ABSTRACT
Introducción: En los sistemas fluviales colombianos ha sido poco estudiada la fragmentación del material alóctono por parte de los insectos acuáticos. Uno de los organismos trituradores más abundantes en las corrientes tropicales de América es el tricóptero del género Phylloicus (Calamoceratidae). Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de los atributos químicos (nitrógeno, fósforo y lignina) y físicos (dureza) de las hojas de tres especies ribereñas (Ficus tonduzii, Zygia longifolia y Clusia multiflora) dominantes en la parte media del río Gaira, sobre la preferencia de hojas y el crecimiento de larvas de Phylloicus sp. Métodos: Se realizaron experimentos de multiselección de alimento en campo, en los que se ubicaron cámaras experimentales dentro del río por 21 días. Para la valoración de la calidad foliar se recolectaron hojas del río, las cuales se secaron y se pulverizaron para realizar los análisis químicos. Resultados: No se presentaron diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de lignina y fósforo entre las hojas de las tres especies de árboles, pero si en su dureza y en el contenido de nitrógeno. Las hojas de C. multiflora fueron más suaves (180.1± 53.9 g) que las de F. tonduzii (285.3 ± 88.4 g) y Z. longifolia (232.3 ± 60.8 g), pero sin diferencias entre las dos últimas especies. Las hojas de Z. longifolia también tuvieron más nitrógeno (1.9 ± 0.0%) que las de hojas de las otras especies (1 ± 0.0 %). En cuanto a la preferencia de hojas, las larvas de Phylloicus sp. utilizaron en mayor proporción las hojas de C. multiflora. Aunque las hojas de C. multiflora no tuvieron diferencias significativas en el contenido de lignina y fósforo, presentaron valores menores de dureza, lo que podría hacerlas más palatables para Phylloicus sp. Por otra parte, el crecimiento específico diario de las larvas fue mayor cuando usaron hojas de F. tonduzii. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados parecen indicar que las hojas más preferidas no son necesariamente las de mejor calidad nutricional y sugieren que la dureza de las hojas es la variable más importante en la selección de la hojarasca por parte de las larvas de Phylloicus sp.
Introduction: Fragmentation of allochthonous material by aquatic insects is a functional process that has been little studied in Colombian rivers. One of the most abundant shredder genus in American tropical stream ecosystems is the caddisfly genus Phylloicus (Calamoceratidae). Objective: In this study we evaluate the effect of chemical (nitrogen, phosphorus and lignin) and physical (toughness) attributes of leaves of three dominant tree species (Ficus tonduzii, Zygia longifolia and Clusia multiflora) in the riverine area of the middle section of the Gaira river, on leaf preferences and larval growth of a species of Phylloicus. Methods: Multiple food selection field experiments were performed, in which experimental chambers were located in the river for twenty-one days. For the assessment of leaf quality, leaves were collected in the river, dried and pulverized to perform chemical analyzes. Results: There were no significant differences in lignin and phosphorous percentages between the leaves of the three species, but nitrogen content and leaf toughness differed among them. The leaves of C. multiflora were softer (180.1± 53.9 g) than those of F. tonduzii (285.3 ± 88.4 g) and Z. longifolia (232.3 ± 60.8 g), but without differences between the last two species. The Z. longifolia leaves also had more nitrogen (1.9 ± 0.0 %) than those of the other species (1 ± 0.0 %). Regarding leaf selection, Phylloicus sp. larvae used in greater proportion the leaves of C. multiflora. Although lignin and phosphorous differences were not significant, the leaves of C. multiflora had lower toughness, which could make them more palatable for Phylloicus sp. On the other hand, the daily specific growth of the larvae was higher when they used leaves of F. tonduzii. Conclusions: Our findings seem to indicate that the most preferred leaves were not necessarily those of better nutritional quality and suggest that leaf toughness was the most important variable in the selection of leaf litter by the larvae of Phylloicus sp.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Studies of trophic networks and the evaluation of processes that occur along altitudinal gradients in river systems are of great importance because they allow an understanding of energy flow dynamics and provide scientific tools for the planning and management of river ecosystems. This research describes the trophic network of aquatic macroinvertebrates along an altitudinal gradient of the Gaira River, a mountain Neotropical watercourse located in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. The organisms were collected in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the river during the rainy and dry seasons (between 2010 and 2013). Trophic relationships were evaluated through gut content analysis. The contents were determined and quantified using photographs and expert review, and a binary consumption matrix was used to determine the characteristics of the trophic network. We characterized the diet composition at each site for each season using discriminant analysis. Trophic networks during the dry seasons showed higher trophic species richness and linkage density, and the predominance of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) in the high and medium sections of the river. During the dry seasons the diets had a lower number of basal species, but in the low river section there was a high percentage of fungi and microalgae. During the rainy seasons, no patterns were observed for the percentage of resources. Results indicated a direct relation between periods of hydrologic stability and an increase of CPOM during dry seasons and an increase of resource diversity consumed by macroinvertebrates at all sites during the rainy season, showing that changes in trophic networks of the Gaira River were more important during seasonal periods than along the altitudinal gradient.
ABSTRACT
En los ríos tropicales, la materia orgánica es la principal fuente de energía para las comunidades que allí habitan. Las principales proporciones de materia orgánica se encuentra la materia orgánica particulada gruesa (MOPG) y la materia orgánica particulada fina (MOPF). Por lo anterior, en este trabajo se evaluó el transporte de la MOPG, la MOPF y su relación con algunas variables físicas y químicas en tres tramos de un gradiente altitudinal de los 50 msnm hasta los 1700 msnm durante un ciclo diario en el río Gaira (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta). Para lo cual se realizaron muestreos mensuales entre los meses de marzo a junio del 2008. Se detectaron diferencias significativas en la deriva de MOPG entre las estaciones, siendo la estación 2 (parte media) durante el primer muestreo, la que registró los valores más altos reportados para todo el estudio (474 kg m-3) y la estación 3 mostró la menor biomasa derivante (0.26 kg m-3). La MOPF registró valores similares durante todos los muestreos (0.58 - 6.34 g m-3). Sin embargo, se detectaron diferencias significativas en los muestreos tres y cuatro. Con el aumento de las lluvias, descendió el transporte de MOPG. Una relación inversa entre la velocidad del agua y el transporte de MOPG (rs = -0,70; n = 12; p < 0,05) se registró, mientras que la MOPF, presentó valores constantes. Los resultados de este trabajo coinciden parcialmente con lo registrado en la literatura, lo cual indica que las dinámicas de transporte de MO están relacionadas con las variaciones ambientales locales.
In tropical streams organic matter is the principal source of energy for the communities in the river. Main components of organic matter are coarse-particulate organic matter (CPOM) and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). Therefore, transport of CPOM and FPOM and its relationship with some physical and chemical variables was evaluated, on three sections of an altitudinal gradient from 50 to 1700 masl during a daily-cycle at Gaira river. Samples were taken monthly from March to June 2008.-It was observed significant differences in drift of CPOM between stations. Station 2 (middle part), first sample, recorded the highest value (474 kg m-3) and station 3 showed the lowest lower value of drift biomass (0.26 kg m-3) during the study. FPOM showed similar values during all the sampling (0.58 - 6.34 g m-3). However, significant differences were detected between sampling three and four. Transport of FPOM decreased with the increase of precipitation. A inverse relationship between water velocity and transport of CPOM was observed, while the FPOM, showed constant values. These results are partiality similar to reported in the literature, because the dynamic of transport of OM is relationship with local variations environmental.
ABSTRACT
The community structure of dung beetles in the middle and lower river basin of the Gaira river, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, is described. Four sites were selected along an altitudinal gradient of 50-940 m for sampling from June to October, 2004. Dung beetles were captured using modified pitfall traps and manual recollections. We captured 7,872 individuals belonging to 29 species, distributed in 15 genera and five tribes of Scarabaeinae. Canthon and Onthophagus were the most diverse genera, each represented by six species. The sampled sites shared the following species: Onthophagus acuminatus Harold, O. clypeatus Blanchard, O. marginicollis Harold. Bocatoma was the most diverse site with 23 species; whereas Port Mosquito presented the highest abundance, with 3,262 individuals. Seven species represented 89 percent of all captures: Canthidium sp., Dichotomius sp., Uroxys sp. 1, Uroxys sp. 2, O. marginicollis, O. clypeatus and O. acuminatus. Of the 29 captured species, 17 belonged to the functional group of diggers and 10 were ball-rollers. We did not observe significant among-site differences in community structure. Abiotic factors such as altitude, temperature and humidity cannot explain observed variation in community structure across sites, indicating other variables such as vegetation cover, density of the vegetation and soil type may play a role in the community structure of these insects.
Se describe la estructura de la comunidad de escarabajos coprófagos en la cuenca media y baja del río Gaira, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Se seleccionaron cuatro sitios de muestreo a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal de 50-940 m, realizándose muestreos desde junio hasta octubre, 2004. La captura de los escarabajos se realizó con trampas pitfall modificadas y colecta manual. Se capturaron 7,872 individuos pertenecientes a 29 especies, repartidos en 15 géneros y 5 tribus de Scarabaeinae. Canthon y Onthophagus fueron los géneros más diversos con seis especies cada uno. Las cuatro estaciones comparten tres especies: Onthophagus acuminatus Harold, O. clypeatus Blanchard, O. marginicollis Harold. Bocatoma tuvo el mayor número de especies, 23; mientras que Puerto Mosquito con 3.262 individuos presentó la mayor abundancia. Las especies Canthidium sp., Dichotomius sp, Uroxys sp.1, Uroxys sp.2, O. marginicollis, O. clypeatus y O. acuminatus representaron el 89 por ciento de la abundancia en el área de estudio. Entre las 29 especies capturadas; 17 pertenecen a los cavadores, 10 a los rodadores y dos residentes. No se registraron diferencias significativas entre las cuatro estaciones con respecto estructura de la comunidad. Tampoco se observó correlación entre los factores abióticos y la estructura de la comunidad. La altitud, temperatura y humedad no explican las diferencias en la distribución de la comunidad, indicando que otras variables, como la cobertura vegetal, la densidad de la vegetación y el tipo de suelo pueden jugar un papel en la estructura de la comunidad de estos insectos.