A STUDY OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN ECONOMY

Objective: The COVID-19 outbreak has wreaked havoc on India's economy. This article examines how India has dealt with all of the country's severe economic problems and how it has dealt with them through various government programmes. Methods: This research article based on secondary data. Different secondary sources, such as websites, government publications, journals, magazines, and newspaper articles, are preferred for acquiring information. As a result, the utilisation of a comprehensive Literature Review approach was used to make the current research signi?cant. Results: All economic activity was halted as a result of the shutdown, and individuals lost their employment. Manufacturing and service industries have completely shut down. In India, during COVID-19 pandemic worker migration had begun. The covid-19 epidemic had a signi?cant impact on every economic sector (tourist, retail, manufacturing, aviation, infrastructure, stock markets, and etc.). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in the ?rst quarter of 2020-21, India's GDP growth rate fell to -24.38 percent. However, the government's ?scal policies and the Reserve Bank of India's monetary policies aid India's economic recovery. India attracts foreign direct investment because major corporations have lost faith in China, and all manufacturing activity has moved to another country. India has made a concerted effort to attract these countries. Conclusions: In this COVID-19 pandemic, India implemented a strict lockdown, which resulted in higher unemployment, lower GDP growth, and starving people migrating. India faced a critical scenario during COVID-19 due to a lack of health facilities. However, new concepts were explored during Covid -19 pandemic such as work from home, digital education, and a growth in social media marketing.

Role of Health Care Infrastructure and Expenditure on COVID19 Pandemic: Scenario from Most Affected Countries

Purpose: The recent pattern of the COVID19 have hit hard to the entire world engulfing many lives within it. We intended to portray the association between the hospital resources such as Hospital beds, Intensive care unit beds (ICU beds), percentage of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) on health with total confirmed cases and total deaths among different countries. Methods: The data of these available health resources in 45 countries were collected from the secondary data sources. The mortality data were collected from situation report by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: The overall mortality rate was 7.29% across 45 countries. The average number of available Hospital beds, ICU beds, GDP on health was 4.30�66, 11.43�03 and 8.31�56 respectively. Moreover, the country that spend highest on health face maximum number of confirmed cases (r2 = 0.538) and mortality (r2 = 0.516). Conclusion: There was found that those countries spent more percentage of GDP on health having a greater number of confirmed cases and deaths, but not found any statistical significance with other health resources.

Evaluation andreflection on the good donor practice / 中国输血杂志

Blood donors, as the core of blood collection and supply system, can greatly ensure blood safety and meet clinical demands with effective management. Good donor practice (GDP) is based on the cooperation of multiple departments by multiple methods. In accordance with the principles of science and ethnic, according to the number and frequency of blood donation and blood donation behavior, GDP classified blood donors accurately, and built up a procedure including potential blood donor identification, selection, recruitment, retention and caring to maintain an accurate management system for keeping regular blood donors. The evaluation indicators for the operation of GDP system were set to conduct real-time monitoring and evaluation, so as to achieve efficient and accurate management and ensure the long-term and stable supply of blood resources.

Guiqi Dingnian Prescription Delays Senescence of Mouse Mesangial Cells by Regulating JAK2/STAT Pathway Activity / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of Guiqi Dingnian prescription （GDP） on the expression of related molecules in Janus tyrosine kinase 2 （JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK2/STAT） signaling pathway of <italic>D</italic>-galactose （<italic>D</italic>-gal）-induced senescent mesangial cells. Method:The senescent mouse mesangial cells induced by 10 g·L^-1 <italic>D</italic>-gal were continuously treated with 40 mg·L^-1GDP for three days. The senescence of the treated cells was determined by senescence-associated （SA）-<italic>β</italic>-gal staining. The cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The cell viability was analyzed using the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8）. The mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> （TNF-<italic>α</italic>）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， nuclear transcription factor-<italic>κ</italic>B （NF-<italic>κ</italic>B）， and IL-1<italic>α</italic> were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. The protein expression levels of STAT1， phosphorylated STAT1 （p-STAT1）， STAT3， and p-STAT3 in the JAK2/STAT signaling pathway were determined by Western blot. Result:CCK-8 results showed that the optimal concentration of GDP was 40 mg·L^-1. Compared with the blank group， the positive rate of SA-<italic>β</italic>-gal in the model group was significantly higher（<italic>P</italic><0.01）， the percentage of cells in G₀/G₁ phase was significantly increased（<italic>P</italic><0.05）， the percentage of cells in G₂/M and S phase was significantly decreased（<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The mRNA expression levels of TNF-<italic>α</italic>，IL-6，NF-<italic>κ</italic>B and IL-1<italic>α </italic>were significantly increased（<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the model + GDP group exhibited significantly decreased SA-<italic>β</italic>-gal-positive cells （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， reduced cells in the G₀/G₁ phase （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， increased cells in the G₂/M and S phases （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and down-regulated TNF-<italic>α</italic>， IL-6， NF-<italic>κ</italic>B， and IL-1<italic>α </italic>mRNA expression （<italic>P</italic><0.05） and STAT1， p-STAT1， STAT3， and p-STAT3 protein expression （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:GDP delays the senescence of mouse mesangial cells possibly by down-regulating the expression of related molecules in the JAK2/STAT pathway.

Costos en salud: un asunto polémico / Healthcare costs. A polemic matter

Existen dos problemas que complican el manejo de los costos en las organizaciones sanitarias. Uno es el carácter humanista, solidario y ético de esta actividad al que, en consecuencia, no le son aplicables muchos de los criterios y métodos que se emplean en la industria, el comercio e incluso en otros servicios. El otro tiene que ver con el complejo entramado de los procesos en esas organizaciones, donde prácticamente cada paciente o cada especialidad tiene su propio recorrido que lo caracteriza en términos de: lugares físicos, secuencia, tipo de persona a intervenir, desplazamientos, intensidad, medios técnicos, instrumentos, materiales a emplear y características de los resultados que deben esperarse. Derivado del primero aparecen criterios sobre - salud a cualquier costo - la buena salud es cara o mientras mayor porcentaje obtengamos del producto interno bruto mejor salud haremos. . Del segundo aparecen sistemas suficientemente complicados para no hacer notar que en muchas ocasiones los recursos consumidos no se convierten en efectos positivos para las personas y las poblaciones. Se trata entonces de despejar ambos problemas y sobre todo de alertar dónde están los puntos débiles y qué se puede hacer al respecto(AU)

There are two problems that complicate the management of costs in health organizations. One is the humanist, solidary and ethical character of this activity and to which, consequently, many of the criterions and methods are not applied as they are in industry, trade, and even other services. The other problem is related with the complex intertwining of processes in those organizations, where virtually every patient or specialty have their own follow-up features characterizing them in terms of physical spaces, sequence, type of intervened person, movement, intensity, equipment, instruments, used materials, and characteristics of expected outcome. The first one creates criterions about health at any costs, quality health is expensive, the higher percentage from the growth domestic product, the better health will be provided. The second creates systems complicated enough to conceal that consumed resources mostly don't turn into positive effects for people and populations. This is then about isolating both problems and, above all, warning about weaknesses and how to deal with them(AU)

A influência da capacidade econômica e da formação de receitas públicas no desenvolvimento humano / La influencia de la capacidad económica y de formación de ingressos económicos en desarrollo humano / The influence of economic capacity and the formation of public revenues on human development

Resumo A promoção do desenvolvimento humano, relacionada com a melhoria de diversas dimensões socioeconômicas, sofre influência do financiamento público e da circulação econômica. Nesse contexto, e considerando a importância do crescimento econômico para o desenvolvimento humano, o presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar as relações estruturais entre capacidade e perfil econômicos, arrecadação própria, transferências financeiras e desenvolvimento humano. Foram utilizados dados em painel logístico binomial. Os resultados apontaram a importância do PIB dos setores industrial e agropecuário e o volume das transferências intergovernamentais como influenciadores do desenvolvimento humano. Por outro lado, o setor de serviços apresentou efeito negativo, embora não se possa desconsiderar sua importância. O fato pode ser explicado pela sua presença em todos os municípios brasileiros, principalmente naqueles de pequeno porte, que na maioria das vezes apresentam baixa infraestrutura urbana, social e econômica e, consequentemente, concentram baixo valor agregado nesse setor econômico.

Resumen La promoción del desarrollo humano, relacionada a la mejora de diversas dimensiones socioeconómicas, sufre influencia del financiamiento público y de la circulación económica. En este contexto, teniendo en cuenta la importancia económica sobre el desarrollo humano, este artículo tiene el objetivo de identificar las relaciones estructurales entre las características económicas, propia capacidad de almacenamiento, las transferencias financieras y el desarrollo humano. Fue utilizado uno panel de datos, con la metodología logística binomial. Los resultados mostraron la importancia del PIB de los sectores industrial y agropecuario y el volumen de las transferencias intergubernamentales como influyentes del desarrollo humano. Por otro lado, el sector de servicio presentó un efecto negativo, aunque no se puede desconsiderar la importancia de este sector. Esto puede explicarse por su presencia en todos los municipios brasileños, principalmente en aquellos de pequeño porte que en la mayoría de las veces presentan baja infraestructura urbana, social y económica y, consecuentemente, concentran bajo valor agregado en este sector económico.

Abstract The promotion of human development, related to the improvement of several socioeconomic dimensions, is influenced by public funding and economic circulation. Considering the importance of economic growth to human development, this study aims to identify the structural relations of Brazilian municipalities' economic profile and capacity, their tax revenue, financial transfers and municipal human development. A binomial logistic regression with panel data was used. The results pointed out the importance of the industrial and agricultural GDP, as well as the volume of intergovernmental transfers as a conditioning factor of municipal human development. On the other hand, the service sector presented a negative influence, although its importance must not be disregarded. This can be explained by the presence of this sector in all Brazilian municipalities, especially the smaller ones, which in most cases have low urban, social and economic infrastructure and, consequently, concentrate low added value to this sector.

Testing long-run relationship between agricultural gross domestic product and fruits production: evidence from Pakistan / Teste de relação de longo prazo entre o produto interno bruto agrícola e produçãode frutos: evidência do Paquistão

ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the long-run relationship between agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and fruits production of Pakistan's economy over a period of 1961-2015 by employing Johansen and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modern econometric technique. Three fruits were selected namely mango, apple and peach in this study. Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests were used to check the data stationarity and conclude that the series are integrated of order one. The Johansen approach was applied to check the joint evolution of all the variables for co-integration. The Johansen test suggests that a long-run co-integration exists between agricultural GDP and fruits production. Results of the ARDL model (Bound test) detect the existence of long-run relationship between agricultural GDP and fruits production. The coefficient of the short-run form of ARDL model reveals that all the fruits have a positive impact on agricultural GDP. Moreover, the coefficients of the long-run form of ARDL model have apositive and significant influence on agricultural GDP of Pakistan. These results suggest that a 1% increase in mango, apple and peach production will increase agricultural GDP by 0.06%, 0.03% and 0.03% respectively. Finally, forecast error variance decomposition and impulse response function results depict that mango, apple and peach production significantly contributes to agricultural GDP in the case of Pakistan.

RESUMO: Este artigo analisa a relação de longa duração entre o Produto Interno Bruto agrícola (PIB) e a produção de frutos na economia do Paquistão durante um período de 1961-2015, empregando Johansen e o modelo ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) técnica de cointegração ou técnica de cointegração vinculada. Três frutas foram selecionadas neste estudo: manga, maçã e pêssego. Testes aumentados de Dickey-Fuller e Phillips-Perron foram utilizados para verificar a estacionária de dados e concluir que a série está integrada na ordem um. A abordagem de Johansen foi aplicada para verificar a evolução conjunta de todas as variáveis para a cointegração. O teste de Johansen sugere que existe uma cooperação de longa duração entre o PIB agrícola e a produção de frutos. Os resultados do modelo ARDL (Bound test) detectam a existência de uma relação de longa duração entre o PIB agrícola e a produção de frutos. O coeficiente da forma de curto prazo do modelo ARDL revela que todos os frutos têm um impacto positivo no PIB agrícola. Além disso, os coeficientes da forma de longo prazo do modelo ARDL têm uma influência positiva e significativa sobre o PIB agrícola do Paquistão. Estes resultados sugerem que um aumento de 1% na produção de manga, maçã e pêssego irá aumentar o PIB agrícola em 0,6%, 0,3% e 0,3%, respectivamente. Finalmente, a previsão de desvio de erros e resultados da função de resposta de impulso retratam que a produção de manga, maçã e pêssego contribui significativamente para o PIB agrícola do Paquistão.

Guanosine diphosphate-mannose pyrophosphorylase-B gene mutations causing limb-girdle muscular dystrophy overlapping with congenital myasthenic syndrome / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To report four patients with secondary α-dystroglycanopathy caused by guanosine diphosphate-mannose pyrophosphorylase-B ( GMPPB ) gene mutations and review the literature aiming to analyze the clinical manifestations , muscle image , molecular pathology and genetic characteristics of the disease.Methods The medical history , physical examination , electromyography and other clinical data of four patients with secondary α-dystroglycanopathy from two families were collected and retrospectively reviewed from 2009 to 2017.Case 1 ( proband of pedigree 1) and case 2 ( proband of pedigree 2) were then further analyzed with muscle imaging , muscle pathology and targeted next generation gene sequencing (NGS).Results Four patients came from two families (three from the same pedigree), two males and two females, with an onset age of 17 -18 years.All four cases presented as limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) overlapping with congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) characterized by evident proximal limb weakness in early adulthood and fluctuating muscle weakness .They all had delayed motor milestone and did not perform well in physical education since childhood . Serum creatine kinase was elevated markedly (1877-5275 U/L).Myogenic changes on electromyography and marked attenuation on three Hz repetitive nerve stimulation were observed in all patients .Muscle MRI showed prominent involvement of bilateral hamstrings in case 1 and case 2.Muscular dystrophic patterns were demonstrated on muscle biopsies . Targeted NGS revealed two compound heterozygous missense mutations in GMPPB for each case .Case 1 carried c.860G>T (p.R287L)/c851T>C (p.V284L).Case 2 and his two affected sisters (case 3 and case 4) carried c.1097A >G ( p.N366S)/c.589G >T ( p.V197F) .All of these mutations were novel variants and pedigree analysis suggested that the two mutations were from parents .Compared with normal controls, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed significantly decreased expression of α-dystroglycan in the muscle tissue from case 1 and case 2.The myasthenic symptoms of all four patients were improved to varying degrees after treatment with pyridostigmine bromide . Conclusions Mutations in GMPPB can lead to dysfunction both in muscle and in neuromuscular transmission causing overlapping between LGMD and CMS phenotypes . Cholinesterase inhibitors can partly improve the symptoms of myasthenia in such patients .

Relationship analysis between health expenditure and GDP based on health outcomes / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To put forward some suggestions for the national health development in the filed of health expenditure indicators .Methods:Two health expenditure indicators and four health outcomes indicators were chosen from WB and WHO official websites , and researches on the relationship between health expenditure and outcomes were conducted .We put forward proposed value of the health cost indicator .Results: With different levels of GDP per capita , the scatter diagram of health expenditure and GDP per capita had different rules .When health outcomes were taken into consideration , the rules were the same .When GDP per capita was at different level , better health outcomes were not related to higher health expenditure .Input-output ratio should be taken into consideration fully . Suggestions:The study should be dynamic as GDP develops .More factors can be added in the research , if the data of the factors is available .In this study , the GDP per capita was divided into 4 sections .The division standard of the GDP per capita can be more delicate .What is more important for the development of health expenditure is not contin-uing input , but better input-output ratio because of diminishing of marginal returns .One set of standards cannot be a-dapted to all countries and districts .We should give full consideration to the improvement of people's health instead of increasing input because the ultimate goal is the former .

An Empirical Analysis of Financial Inclusion in India.

As the economy matures, it is important for the government to ensure that growth becomes more inclusive. An inclusive financial system facilitates efficient allocation of productive resources and thus can potentially reduce the cost of capital. In addition, use of proper financial services can significantly improve the day to-day management of finances. Financial inclusion ensures delivery of banking services and credit at affordable cost to the various sections of disadvantaged and low income groups.The paper primarily looked to find out the extent and spread of financial inclusion in India. Since the study is based on macro level parameters such as number of bank branches and number of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and availing of banking services by Indians, the secondary data readily available from database of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO),World Bank & other establishments of Indian government were used.We noted that financial exclusion in terms of access to credit from formal institutions is high for small and marginal farmers and some social groups. Driving away rural and urban poverty in India can help in achieving inclusive growth. Financial institutions and government together can bring the most awaited change of almost 100% inclusion.

Expression and clinical significance of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 in pancreatic cancer / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (Rho-GDI2) in pancreatic cancer.Methods Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to evaluate the expression of Rho-GDI2 in 60 pairs of pancreatic cancer tissues and adjacent pancreatic tissues,and its correlation with clinicopathological parameter of pancreatic cancer was also analyzed.Results The expressions of Rho-GDI2 mRNA were 0.661 ± 0.021 and 0.199 ± 0.023 in pancreatic cancer tissues and adjacent pancreatic tissues,and the positive rate of Rho-GDI2 protein expression were 73.3％ (44/60) and 41.7％ (25/60),the positive rate of Rho-GDI2 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues was higher than that of adjacent normal tissues,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01).The expression of Rho-GDI2 was strongly correlated with tumor size,differentiation,staging,lymph node metastasis,vascular invasion (P＜0.05),but it was not associated with gender,age,tumor location (P ＞0.05).Conclusions Rho-GDI2 expression is up-regulated in pancreatic cancer,and is strongly correlated with the malignant biological behavior of pancreatic cancer.

Empirical Analysis on the Relationship of Total Health Expenditure, Physical Capital Investment and Economic Growth / 中国卫生经济

Objective: By analyzing the three variables relationship of GDP, total health expenditure and physical capital input, to provide basis for health economic policy and distribution system reform in China. Methods: Using the data from 1978 to 2011, the VAR model of the dynamic relationship is established. Results: The establishment of VAR model is stable by unit root test, there is Granger relation between the 3 variables, the result of the impulse response function is obtained that GDP will increase the input of health costs and physical capital, and physical capital and health expenditure have a reverse relation. Conclusion: Total health expenditure has greater effect on economic growth compared with physical capital, the government should allocate health costs, improve social benefits from the prospective of improving the quality of workers to promote economic growth.

The changing face of death in Trinidad and Tobago, before and after independence / La faz cambiante de la muerte en Trinidad y Tobago, antes y después de la independencia

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to compare the changing patterns of mortality in adults and infants during the pre-independence period 1953 - 1962 with the post-independence period 1962 - 2006 thus providing evidence for the burden of disease and the impact of independence on the state of health of the nation. METHODS: The study examined data from 1953 - 2006, collected under statutory regulations by the Central Statistical Office. RESULTS: While the population doubled during the study period, the standardized death rate improved from 16.4 to 4.5, infant mortality also declined from 70 per 1000 live births to 10.5 per 1000 live births. Mortality from selected infectious diseases also declined, however, mortality from chronic diseases continued to increase. Deaths associated with HIV increased during the 1990s, reaching a peak of 42 per 100 000 population in 2001 before declining. CONCLUSION: Like the developed world, some developing countries have experienced similar transitions in the patterns of disease occurrence and thus will need to develop strategies to effectively cope with these new challenges.

OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los patrones cambiantes de mortalidad en adultos y niños durante el periodo de pre-independencia de 1953 - 1962 y el periodo de la post-independencia de 1962 - 2006, y brindar así evidencia en relación con la carga de enfermedades y el impacto de la independencia sobre el estado de salud de la nación. MÉTODOS: El estudio examinó los datos de 1953 - 2006, recogidos bajo regulaciones obligatorias por la Oficina Central de Estadísticas. RESULTADOS: Aunque la población se duplicó durante el periodo de estudio, la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada mejoró de 16.4 a 4.5, la mortalidad infantil también disminuyó de 70 por 1000 nacidos vivos a 10.5 por 1000 nacidos vivos. La mortalidad por enfermedades infecciosas seleccionadas también disminuyó. Sin embargo, la mortalidad de las enfermedades crónicas continuó aumentando. Las muertes asociadas con el VIH aumentaron durante los años 90, alcanzando un pico de 42 por 100 000 de población en 2001 antes de disminuir. CONCLUSIÓN: Al igual que el mundo desarrollado, algunos países en desarrollo han experimentado transiciones similares en los patrones de manifestación de las enfermedades, y por ende necesitarán desarrollar estrategias para hacer frente a estos nuevos desafíos de manera efectiva.

Changes of neuronic apoptosis, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 and Bd-2 in brain tissue of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective To investigate the effect of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) and Bcl-2 in pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD).Methods Neonatal 7-day-old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operation control group,HIBD 6 h group and HIBD 48 h group (n =10 per group).The apoptosis rate of brain cell was measured by flow cytometer and the expression of RhoGDI2 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA were detected by Real-time RT-PCR.Results ( 1 ) The ligated cerebral hemisphere of neonatal rats showed obvious edema at 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia.( 2 ) Apoptotic cell appeared at 6 h in HIBD group,the apoptosis rate was ( 1.40 ± 0.12 ) ％.The apoptosis rate obviously increased to (15.86 ±0.98)％ at 48 h after HIBD,which showed a significant increase compared to sham-operation control group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).( 3 ) The expressions of both RhoGDI2 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA were 4.12 ±0.74 and 2.55 ± 0.65 respectively in sham-operation control group.In HIBD group,the expressions of both RhoGDI2 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA began to decrease at 6 h after HIBD ( 3.19 ± 0.77,1.96 ± 0.36) and decreased furthermore at 48 h after HIBD ( 1.04 ±0.18,1.06 ±0.17 ).The differences of expression levels among three groups were statistically significant (P ＜0.01 ).(4) The expression of RhoGDI2 mRNA positively correlated with the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA ( r =0.831,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion With the emerging of apoptosis after HIBD,the expressions of both RhoGDI2 mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA are decreased.The imbalance of expression of RhoGDI2 is involved in pathogenesis of HIBD by regulating Bcl-2 expression.

Preservation of peritoneal membrane in CAPD patients / 대한내과학회지

Peritoneal membrane shows progressive thickening, fibrotic changes and neovascularization with time on PD. Peritonitis, uremia and bioincompatible dialysate solution are important causes of peritoneal fibrosis in CAPD patients. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the important etiologic factors for the peritoneal fibrosis in CAPD patients. Low GDP group showed less EMT than conventional PD group. Adjustment of peritoneal growth factor for dialysate CA125 revealed significant association with EMT suggesting that fibroblastoid transition from HPMC could be affected by the amount of intraperitoneal VEGF per unit mass of HPMC. There was significant improvement in both degree of EMT and D-CA125 at 6th and 12th months after switching from high GDP solution to low GDP solution. Application of icodextrin solution showed preservation of the peritoneum, like less EMT and high mesothelial bulk mass. In conclusion, therapy with low GDP solution including icodextrin may positively impact on preservation of the peritoneal membrane via reduced EMT.

Medical Care Quality Improvement on the Groundwork of National Healthcare Insurance Financial Stability

According to 2005 OECD health data, the total Korean expenditure on health in percentage of GDP is 6%, while other OECD countries spend an average 10% of their GDP. Accordingly, health and medical professionals uniformly point out that the idea of 'proper medical treatment with a reasonable fee' is unfair. Hence, the rationalization of the national health insurance rate is a step toward the financial stability of the national health insurance system and a way to further the realization of proper medical care. The importance of strengthening national health insurance coverage through financial expansion on the national health insurance system should be recognized as an urgent social and political issue.

Analysis on High Cost to Access Medical Service for Diabetic Patients according to GDP and Per-captia Disposable Income / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference data for well understanding of high cost to access medical service for diabetic patients and controlling increase of medical costs.METHODS:Average daily cost of diabetic drugs in 1998 was compared with in 2008.At the same time it was compared with GDP and per-captia disposable income(PCDI).RESULTS:GDP,PCDI,consumption sum of total drugs and consumption sum of diabetic drugs in 2008 respectively were 3.78 times,3.11 times,3.87 times,2.73 times compared with in 1998.Amount of and daily average expenses of insulin respectively were 3.46 times,1.23 times;DDDs and daily average expense of oral hypoglycemics respectively were 1.69 times,1.41 times,compared with in 1998.Incremental rate of daily average expense of insulin injection and oral hypoglycemics were lower than that of PCDI.The daily average expense was increased as a result of the use of joint venture import drugs and new drugs and increase of diabetic patients.CONCLUSION:Incremental rate of daily average expense of diabetic drugs is lower than that of PCDI.High cost to access medical service for diabetic patients isn't equal to high cost of drugs.Many factors related should be considered from the point of view of society.

Study and biomechanical evaluation of the device of gear-distraction plate for spine reduction and fixation / 中国矫形外科杂志

[Objective]A new device of gear-distraction plate (GDP) for spine reduction and fixation was designed and its biomechanical characteristics was evaluated.[Method]The GDP implants were made of titanium alloy (TC4,Ti6AL4V) and the instruments were made of stainless steel after design.Eighteen fresh calf lumbar specimens were randomly divided into three groups, the GDP group had a biomechanical test contrast to control group(CD, Steffee) in load-responsive change, load-displacement, strength, stiffness, torsion intensity and ultimate strength.[Result]Results It is better than control group in load-responsive change, load-displacement, strength, stiffness, torsion intensity and ultimate strength, there was a significant difference between them (P

Changes of CA125 and PIIINP (Procollagen-3-N-terminal Peptide) in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients with Low GDP Solution / 대한신장학회잡지

BACKGROUND: The bioincompatability of the conventional peritoneal dialysis can be partly attributed to the presence of GDPs, which are generated during the heat sterilization. Formation of GDPs can be significantly reduced by the use of multi-chamber bag systems because high concentrated glucose is separated from alkaline lactate. In order to investigate whether multi-chamber bag system can improve the in vivo biocompatibility, we performed a randomized, prospective study comparing the multi-chamber bag system with the conventional PD system, measuring CA125 and PIIINP levels in the effluent dialysates as well as the other clinical and biochemical parameters. METHODS: Forty five patients who were stable on CAPD were enrolled randomly assigned to experiment group (n=27), and control group (n=18). Overnight effluent was collected for measurement of CA125 and PIIINP and the other clinical, biochemical parameters were compared including the number of peritonitis, the ultrafiltration volume. RESULTS: In patients treated with the multiple chamber bag system, there were significantly higher levels of CA125 and PIIINP from 1 month. No clinical and biochemical parameters influenced on their levels. The incidence of peritonitis or ultrafiltration volume did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Using the low GDP solution resulted in a better preservation of peritoneal mesothelial mass and an improvement of local peritoneal homeostasis, which are supposed to contribute to the biocompatibility of peritoneal dialysis fluid.