people with acquired motor functional diversity in their daily lives after obtainment service dogs

El presente estudio surge del interés por analizar los cambios percibidos por personas con diversidad funcional motora adquirida en sus vidas cotidianas tras la adquisición de perros de servicio. La revisión de investigaciones internacionales sobre efectividad de la tenencia de estos animales, así como la revisión de las teorías del vínculo y de la biofilia proporcionan un primer acercamiento para comprender los posibles cambios. A partir de todo ello surge la pregunta: ¿Cómo perciben los cambios en sus vidas cotidianas las personas en estudio tras la obtención de perros de servicio otorgado por la corporación Bocalán Confiar? El estudio se visualiza desde el paradigma interpretativo y contempla la revisión teórica y fuentes directas a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, mediante las cuales se obtuvo una perspectiva personal acerca de la situación. Se analizaron los cambios desde nueve categorías: Actividades de la vida diaria, trabajo remunerado, tiempo libre, relaciones interpersonales, familia, accesibilidad, responsabilidad, seguridad y vínculo. Los hallazgos dejan en evidencia que la obtención del perro de servicio no sólo influye en independencia funcional, sino también en el ámbito emocional, social y familiar...

This study arises from the interest in analyzing the changes perceived by people with motor functional diversity acquired in their daily lives following the acquisition of service dogs. The revision of international research on effectiveness of tenure of these animals, as well as the revision of the theories on bonding and biophilia provides insight to understand the possible changes. From all this, the question arises: How do the people under study perceive the changes in their daily lives after obtaining service dogs by Bocalán Confiar Corporation? The study is visualized from the interpretive paradigm and provides the theoretical review and direct sources through semistructured interviews, by means of which a personal perspective on the situation was obtained. Changes were analyzed from nine categories: activities of daily living, paid work, free time, relationships, family, accessibility, accountability, security and link. Findings evidence that the obtainment of the service dog does not only influences functional independence, but also in the emotional, social and family field...

Fish complementarity is associated to forests in Amazonian streams

The functional structure of communities is commonly measured by the variability in functional traits, which may demonstrate complementarity or redundancy patterns. In this study, we tested the influence of environmental variables on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazonian streams within a deforestation gradient. We calculated six ecomorphological traits related to habitat use from each fish species, and used them to calculate the net relatedness index (NRI) and the nearest taxon index (NTI). The set of species that used the habitat differently (complementary or overdispersed assemblages) occurred in sites with a greater proportion of forests. The set of species that used the habitat in a similar way (redundant or clustered assemblages) occurred in sites with a greater proportion of grasses in the stream banks. Therefore, the deforestation of entire watersheds, which has occurred in many Amazonian regions, may be a central factor for the functional homogenization of fish fauna.

A estrutura funcional das comunidades é comumente medida através da variabilidade nos traços funcionais, que pode demonstrar padrões de complementaridade ou redundância. Testamos a influência de variáveis ambientais na estrutura funcional de peixes de riachos Amazônicos ao longo do gradiente de desmatamento. Para cada espécie, calculamos seis traços ecomorfológicos relacionados ao uso do hábitat e usamos esses traços para calcular o índice de proximidade de táxon (NRI) e o índice do táxon mais próximo (NTI). Os conjuntos de espécies que usam o hábitat de modo distinto (comunidades complementares) ocorreram em trechos de microbacias com maior proporção de florestas, e os conjuntos de espécies que utilizam o hábitat de forma similar (comunidades redundantes) ocorreram em trechos com maior proporção de gramíneas nas margens. Portanto, o desmatamento de microbacias inteiras, como vem acontecendo em muitas regiões Amazônicas, pode ser o fator principal para a homogeneização funcional da ictiofauna.

Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams

We tested the hypothesis that streams in deforested areas shelter different fish communities to nearby forested areas, and that these disparities are due to environmental parameters that limit or benefit different species according to their functional traits. We compared the community composition of three south east Brazilian streams flanked by riparian forest with three nearby streams in deforested areas. The following functional traits were considered: diet, habitat use, water flow preference, size, and hypoxia tolerance. Differentiation between forested and deforested streams corresponded with the different contributions of three functional groups. Species reported in the literature to be hypoxia tolerant, and exhibiting a variable combination of the other traits prevailed in deforested streams, although we did not find substantial differences in oxygen levels between forested and deforested streams. In forested streams, benthic species associated with a high water flow and an insectivorous diet were dominant. Changes in streams induced by deforestation which are associated with habitat availability, food resources, and physicochemical conditions appear to restrict the occurrence of specialized species and instead benefit tolerant generalists.

A hipótese de que as alterações ambientais causadas pelo desmatamento nos riachos podem restringir a ocorrência de espécies a partir de suas características funcionais foi testada. Comparamos a composição das comunidades de três riachos do sudeste do Brasil providos de floresta riparia nas suas margens com três riachos da mesma região com zona ripária desmatada. Os seguintes atributos funcionais foram considerados: dieta, uso de hábitat, preferência por fluxo, tamanho e tolerância à hipóxia. A diferenciação dos riachos, em especial entre os riachos florestados e desmatados, foi maior do que o esperado ao acaso e correspondeu à contribuição diferencial de três grupos funcionais. As espécies indicadas na literatura como sendo tolerantes à hipóxia e que apresentaram combinação variável das outras características foram mais abundantes nos riachos desmatados, embora não tenhamos observado diferenças substanciais nos níveis de oxigênio dissolvido entre os riachos florestados e desmatados. Nos riachos florestados predominaram espécies de hábitos especializados, bentônicas, associadas com alta velocidade de água e dieta insetívora. As alterações nos riachos provocadas pelo desmatamento relacionadas com a disponibilidade de hábitat, recursos alimentares e condições físico-químicas restringem a ocorrência de grupos de espécies especializadas e beneficiam espécies tolerantes e generalistas.

Large-scale patterns in morphological diversity and species assemblages in Neotropical Triatominae (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)

We analysed the spatial variation in morphological diversity (MDiv) and species richness (SR) for 91 species of Neotropical Triatominae to determine the ecological relationships between SR and MDiv and to explore the roles that climate, productivity, environmental heterogeneity and the presence of biomes and rivers may play in the structuring of species assemblages. For each 110 km x 110 km-cell on a grid map of America, we determined the number of species (SR) and estimated the mean Gower index (MDiv) based on 12 morphological attributes. We performed bootstrapping analyses of species assemblages to identify whether those assemblages were more similar or dissimilar in their morphology than expected by chance. We applied a multi-model selection procedure and spatial explicit analyses to account for the association of diversity-environment relationships. MDiv and SR both showed a latitudinal gradient, although each peaked at different locations and were thus not strictly spatially congruent. SR decreased with temperature variability and MDiv increased with mean temperature, suggesting a predominant role for ambient energy in determining Triatominae diversity. Species that were more similar than expected by chance co-occurred near the limits of the Triatominae distribution in association with changes in environmental variables. Environmental filtering may underlie the structuring of species assemblages near their distributional limits.

Effect of Trichoderma longbrachiatum T2 on functional diversity of cucumber rhizomicrobes.

After biocontrol Trichoderma longbrachiatum T2 was applied in the rhizosphere of cucumber, the functional diversity of the rhizomicrobes utilizing carbon sources was investigated by using Biolog Eco-microplates technique. The result showed that T. longbrachiatum T2 had a significant effect on the rhizomicrobes in terms of their metabolic activity and their capacity to utilize carbon sources. The ability of the rhizomicrobes to utilize carbon sources was enhanced at seedling stage. The significant change of the richness and the degrees of the rhizomicrobes occured at seedling stage, flowering stage, and final stage, while no obvious difference was observed at fruiting stage. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that the ability of the rhizomicrobes to utilize carbon sources was enhanced at seedling stage and final stage. At flowering stage, the ability to utilize carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, amines and phenolic compounds was reduced, but the ability to untilize polymers was slightly enhanced. The ability to utilize carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, polymers and amines was enhanced, but the ability to utilize phenolic compounds was reduced at fruiting stage.

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Roles in Ecosystems

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have mutualistic relationships with more than 80% of terrestrial plant species. This symbiotic relationship is ancient and would have had important roles in establishment of plants on land. Despite their abundance and wide range of relationship with plant species, AMF have shown low species diversity. However, molecular studies have suggested that diversity of these fungi may be much higher, and genetic variation of AMF is very high within a species and even within a single spore. Despite low diversity and lack of host specificity, various functions have been associated with plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization. In addition, different community composition of AMF affects plants differently, and plays a potential role in ecosystem variability and productivity. AMF have high functional diversity because different combinations of host plants and AMF have different effects on the various aspects of symbiosis. Consequently, recent studies have focused on the different functions of AMF according to their genetic resource and their roles in ecosystem functioning. This review summarizes taxonomic, genetic, and functional diversities of AMF and their roles in natural ecosystems.

Estrutura filogenética e funcional de assembleias: (re)montando a Ecologia de Comunidades em diferentes escalas espaciais / Phylogenetic and functional assembly structure: (re)assembling the community ecology on different spatial scales

As comunidades são assembléias de espécies co-ocorrentes que interagem potencialmente umas com as outras. Elas são resultado não apenas de uma série de processos ecológicos ou "regras de montagem", mas também de processos evolutivos passados e contínuos. Nos últimos anos, as regras de montagem têm recebido maior atenção dos ecólogos e dois processos diferentes têm sido explorados: os filtros ambientais e a similaridade limitante. Como os processos envolvidos na formação das assembléias parecem variar de uma forma dependente de escala, espera-se que tais regras de montagem tenham diferentes efeitos ao longo de diferentes escalas espaciais. Compreender essa relação entre os processos ecológicos e as escalas espaciais nas quais eles atuam tem sido um grande desafio entre os estudiosos. Nesse contexto, a incorporação de dados filogenéticos e funcionais às abordagens clássicas de diversidade tem estabelecido a base de uma emergente área de pesquisa em ecologia de comunidades, impulsionando o desenvolvimento de muitas ferramentas para detectar a subjacente estrutura das assembléias e, portanto, inferir os processos de montagem responsáveis pela formação das assembléias. Aqui, demonstramos como a utilização de diferentes medidas de diversidade filogenética e funcional juntamente com o uso de diferentes modelos nulos pode ser uma abordagem promissora na solução de paradigmas ainda pouco compreendidos, discutindo como tais métodos podem aumentar o poder preditivo dessa crescente área de pesquisa.

Communities are assemblages of co-occurring species that potentially interact with each other. They are the result not only of a series of ecological processes or "assembly rules", but also of past and ongoing evolutionary processes. In recent years, the assembly rules have received increased attention from ecologists and two different processes have been explored: environmental filtering and limiting similarity. As the processes involved in the formation of the assemblages appear to vary in a manner dependent on scale, it is expected that such assembly rules have different effects over different spatial scales. Understanding this relationship between ecological processes and spatial scales in which they act has been a great challenge among scholars. In this context, the incorporation of phylogenetic and functional data to diversity classical approaches have established the basis for an emerging area of research in community ecology, promoting the development of many tools to detect the underlying structure of the assemblages and, therefore, to infer the processes assembly responsible for the formation of the assemblages. Here, we demonstrate how the use of different measures of phylogenetic and functional diversity along with the use of different null models can be a promising approach in solving paradigms still poorly understood, discussing how such methods can increase the predictive power of this growing area of research.

La Asociación Alonso Quijano de Madrid: participación social en la salud mental / The Alonso Quijano of Madrid Association: social participation in mental health

Este artículo recoge las experiencias personales y asociativas con la Asociación Alonso Quijano de Madrid que he vivido desde el año 2002. La Asociación Alonso Quijano está inscrita en el registro de Asociaciones de la Comunidad de Madrid, se fundó en el año 1999. La Asociación Alonso Quijano es una Asociación para acompañar, apoyar y reflexionar en la experiencia de la locura. Desde su fundación el rol que asumen los participantes es el de ciudadanos con los mismos derechos y obligaciones y sin poner etiquetas. Es una asociación donde la participación de las personas con problemas de salud mental es muy relevante.

This article, brings together, the individual and collective experiences that I had the opportunity to experience with the Alonso Quijano of Madrid Association since 2002. The Alonso Quijano Association is registered in the Official Association Register of the Madrid Local Government,and was established in 1999. Alonso Quijano Association is an association to monitor, support and reflect on the experience of madness. Since its origins, the members asume the rol of citizens with the same rights and obligations without labelling anybody. It is an association where the involvement of people with mental health problems is very important.