ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the preventive effect of puerarin-,geonone(G20)-,timosaponin BⅡ- and cannabidio(l CBD)-loaded nasal hydrogels on the hypoxic brain injury in mice. Methods: The drug-loaded 4 hydrogels were prepared with poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188. The healthy adult male SPF BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups(n=5):the normal group,saline(NS)group,blank hydrogel group,puerarin hydrogel group,G20 hydrogel group,timosaponin BⅡhydrogel group and CBD hydrogel group. After 8 days of continuous nasal administration, the anti-hypoxia activity was assayed by the airtight hypoxia test at atmospheric pressure,by recording the survival time of the mice in the test conditions. Meanwhile,the peripheral blood cell counts,pathological changes in the mouse brain tissue and the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)in the cerebral hippocampal area were also examined. Results The G20 and CBD hydrogels could significantly prolong the survival time of mice in the airtight hypoxia test (P<0.01 and P<0.05),and the red blood cel(l P<0.01 and P<0.05)and hemoglobin counts(P<0.05 and P<0.05) in the mouse peripheral blood were significantly higher in the G20 and CBD hydrogel groups than those in the NS group, indicating that the G20 and CBD hydrogels could increase oxygen-carrying capacity of the peripheral blood in mice. The G20 and CBD hydrogels reduced inflammatory cells in the brain tissues of mice,and mice cell pyknosis and hyperchro- mism,suggesting that G20 and CBD could alleviate the brain injury caused by hypoxia. The immunohistochemistry analysis results for the brain tissue slides of mice showed that the HIF-1α expression in the cerebral hippocampal area in the G20 group was significantly decreased(P<0.01)to the similar level of the normal group. Conclusion: The G20 nasal hydro- gels showed a good anti-hypoxia effect to prevent hypoxic brain injury in the hermetic hypoxia mice model at atmospheric pressure. The mechanism was likely related to the improvement of antioxidant capacity of the body as well as the free radi- cal scavenging and nerve cell protecting effect of G20.
ABSTRACT
This article analyzes Brazil's performance during the agricultural negotiations in the Doha Round, considering the implications of domestic backing for the country's credibility vis-à-vis the G-20 and the coalition's contribution to increasing Brazil's bargaining power in relation to pressure from the United States and the European Union. The study investigated the positions of agribusiness interest groups, G-20, United States, and European Union in distinct negotiating phases. The theoretical framework used here was the two-level game model. The following observations emerged: domestic backing evolved over the course of the Doha Round; the G-20 helped increase Brazil's bargaining power; and the intensification of disagreements between agribusiness and the negotiations and clashes between agricultural exporting countries and net food importers inside the G-20 eroded Brazil's capacity to act via the coalition and shifted it away from the group in 2008. The study explores the consequences of Brazil's decision for the partnership between Brazil and India.
Dans cet article, on examine le rôle du Brésil dans les négociations agricoles de la Rencontre de Doha en considérant les conséquences du soutien intérieur à la crédibilité du pays auprès du G-20 et la contribution de la coalition en vue d'élargir le pouvoir de négociation du Brésil face aux pressions des États Unis et de l'Union Européenne. Dans ce but, on examine les positions des groupes d'intérêt de l'agrobusiness, du G-20, des USA et de l'UE dans différentes phases de négociation. Le modèle théorique choisi a été celui des jeux à deux niveaux. On a constaté que le soutien intérieur subissait une évolution tout au long du sommet; le G-20 a aidé le Brésil à augmenter son pouvoir de négociation; l'intensification des désaccords de l'agrobusiness dans les négociations et les divergences entre pays exportateurs agricoles et importateurs nets d'aliments à l'intérieur du G-20 ont diminué la possibilité du Brésil d'agir à travers la coalition, ce qui l'a amené à s´écarter du groupe en 2008. Les conséquences de la décision brésilienne sur le partenariat Brésil-Inde ont également été examinées.