Artificial pollination and use of growth regulators in atemoya 'Gefner' fruits

The objective was to study the effectiveness of the growth regulator (ANA + GA3) associated or not to the application of adjuvant and artificial pollination in 'Gefner' atemoya. The experiment was conducted in the experimental orchard at Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center. The experimental design was in a randomized block, with 14 treatments, 10 repetitions and 3 flowers per plot. The highest percentages of fixed fruits were obtained with hand pollination ­ HP and 450 NAA + 1250 GA3 mg L-1 + adjuvant and HP. The use of hand pollination for 'Gefner' atemoya tree proved to be the most efficient method so far. Applying growth regulator without artificial pollination produces parthenocarpic fruits, however with high rate of abortions, and small fruits. Growth regulators together with hand pollination produces small and uneven fruits, and cause reduction in the fruits' titratable acidity. The use of adjuvant caused low fixation and toxicity to fruits, and its use is not recommended.

Modified protocol to overcome in vitro recalcitrance of premature micro-shoots abscission by silver supplementation in Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis L. × Citrus deliciosa T.)

The present study focused on alleviating the issue of premature abscission of micro-shoots emerged from the cultured nodal segments in Kinnow mandarin. To resolve the problem, explants of different maturity stages, culture media, growth regulator combinations and ethylene inhibitors (silver compounds) were evaluated. Hardwood stage was observed to be the most efficient explant maturity stage to boost the vigorous early shoot emergence on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium. Addition of GA3 (Gibberellic acid) 10 mg L?1 resulted in delayed abscission. Further reduction in abscission rate and healthy shoot growth were observed when subculturing of micro-shoots was done on MS medium supplemented with BAP 2.5 mg L?1, GA3 10 mg L?1 and silver thiosulfate 5 mg L?1. This modified procedure could be effectively utilized for mass multiplication as well as crop improvement in Kinnow mandarin.

Transcriptome analysis of seed embryo in dormancy and dormancy release state of Thesium chinense / 中国中药杂志

We used exogenous GA_3 to break the seed dormancy of Thesium chinense. We used high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the transcriptome of dormant seed embryos and dormancy breaking seed embryos of Th. chinense, and the data was analyzed bioinformatically and systematically. The results showed that exogenous GA_3 could effectively break the seed dormancy of Th. chinense; 73 794 up-regulated genes and 42 776 down regulated genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing; 116 570 diffe-rential genes were annotated by GO function to GO items such as metabolism process, cell process, cell, cell component, binding and catalytic activity. A total of 133 metabolic pathways were found by Pathway analysis of 26 508 differentially expressed genes. In the process of dormancy release, DEGs were mainly enriched in translation, carbohydrate metabolism, folding, classification, degradation and amino acid metabolism. Based on the annotation results in KEGG database, 20 metabolic pathways related to dormancy release were found. Dormancy release of Th. chinense seeds is a complex biological process, including cell morphology construction, secondary metabolite synthesis, sugar metabolism and plant signal transduction, among which plant hormone signal transduction is one of the key factors to regulate dormancy release. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the sequencing results were consistent with the actual results.

Germination of Mansonia altissima (A. Chev.) A. Chev. var. altissima: an endangered valuable timber species in Africa

The in vitro seed germination which results in the production of disease-free seedlings and greenhouse germination of the seeds of Mansonia altissima was investigated in order to establish a better way of germination of the timber species. Five levels of GA3 treatment were used in in vitro germination with three replicate and two seeds were inoculated in each of the jam bottle. Whereas, in greenhouse germination, five levels of different treatments were used, replicated three times and each Petri plate contained 15 seeds. The experiment was repeated twice and the data from each experiment was put together and used for the statistical analysis. The results showed that seeds germination occurred eight days after inoculation in in vitro but in the case of greenhouse germination, it took only five days. For in vitro rapid germination of Mansonia altissima, the MS medium should be supplemented with 1.0 μm of GA3. Equally, in greenhouse germination, the seeds need to be soaked in 1.0 mM of GA3 for 24 hours. Alternatively, in the absence of GA3, the seeds can be soaked in water for 24 hours before broadcasting the seeds on the seedbed for germination, as this will help to identify nonviable seeds.

Regulators, culture media and types of lights in vitro lavender culture / Reguladores, meios de cultura e tipos de luzes na cultura de lavanda in vitro

ABSTRACT: Lavender is an aromatic ornamental plant that is used widely in the perfume, pharmaceutical, cosmetical and food industries. That is why it is important to study ways to promote a production of lavender raw material. For this, four experiments were carried out in order to study the germination and initial in vitro development of lavender. In the first part the efficiency of the use of hydrogen peroxide in the pre-treatment of seeds inoculated in culture media with different concentrations of gibberellic acid was evaluated. Besides that, the influence of the use of Growlux lamps and white fluorescent lamps on plantlets cultivated in MS and LS media at salts concentrations of 50 and 100% was evaluated. Finally, the effect of the gibberellic acid, putrescine, spermine and spermidine in different concentrations was evaluated. Better results were estimated when hydrogen peroxide pretreatment was applied to the seeds with subsequent inoculation in a medium containing 2,5 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid. The use of Growlux lamps did not influence the characteristics observed when compared to the use of white fluorescent lamps, however it was concluded that the species develops more in a LS medium. Concerning the use of polyamines was found that germination, aerial part and number of leaves of the seedlings were generally favored at the concentration of 0,5 mg L-1 except when spermine was applied, which resulted in a lower number of leaves under this condition.

RESUMO: Lavanda é uma planta ornamental aromática que é amplamente utilizada nas indústrias de perfumaria, farmacêutica, cosmética e alimentícia e por isso é importante estudar maneiras de promover a produção dessa matéria-prima. Para tanto, foram realizados quatro experimentos com o objetivo de estudar a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial in vitro da lavanda. No primeiro experimento testou-se a eficiência do uso de peróxido de hidrogênio no pré-tratamento de sementes inoculadas em meios de cultura com diferentes concentrações de ácido giberélico. Além disso, foi avaliado a influência do uso de lâmpadas Growlux e de lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas em plântulas cultivadas nos meios MS e LS em concentrações de sais de 50 e 100%. Por fim, também estudou-se o efeito dos reguladores ácido giberélico, putrescina, espermina e espermidina em diferentes concentrações. Melhores resultados foram encontrados quando o pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio foi aplicado às sementes com posterior inoculação em meio contendo 2,5 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico. O uso de lâmpadas Growlux não influenciou as características avaliadas quando comparado ao uso de lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas, entretanto observou-se que as espécies se desenvolvem melhor em meio LS. Com relação ao uso de poliaminas, verificou-se que a germinação, parte aérea e número de folhas das plântulas foram favorecidas na concentração de 0,5 mg L-1, exceto quando se aplicou espermina, que resultou em menor número de folhas nessa condição.

Effects of plant growth regulators and nitrogen on germination of Epimedium pseudowushanense after its stems and leaves reaped / 中国中药杂志

In order to explore appropriate measures to promote germination after the harvest of Epimedium pseudowushanense, 6-BA, urea, ammonium bicarbonate and GA₃ were chosen to spray on the root and rhizomes, and then the biological indicators such as branches, leaf length, leaf width, plant height and so on, were measured in different periods, and the contents of epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C and icariin in the dry leaves were detected by HPLC. Results showed that 6-BA 90 mg·L⁻¹(B1), 6-BA 60 mg·L⁻¹(B2),6-BA 30 mg·L⁻¹+urea 300 mg·L⁻¹ (C1), 6-BA 60 mg·L⁻¹+urea 300 mg·L⁻¹(C2),6-BA 60 mg·L⁻¹+ ammonium bicarbonate 300 mg·L⁻¹(C4) significantly increased bud germination in the early period, and the plants quickly set up new system of photosynthesis, the branches in a month of which were higher than the control group respectively by 165.9%, 115.76%, 103.86%, 104.50%, 81.67%.However the branches developed the next year and the dry weight of leaves per plant in group B1 and B2 were much lower than that in control group. The groups that use 6-BA and nitrogen at the same time reaped a good yield of leaves even though the treatment had no significant influence on the branches developed the next year. The dry weight of leaves of C1, C2, C4 treatments were 36.80%, 32.84%, 45.97% more than the control group respectively. Therefore, C1, C2 and C4 treatments are the more appropriate to promote recovery after harvest. Furthermore, different groups, except 10 mg·L⁻¹ 6-BA treatment significantly reduced the content of epimedin C, other groups didn't have any significant effect on the contents of such flavonoids.

Potential Toxicity of Plant Growth Regulator Gibberellic acid (GA3) on the Pancreatic Structures and Functions in the albino rat.

Background: Gibberellic acid (GA3) affects many mechanisms of plant growth including stem elongation by stimulating rapid cell division and elongation, flowering, fruit development and breaking dormancy. GA3 is highly persistent and bioactive in soil for months. Since it is easily absorbed dermally, orally or by inhalation; it can injure liver, kidney, muscle and brain tissues. Aim of work: to explore the toxic effect induced by ingestion of residues of GA3 on the pancreas. Methods: Sixty male albino rats, were divided into four equal groups: Group I (negative control): received free water. Group II (positive control): received orally 30± 3ml of solution contained 1 N NaOH 5days/week for 6 weeks. Group III (Treated group): received orally daily 2.2± 0.3mg of GA3 5days/week for 6 weeks .Group IV (recovery group): take the same doses and period similar to group III and left without treatment for another 6 weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were assessed two times per week to all rats during the experiment. At the end of the experimental period, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX) and Catalase (CAT) were determined, in addition to serum amylase and lipase activity. Moreover, histological examination of the pancreatic tissue was carried by light and electron microscopes further-more, insulin immunohistochemical activity and morphometric study were done. Results: Ingestion of residues of GA3 for 6weeks cause significant elevation (P < 0.001) of MDA and significant drop (P < 0.001) of GSH-PX, SOD and CAT. By stoppage of GA3 lipid peroxidation profile didn't improve completely and still increased above the control levels. Also, GSH-PX and SOD and CAT still decreased significantly. Histological examination express cellular damage with degenerative changes in cells of islet of Langerhans in the form of less population of cells which contained vacuolated cytoplasm and deeply stained or pyknotic nuclei with presence of dilatation of the fenestrated capillary. Ultra structural results of the acinar cells showed irregular contours of nuclei, dilated irregular rough endoplasmic reticulum and reduction of the quantity of the secretory granules with presence of multiple cytoplasmic vacuolations in addition to presence of auotophagic vacuoles. Insulin immunohistochemical staining of islets showing small, atrophied andnegative insulin-immunoreactive spots. The morphometric results represent significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the number of islets/pancreas sections and the number of beta cells/islet. The insult which denoted didn't resolve completely by the 6 week recovery period which may suspect the occurrence of chronic pancreatitis due to oxidative stress. Conclusion: Residual doses of GA3 exposed the pancreases to oxidative stress and 6 weeks is not enough to complete full recovery.

Cloning and expression analysis of gibberellin 3-oxidase gene in Dendrobium officinale / 中草药

Objective: To clone the gibberellin 3-oxidase gene DoGA3ox from an important and endangered medicinal plant Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae), followed by bioinformatic and expression analysis. Methods: RACE and RT-PCR were used to isolate the full-length gene. The physicochemical properties, conserved domains, and subcellular localization of DoGA3ox protein were determined using a series of bioinformatic tools. The phylogenetic analyses were performed using DNASTAR 7.0 and MEGA 6.0 software. Real time quantitative PCR was employed for gene expression analysis. Results: The full-length cDNA of DoGA3ox (GenBank registration number KT597694) was 1 318 bp in size, and encoded a 353-amino acid peptide chain with a molecular weight of 39052.5 and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.21; The deduced DoGA3ox protein without transmembrane or signal peptide residues, contained the gibberellin 3-oxidases conserved domains that DIOX_N (40-130) and 2OG-FeII_Oxy (197-299). DoGA3ox had 51%-56% similarity with GA3ox proteins from various plants, and was closely related to the monocot Allium fistulosum, Elaeis guineensis, and Phoenix dactylifera. The relative transcript levels of DoGA3ox were increased at stage 1, then decreased (stage 2), and increased again (stage 3) during D. officinale symbiotic/asymbiotic seed germination, the fold change to ungerminated seeds was 13.44 (symbiotic)/5.21 (asymbiotic), 7.28/2.32 and 9.40/6.21, respectively. Moreover, its transcript level was higher in symbiotic germination than that in the asymbiotic status. Conclusion: The full-length DoGA3ox gene is cloned for the first time, and its expression in different stages during seed germination indicates that DoGA3ox gene plays a crucial role in the regulation of seed germination in D. officinale.

Carotenoid genes transcriptional regulation for astaxanthin accumulation in fresh water unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis by gibberellin A3 (GA3).

The fresh water unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis is a promising natural source of astaxanthin. The present study investigated the transcriptional expression of carotenoid genes for astaxanthin accumulation in H. pluvialis using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). With treatments of 20 and 40 mg/L of gibberllin A3 (GA3), five genes ipi-1, ipi-2, psy, pds and bkt2 were up-regulated with different expression profiles. GA20 (20 mg/L of GA3) treatment had a greater effect on transcriptional expression of bkt2 than on ipi-1 ipi-2, psy and pds (>4-fold up-regulation). However, GA40 (40 mg/L of GA3) induced more transcriptional expression of ipi-2, psy and bkt2 than both ipi-1 and pds. The expression of lyc, crtR-B and crtO for astaxanthin biosynthesis was not affected by GA3 in H. piuvialis. In the presence of GA3, astaxanthin biosynthesis genes of ipi-1, pds and bkt2 were up-regulated at transcriptional level, psy at post-transcriptional level, whereas ipi-2 was up-regulated at both levels. The study could potentially lead to a scale application of exogenous GA3 in astaxanthin production with H. pluvialis just like GAs perform in increasing crops production and it would provide new insight about the multifunctional roles of carotenogenesis in response to GA3.

Fruit development, pigmentation and biochemical properties of wax apple as affected by localized Application of GA3 under field conditions

This study investigated the effects of gibberellin (GA3) on the fruit development, pigmentation and biochemical properties of wax apple. The wax apple trees were rubbing treated with 0, 20, 50 and 100 mgGA3/l under field conditions. The localized application (rubbing) of 50 mg GA3/l significantly increased the fruit set, fruit length and diameter, color development, weight and yieldcompared to the control. In addition, GA3 treatments significantly reduced the fruit drop. With regard to the fruit quality, 50 mg/l GA3 treatment increased the juice content, K+, TSS, total sugar and sugar acid ratio of wax apple fruits. In addition, higher vitamin C, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, carotene content, PAL and antioxidant activities were recorded in the treated fruits. There was a positive correlation between the peel colour and TSS content and between the PAL activity and anthocyanin formation in the GA3-treated fruit. It was concluded that rubbing with 50 mg/L GA3 at inflorescence developing point of phloem once a week from the tiny inflorescence bud until the flower opening resulted in better yield and quality of wax apple fruits and could be an effective technique to safe the environment from excessive spray.

Germinação assimbiótica e desenvolvimento de Dendrobium nobile Lindl. sob efeito de reguladores vegetais no tratamento pré-germinativo / Asymbiotic germination and development of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. under the effect of plant growth regulators in pre-germinative treatment

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência dos reguladores vegetais BAP e GA3 como tratamentos pré-germinativos no processo de germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de Dendrobium nobile, espécie importante pelas propriedades farmacológicas como anti-oxidante, vasodilatadora e até mesmo anti-cancerígena, além do valor ornamental. Os tratamentos pré-germinativos consistiram de BAP e GA3, separadamente, nas concentrações de 0,0; 1,0; 2,0 e 5,0 mg L-1. Após seis meses da semeadura in vitro e manutenção em câmara de germinação e de crescimento com temperatura e foto-período controlados (12 horas e 23ºC ± 2), foram avaliados os parâmetros número de sementes germinadas, porcentagem de germinação, massa fresca e altura das plântulas, diâmetro e número de pseudobulbos, número de folhas, número de raízes, e o comprimento da maior raiz. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Todas as variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e de regressão, quando significativas. As sementes de D. nobile germinaram melhor na ausência de reguladores vegetais e os tratamentos com BAP ou GA3 na embebição das sementes pouco beneficiaram o desenvolvimento in vitro de D. nobile.

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of plant growth regulators BAP and GA3 as pre-germinative treatment in the process of germination and initial development of seedlings of Dendrobium nobile, a species important for its pharmacological properties like antioxidant, vasodilator and even anticancer, besides its ornamental value. Pre-germinative treatments consisted of BAP and GA3, separately, at the concentrations of 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 and 5.0 mg L-1. At six months after in vitro sowing and maintenance in a germination and growth chamber with controlled temperature and photoperiod (12 hours and 23ºC ± 2), the following parameters were evaluated: number of germinated seeds, percentage of germination, fresh mass and height of seedlings, number and diameter of pseudo-bulbs, number of leaves, number of roots, and length of the largest root. The experimental design was completely randomized. All variables underwent analysis of variance and regression analysis when significant. D. nobile seeds presented better germination in the absence of plant growth regulators and the treatments with BAP or GA3 in seed imbibition little benefited D. nobile in vitro development.

Effects of different treatments on seed germination of Swertia davidii / 中草药

Objective: To evaluate seed morphology of Swertia davidii and the effects of different treatments on seed germination, and to provide a scientific basis for seeding and artificial cultivation of S.davidii. Methods: Seed morphology was observed by microscope and seed germination rates were recorded and analyzed statistically, through setting conditions including different culture temperatures, different light qualities, different seed storage times, and soaking treatment with different concentration of GA3 and KNO 3. Results: S. davidii seeds were small with 0.049 5 g for thousand grain wight (TGW). The suitable temperature range of seed germination was 14-23 °C, and the optimal temperature was 18 °C. Seed germination could be affected under different light qualities and full darkness conditions, in which red light was the most conductive to seed germination, but full darkness was the least conductive to that. After soaking treatment with different concentration of GA3 and KNO3, not only seed growth could be significantly promoted, but also seed germination rates and germination index were affected. When the seeds were stored at room temperature, the seed longevity of S. davidii is only about five months, however, it can be increased at low temperature. Conclusion: The study on seed germination of S. davidii is first reported, which shows the important guidance for seeding and artificial cultivation of S. davidii.

Crescimento in vitro de amoreira-preta: efeito de reguladores de crescimento e da cultivar / In vitro blackberry growing: effect of growth regulators and cultivar

Desenvolveu-se, este trabalho, no intuito de aprimorar técnicas de propagação in vitro de amoreira-preta. Testou-se em um experimento a influência de cinco diferentes concentrações de ANA (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 mg L-1) e cinco de GA3 (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 mg L-1), adicionadas ao meio de cultura MS, sob a amoreira-preta cultivar Ébano e; num segundo experimento testaram-se seis diferentes concentrações de ANA (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mg L-1) e duas cultivares de amoreira-preta (Tupy e Brazos), no crescimento in vitro de plântulas. Segmentos nodais com 2 cm, de plântulas preestabelecidas in vitro, foram excisadas e inoculadas, em meio MS. O experimento foi inteiramente casualisado, utilizando-se três explantes por repetição e quatro repetições por tratamento. O pH do meio foi ajustado para 5,8 depois da adição de 6 g L-1 de ágar e 30 g L-1 de sacarose, ocorrendo depois a autoclavagem a 121ºC e 1 atm por 20 minutos. Após a inoculação, os tubos de ensaio foram mantidos por 60 dias, em sala de crescimento a 27 ± 1ºC, irradiância de 35 mmol.m-2.s-1 e fotoperíodo de 16 horas, avaliando-se assim o número de folhas, número de raízes, comprimento da maior raiz, comprimento da parte aérea, peso da matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea. Altas concentrações de GA3 associadas a baixas de ANA promoveram maior comprimento da parte aérea da amoreira-preta, cultivar Ébano. Maior comprimento da parte aérea de 'Brazos' foi verificado na presença de 1,0 mg L-1 de ANA. Verificou-se surgimento de calos na cultivar Ébano em todas as concentrações de GA3 associadas a 0,5-1,5 mg L-1 de ANA e nas cultivares Tupy e Brazos em todas as concentrações de ANA. Melhores resultados na micropropagação da amoreira-preta cultivares Tupy e Ébano foram obtidos com a adição de 1,0 mg L-1 de ANA e melhores resultados no enraizamento da amoreira-preta cultivar Ébano foram obtidos com baixas concentrações de ANA e na ausência de GA3.

This work was developed with the aim of improving technics of in vitro propagation of blackberry. So, one tested in an experiment the influence of five different ANA concentrations (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 and 1,5 mg L-1) and five AG3 (0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 and 8,0 mg L-1), added to the culture medium MS, to the blackberry cv. Ebano and; in a second experiment was tested six different ANA concentrations (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 and 2,0 mg L-1) and two blackberry cv. (Tupy and Brazos), in vitro plants growing. Nodal segments with 2 cm, of in vitro plants, were excised and inoculated, in a MS culture medium. The experiment was entirely randomized blocks using three explants by repetition and four repetitions per treatment. The pH of the culture medium was adjusted for 5.8 after the addition of 6 g L-1 agar and 30 g L-1 sucrose, happening sterilization later at 121ºC and 1 atm per 20 minutes. After the inoculation, the tubes were maintained by 60 days, in growth room at 27 ± 1ºC, irradiance of 35 mol.m-2.s-1 and photoperiod of 16 hours, being evaluated the number of leaves, number of roots, length of the largest root, length of the aerial part, dry weight of the fresh and dry matter of the aerial part. High concentrations of AG3 associated to low concentrations of ANA promoted larger length of the aerial part of the blackberry cv. Ebano. Larger length of the aerial part of ' Brazos' was verified in the presence of 1.0 mg L-1 ANA. Appearance of callus was verified in blackberry cv. Ebano in all the AG3 concentrations associated to 0.5-1.5 mg L-1 ANA and in cv. Tupy and Brazos in all the ANA concentrations. Better results in the blackberry micropropagation cv. Tupy and Ebano were obtained with the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 ANA and better results in the blackberry rooting cv. Ebano were obtained with low ANA concentrations and AG3 absence.

Germinação in vitro e ex vitro de Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D. Penn. / Germination in vitro and ex vitro of Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D. Penn

O Inga vera Will subsp. affinis (DC). T.D. Penn. é uma espécie frutífera nativa do Cerrado, importante na recuperação de matas ciliares degradadas. Entretanto, apresenta sua propagação dificultada pelo fato de suas sementes serem recalcitrantes, ou seja, não tolerarem a perda de água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar aspectos da germinação ex vitro e in vitro de ingazeiro. Para tanto, foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes substratos: areia, Plantmax® e Areia+ Plantmax®; diferentes concentrações de sais: WPM, WPM/2, MS e MS/2, e diferentes concentrações de GA3 (0, 5, 10, 17 e 20 µM) no meio de cultura. Observou-se que, na germinação ex vitro, o substrato Plantmax® proporcionou maior porcentagem de germinação (82 por cento). Com relação à germinação in vitro, a maior percentagem de germinação foi obtida utilizando-se meio de cultura WPM/2 (96 por cento). A adição de GA3 no meio de cultura não foi estatisticamente significativa, no entanto, a concentração de 20 µM de GA3 proporcionou um aumento na germinabilidade de sementes de ingazeiro.

The Inga vera Will subsp. affinis (DC). T.D. Penn. is fruit native specie from cerrado, commonly for recovering devastated areas. However, its propagation is complicated due to the fact that the seeds are recalcitrant and does not support water loss. The objective of this work was to study Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D. Penn. ex vitro and in vitro germination aspects. For this purpose, different substrates: sand, Plantmax® and sand+ Plantmax®; different salt concentrations: WPM, WPM/2, MS and MS/2, and different GA3 concentrations (0, 5, 10, 17 and 20 µM) were evaluated. The results showed that, in the ex vitro germination, the use of Plantmax® provided the highest germination percentage (82 percent). Regarding the in vitro germination, highest percentage was observed using WPM/2 (96 percent). The addition of GA3 was not statistically significant although the concentration of 20 µM promoted an increase in the germination of Inga vera seeds.

Effects of exogenous hormones on growth and tanshinones accumulation in radix of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中草药

Objective To study the effects of exogenous hormones,gibberellin(GA3)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),on growth and tanshinones accumulation in the radix of Salvia miltiorrhiza.MethodsThe herb characters and contents of tanshinones(cryptotanshinone,tanshinone Ⅰ,and tanshinone ⅡA)in the radix of S.miltiorrhiza with different hormone treatments were investigated and compared in the combination of trail pot and indoor analysis.Results It promoted aboveground biomass in the radix of S.miltiorrhiza increasing with single GA3.But it inhibited underground biomass increasing.The exogenous addition of low-level and high-level GA3 was benefit for tanshinones accumulation,whereas the middle-level GA3 wasn't.The aboveground and underground biomass in the radix of S.miltiorrhiza increased indistinctively with the increasing of IAA concentration and then decreased.And the IAA solutions also increased plant height and root length indistinctively.in a whole,it was benefit for tanshinones accumulation when applying low-level IAA(0.5 mg/L)singly.With the increasing of IAA concentration,the content of cryptotanshinone increased,but the contents of tanshinone Ⅰ and tanshinone ⅡA decreased.It promoted S.miltiorrhiza radix growth and three tanshinones contents increasing obviously with the combined application of two low-level hormones.Conclusion The applying of GA3 and IAA is benefit for the growth and three tanshinones accumulation in the radix of S.miltiorrhiza.