Galactorrhea after breast augmentation: case report and literature review / Galactorreia após mamoplastia de aumento: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Introduction: Augmentation mammoplasty is one of the most frequently performed surgeries in plastic surgery. Among its rarer occurrences are galactorrhea, spontaneous milk output by the papilla, and galactocele, a collection of milky material in the surgical bed. There is little literature on this extremely rare occurrence, and through this article, we conduct a literature review and report on a case operated in our service. Case Report: We present a case of a 35-year-old patient who underwent breast augmentation surgery via the inframammary fold, with an implant placed in the subglandular plane, which evolved, on the thirtieth postoperative day, with galactorrhea exteriorized through the incision, and we propose a treatment for such intercurrence. Six months after the operation, the breasts were symmetrical, without signs of contracture or additional alterations; the patient was satisfied with the result and without new episodes of galactorrhea or galactocele. Conclusion: Although rare, with an incidence of less than 1%, galactorrhea can occur as a postoperative complication, and knowledge about it, as well as the forms of treatment, will benefit both patient and surgeon.

Introdução: A mamoplastia de aumento é uma das cirurgias mais frequentemente realizadas na cirurgia plástica. Entre suas intercorrências mais raras, está a galactorreia, saída de leite pela papila de forma espontânea, e o galactocele, uma coleção de material leitoso no leito cirúrgico. Pouca literatura existe sobre esta raríssima intercorrência e por meio deste artigo realizamos uma revisão da literatura e relato de um caso operado no nosso serviço. Relato de Caso: Apresentamos um caso de uma paciente de 35 anos que foi submetida a cirurgia de mamoplastia de aumento via sulco inframamário, com implante alocado no plano subglandular, que evoluiu, no trigésimo dia pós-operatório, com galactorreia exteriorizada pela incisão, e propomos um tratamento para tal intercorrência. Com seis meses de pós-operatório, as mamas se encontravam simétricas, sem sinais de contratura ou alterações adicionais, paciente satisfeita com o resultado e sem novos episódios de galactorreia ou galactocele. Conclusão: Embora rara, com uma incidência de menos de 1%, a galactorreia pode ocorrer como intercorrência pós-operatória e o conhecimento desta, bem como as formas de tratamento, irá beneficiar tanto paciente como cirurgião.

Galactorreia pós-mastopexia com prótese: relato de caso / Post-mastopexy galactorrhoea with a prosthesis: a case report

A mastopexia é a cirurgia plástica responsável pela correção da ptose mamária, problema caracterizado pela discrepância entre o volume da mama e sua camada cutânea. As complicações mais relatadas no pós-operatório imediato são deiscência de suturas, seroma, edema e infecção, enquanto outras, como a galactorreia, são consideradas raras. O caso em questão consiste em uma paciente de 52 anos, que realizou a mastopexia bilateral com inclusão de prótese e desenvolveu após 30 dias do procedimento galactorreia com hiperprolactinemia. O diagnóstico foi suspeitado devido ao aumento de volume, associado a dor ou desconforto mamário no pós-operatório, seguido de saída secreção leitosa. A galactocele pósmastopexia com prótese pode ou não estar associada à hiperprolactinemia, porém pouco se sabe sobre a real fisiopatologia do desenvolvimento desse quadro. O tratamento foi feito com cabergolina 0,5mg em duas doses, com melhora do quadro.

Mastopexy is the plastic surgery responsible for correcting breast ptosis, a problem characterized by a discrepancy between the volume of the breast and its skin layer. The complications most commonly reported in the immediate postoperative period are suture dehiscence, seroma, edema and infection, while others such as galactorrhea are considered rare. The case in question consists of a 52-yearold patient who underwent bilateral mastopexy with prosthesis inclusion and developed galactorrhea with hyperprolactinemia 30 days after the procedure. The diagnosis was suspected of increased volume, associated with postoperative breast pain or discomfort, followed by milky discharge. Galactocele after mastopexy with a prosthesis may or may not be associated with hyperprolactinemia, but little is known about the real pathophysiology of the development of this condition. Treatment was done with cabergoline 0.5mg in two doses, improving the condition.

Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea associated with the use of duloxetine to treat chronic neuropathic pain. Case report / Hiperprolactinemia e galactorreia associada ao uso de duloxetina para tratamento de dor neuropática crônica. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The association of the use of some drugs with hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea has been reported in the literature, but information on the role of duloxetine in these alterations is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to highlight this adverse effect and discuss the pathophysiological causes of galactorrhea associated with the use of duloxetine in a patient undergoing treatment for chronic pain. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 70 years old, with herpetic neuropathy diagnosis. She developed refractory pain after drug treatment and was referred to the pain clinic. Duloxetine (60mg) taken once a day was maintained and associated with blocks with local anesthetic in regions of herpetic pain. The patient complained of galactorrhea and changes in weight and showed an increase in serum prolactin. Then, the possibility of hyperprolactinemia due to duloxetine was raised. Duloxetine was suspended, and after one month, a significant reduction in serum prolactin levels and end of galactorrhea were observed. CONCLUSION: The treatment of patients with neuropathic pain is extremely challenging and the detailed understanding, especially of the pharmacological strategy and its possible adverse effects, is fundamental for the better management of patients and their well-being. Therefore, it is concluded that duloxetine, although rarely, can cause an increase in serum prolactin and galactorrhea in users.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A associação do uso de alguns fármacos com hiperprolactinemia e galactorreia tem sido relatada na literatura, mas são escassas as informações sobre o papel da duloxetina nestas alterações. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi destacar este efeito adverso e discutir as causas fisiopatológicas da galactorreia associada ao uso de duloxetina no tratamento da dor crônica. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 70 anos, com diagnóstico de neuropatia herpética. Evoluiu com refratariedade álgica após tratamento farmacológico, sendo encaminhada à clínica de dor. Optou-se por manter a duloxetina (60 mg) uma vez ao dia e associar bloqueios com anestésico local em regiões de dor herpética. A paciente queixou-se de galactorreia e alteração de peso e apresentou elevação da prolactina sérica. Foi aventada, então, a possibilidade de hiperprolactinemia pela duloxetina. Foi, então, realizada a suspensão da duloxetina e, após um mês, foi observada redução expressiva dos níveis séricos da prolactina e cessação da galactorreia. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento de pacientes com dor neuropática é extremamente desafiador e a compreensão detalhada do processo, em destaque para a estratégia farmacológica e seus possíveis efeitos adversos é fundamental para o melhor manejo dos pacientes e manutenção do bem-estar. Diante disso, concluiu-se que a duloxetina, apesar de acontecer raramente, pode causar aumento da prolactina sérica e galactorreia em usuários.

Mama supernumeraria axilar. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Supernumerary Axillary Breast. Case Presentation and Bibliography Review

Se han descrito diversas alteraciones en la morfología y estructura de la glándula mamaria como resultado de variaciones en los mecanismos reguladores de su desarrollo. Se pueden encontrar anomalías de número, tamaño, forma y localización. Entre las anomalías congénitas de la mama las más frecuentes son: según las de número, las mamas supernumerarias y según las de localización el tejido mamario aberrante. Ambas pueden ser asiento de tumores malignos y en mayor medida el tejido aberrante. El tejido mamario ectópico o aberrante como también se le llama, puede tener a su vez, diferentes formas de presentación. Se muestra el caso de una paciente de 48 años procedente del área 4 del municipio Cienfuegos que exhibía tejido mamario aberrante en la axila izquierda, con orificio secretor por donde se produce secreción láctea durante los embarazos. Por lo poco frecuente de esta enfermedad, se considera de interés científico la publicación de este caso.

Several disorders in the structure and morphology of the mammary gland have been described as a result of variations of its development regulating mechanism. It may be found anomalies in number, size, form and location. Among the most frequent congenital anomalies, regarding number, supernumerary breast and regarding location abnormal breast tissue. Both may be the basis for malignant tumors and in a higher frequency the abnormal breast tissue. The abnormal or ectopic breast tissue may present with different forms. It is presented a case of a 48 year old woman from health area 4 at the Cienfuegos municipality who had an abnormal breast tissue on the left axillary, with a secretory orifice from which milk is secreted during pregnancy. Due to the low frequency occurrence of this disease, the publication of this case is considered of scientific interest.

Dose Dependent Course of Hyperprolactinemic and Normoprolactinemic Galactorrhea Induced by Venlafaxine

Venlafaxine is a serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor which is used for the treatment of depression. We report a case of galactorrhea in a patient with major depressive disorder after starting treatment with venlafaxine. In particular, we discuss the course of hyper and normoprolactinemic galactorrhea. We managed this side effect initially by dose reduction and further by switching to essitalopram. Physicians should be aware of endocrinologic side effects such as galactorrhea during the serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor treatment.

Galactorrhea Probably Related with Switching from Osmotic-release Oral System Methylphenidate (MPH) to Modified-release MPH: An Adolescent Case

Galactorrhea, as an adverse effect of psychotropic medications, usually develops due to high dose of antipsychotics. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have also been reported to be related to galactorrhea. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study reported galactorrhea with methylphenidate (MPH) use. Hereby, we report a case of an adolescent girl who developed galactorrhea after increasing his modifed-release oral MPH to 50 mg/day while under treatment of sertraline and very low dose haloperidol.

Pituicitoma hipofisario, un hallazgo diagnóstico inusual: reporte de caso / Pituitary pituicytoma, finding of an unusual diagnosis: a case report

Los pituicitomas son tumores infrecuentes de la región selar y supraselar, originados de la neurohipófisis, que suelen ser confundidos con otros tumores al compartir características imaginológicas. Se reporta el caso de una mujer de 36 años de edad, con un pituicitoma en la región selar, que fue diagnosticado como un adenoma hipofisario debido a los hallazgos clínicos e imaginológicos preoperatorios y se realiza una revisión de la literatura.

The Pituicytomas are rare tumors of the sellar and suprasellar region originated of the neurohypophysis and are usually confused with other tumors when sharing imagining features. It is reported a case of a 36 years old woman with pituicytoma in the sellar region that was diagnosed as a pituitary adenoma due to the presurgical clinical and imaging findings and, it is revised the literature.

Características clínicas y presencia deprolactinoma en mujeres con hiperprolactinemia / Clinical characteristics and presence of prolactinoma in women with hyperprolactinemia / Características clínicas e presencia de prolactinoma em mulheres com hiperprolactinemia

Objetivos: caracterizar clínicamente a las pacientes que consultaron en InSer Pereira con diagnóstico de hiperprolactinemia, y determinar la prevalencia de prolactinomas. Metodología: descripción retrospectiva de 45 pacientes con diagnóstico de hiperprolactinemia y estudio por resonancia magnética (RM) contrastada de la silla turca entre enero del 2008 y julio del 2013. Se evaluaron las manifestaciones clínicas, la etiología, el nivel sérico de prolactina y los hallazgos imaginológicos. Resultados: las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron: infertilidad, galactorrea y oligomenorrea. Hubo 26 casos de prolactinoma (57,8 %) y 12 de hiperprolactinemia idiopática (26,6 %). De los prolactinomas, 23 fueron microadenomas (tamaño promedio: 5,1 mm; DE ± 3,2 mm). El nivel sérico promedio de prolactina fue de 74,05 ng/mL (DE ± 13,33 ng/ mL). El 78 % de las pacientes con prolactinoma tenían la prolactina sérica por debajo de 70,0 ng/mL. No hubo asociación significativa entre el nivel sérico de prolactina y la presencia de prolactinoma. Conclusión: los prolactinomas son la principal causa de hiperprolactinemia y se encuentran en su mayor parte con elevaciones ligeras de la prolactina sérica. Se recomienda hacer RM contrastada de la silla turca en pacientes con hiperprolactinemia, independientemente del nivel de prolactina.

Objectives: To clinically characterize women with hyperprolactinemia at InSer Pereira (Colombia) and to determine the prevalence of prolactinoma. Methods: Retrospective description of 45 patients with hyperprolactinemia, and contrasted pituitary magnetic resonance (MR), between January 2008 and July 2013. Clinical manifestations, etiology, serum prolactin level, and MR findings were included. Results: The most frequent clinical manifestations were: infertility, galactorrhea, oligomenorrhea. There were 26 cases of prolactinoma (57.8 %), and 12 of idiopathic hyperprolactinemia (26.6 %). Out of the 26 prolactinomas, 23 were microadenomas (average size 5.1 mm; SD ± 3.2 mm). Average serum prolactin level was 74.05 ng/mL (SD ± 13.33 ng/mL). 78 % of patients with prolactinoma had serum prolactin level under 70.0 ng/mL. No significant association was found between serum prolactin level and the presence of prolactinoma. Conclusion: Prolactinomas are the main cause of hyperprolactinemia and they are found mostly with slight rise of serum prolactin. Pituitary MRI is recommended in patients with hyperprolactinemia, regardless of their prolactin level.

Objetivos: caracterizar clinicamente às pacientes que consultaram em InSer Pereira com diagnóstico de hiperprolactinemia, e determinar a prevalência de prolactinomas. Metodologia: descrição retrospectiva de 45 pacientes com diagnóstico de hiperprolactinemia e estudo por ressonância magnética (RM) contrastada da sela túrcica entre janeiro de 2008 e julho de 2013. Se avaliaram as manifestações clínicas, a etiologia, o nível sérico de prolactina e as descobertas imagiológicos. Resultados: as manifestações clínicas mais frequentes foram: infertilidade, galactorreia e oligomenorreia. Houve 26 casos de prolactinoma (57,8 %) e 12 de hiperprolactinemia idiopática (26,6 %). Dos prolactinomas, 23 foram microadenomas (tamanho médio: 5,1 mm; DE ± 3,2 mm). O nível sérico médio de prolactina foi de 74,05 ng/mL (DE ± 13,33 ng/mL). 78 % das pacientes com prolactinoma tinham a prolactina sérica por debaixo de 70,0 ng/mL. Não houve associação significativa entre o nível sérico de prolactina e a presencia de prolactinoma. Conclusão: os prolactinomas são a principal causa de hiperprolactinemia e se encontram na sua maior parte com elevações ligeiras da prolactina sérica. Se recomenda fazer RM contrastada da sela túrcica em pacientes com hiperprolactinemia, independentemente do nível de prolactina.

Galactorreia: como abordar essa complicação incomum após mamoplastia de aumento / Galactorrhea: how to address this unusual complication after augmentation mammoplasty

INTRODUÇÃO: Galactorreia e formação de galactocele após mamoplastia de aumento é uma complicação descrita na literatura, porém a causa permanece desconhecida. MÉTODOS: Apresentamos um caso de uma paciente de 28 anos que foi submetida à cirurgia de mamoplastia de aumento via sulco inframamário, com implante colocado no plano subfascial, que evoluiu, no 7º dia pós-operatório, com galactorreia exteriorizada pela incisão, e propomos um algoritmo para diagnóstico e tratamento de galactorreia após mamoplastias. RESULTADOS: A complicação foi tratada com o uso de agente supressor da lactação, a cabergolina, apresentando boa evolução. CONCLUSÃO: Galactorreia é uma complicação incomum após mamoplastias de aumento, que deve ser sempre lembrada em casos de drenagem de secreção pela incisão por tratar-se de um diagnóstico diferencial com infecção.

INTRODUCTION: Galactorrhea and galactocele formation after breast augmentation are complications reported in the literature, but the cause remains unknown. METHODS: We present a case of a 28-year-old patient who underwent breast augmentation surgery via the inframammary fold with an implant placed in the subfascial plane, which developed galactorrhea from the incision on the seventh postoperative day, and we propose an algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of galactorrhea after mammoplasties. RESULTS: The complication was treated with the use of a lactation suppressor, cabergoline, presenting good outcomes. CONCLUSION: Galactorrhea is an uncommon complication after augmentation mammoplasties, which should always be considered in cases of secretions from an incision because it is a differential diagnosis for infections.

Reliability of Breast Ultrasound BI-RADS Final Assessment in Mammographically Negative Patients with Nipple Discharge and Radiologic Predictors of Malignancy / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the reliability of breast ultrasound (US) Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) final assessment in mammographically negative patients with pathologic nipple discharge, and to determine the clinical and ultrasonographic variables associated with malignancy in this group of patients. METHODS: A total of 65 patients with 67 mammographically negative breast lesions that were pathologically confirmed through US-guided biopsy were included. RESULTS: Of the 53 BI-RADS category 4 and 5 lesions, eight (15.1%) were malignant (six ductal carcinomas in situ, one invasive ductal carcinoma, and one solid papillary carcinoma). There was no malignancy among the remaining 14 category 3 lesions. Malignant lesions more frequently displayed a round or irregular shape (75.0%, 6/8; p=0.030) and nonparallel orientation (33.3%, 4/12; p=0.029) compared to the benign lesions. The increase in the BI-RADS category corresponded with a rise in the malignancy rate (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: The BI-RADS lexicon and final assessment of breast US reliably detect and characterize malignancy in mammographically negative patients with pathologic nipple discharge.

Emerging Hyperprolactinemic Galactorrhea in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with a Stable Dose of Fluoxetine

While fluoxetine (FXT) is a frequently prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), with few major side-effects; altered serotonergic transmissions in hypothalamic pathways might lead to a distressing, and often embarrassing, manifestation of galactorrhea by altering prolactin release in those on FXT. We report here a case of FXT-induced hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea developing late into treatment on a stable regimen, who responded well to subsequent replacement with sertraline. Based on present finding, we suggest that while SSRIs may share similar mechanisms of action, there exist individual differences in their effects on prolactin secretion pathways.

Macroprolactinemia e hiperprolactinemia intermediária: manifestações clínicas e achados radiológicos / Macroprolactinemia and intermediate hyperprolactinemia: clinical manifestations and image

OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar as pacientes com valores indeterminados de hiperprolactinemia (teste de PEG para identificação de macroprolactinemias com recuperação entre 30 e 65 por cento) (PRLi) ou macroprolactinemia (PRLm), quanto às características clínicas, como intensidade e variação dos sintomas e presença ou não de tumores no sistema nervoso central. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, de levantamento de prontuários, no qual foram incluídas 24 pacientes com diagnóstico de hiperprolactinemia (PRL>25 ng/dL), em idade reprodutiva, em seguimento em ambulatório de ginecologia endócrina. Foram incluídas 11 pacientes com PRLm e 13 com PRLi. Dos dois grupos (PRLm e PRLi), foram considerados para a análise registros dos dados relativos à idade, à paridade, ao índice de massa corporal, à presença de galactorreia, à infertilidade e ao tumor do sistema nervoso central. Os dados antropométricos foram expressos em média e desvio padrão e, para a comparação entre os grupos quanto à presença de tumor no sistema nervoso central, galactorreia e infertilidade, utilizou-se o teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: A galactorreia foi mais prevalente nas pacientes com PRLi (p=0,01). Setenta por cento das mulheres com PRLi apresentaram microprolactinoma de hipófise, enquanto que este achado foi evidente em 17 por cento das mulheres com PRLm (p=0,04). Dentre as pacientes com PRLm e PRLi, nove não foram investigadas com imagem do sistema nervoso central por apresentarem níveis pouco elevados de prolactina (cinco portadoras de PRLm e quatro de PRLi). Não houve diferença significativa quanto à ocorrência de infertilidade ou de ciclos menstruais irregulares. CONCLUSÕES: Mulheres com hiperprolactinemia intermediária apresentam mais sintomas de galactorreia e maior incidência de tumores do sistema nervoso central do que aquelas com macroprolactinemia.

PURPOSE: To characterize patients with indeterminate values of hyperprolactinemia (PEG test for the identification of macroprolactinemias with recovery between 30 and 65 percent) (PRLi) or macroprolactinemia (PRLm), in relation to clinical characteristics, such as the presence or absence of symptoms, as well as their intensity and variation, and the presence or absence of central nervous system tumors. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional retrospective survey of records of 24 patients with hyperprolactinemia, in reproductive ages, with prolactin >25 ng/dL. Eleven women with PRLm and 13 with PRLi were included. Records from the two groups were extracted for analysis: age, parity, body mass index, presence of galactorrhea, infertility, and central nervous system tumor. Anthropometrics data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. To compare groups regarding the presence of central nervous system tumor, galactorrhea, as well as infertility we used the Student's t-test. RESULTS: Galactorrhea was more prevalent in patients with PRLi (p=0.01). Seventy percent of women with PRLi presented pituitary tumor (microprolactinoma), whereas this finding was evident in 17 percent of the PRLm Group (p=0.04). Among the patients with and PRLm PRLi, nine were not investigated with the image of the central nervous system because they have low levels of prolactin (five carriers and four PRLm PRLi). There were no significant differences regarding the occurrence of infertility or irregular menstrual cycles between groups. DISCUSSION: Women with intermediate hyperprolactinemia present more galactorrhea symptoms as well as central nervous system tumors than women with macroprolactinemia.

A Case of Paroxetine-Related Hyperprolactinemia / 대한정신약물학회지

Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been widely used in both psychiatry and other medicine, few cases have been reported SSRI-related hyperprolactinemia and/or galactorrhea. We experienced one case which showed both galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia following treatment with paroxetine. In the case, a 37-year-old multiparous woman reported galactorrhea after 8-weeks paroxetine treatment for her depression. After 1 month prescription of bromocriptine, dopamine agonist, as well as switching medication from paroxetine to venlafaxine, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, both galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia were disappeared. Both hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea have not been observed even after the cessation of bromocriptine prescription.

Resolution of Ziprasidone-Induced Hyperprolactinemia with Aripiprazole / 대한정신약물학회지

Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent, serious adverse effect of antipsychotics. Ziprasidone seems to be less frequently associated with hyperprolactinemia than other antipsychotics. We report a case of 25-year-old woman who developed amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia while taking ziprasidone, which resolved with the addition of aripiprazole. To our best knowledge, this is the first report that adjunctive aripiprazole attenuated ziprasidoneinduced hyperprolactinemia.

A Case of Galactorrhea Associated with Excitalopram

Escitalopram is one of the most popular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in current use as a first-line treatment for depression. Escitalopram is well-tolerated and rarely associated with serious side effects. Endocrine and reproductive side effects of serotonergic antidepressants are uncommon and galactorrhea is very rarely mentioned among SSRI-related side effects. Serotonin-enhancing antidepressants may result in a rise in prolactin levels through suppression of dopamine neurotransmission. In the present study, we report a case of hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea associated with escitalopram. A 36-year-old woman developed galactorrhea after initiation of escitalopram for depression and was found to have an elevated prolactin level. Escitalopram was discontinued with resolution of the patient's galactorrhea and normalization of her prolactin level.

A Case of Hyperprolactinemia with Galactorrhea Induced by Carbamazepine

Carbamazepine (CBZ) may alter the secretion of prolactin (PRL), however, there is no report about hyperprolactinemia with galactorrhea induced by CBZ medication. A 30-year-old woman presented with galactorrhea. She had been treated with CBZ for three years and hormonal study revealed increased serum PRL levels. Sella MRI showed no evidence of pituitary lesion. Two months after changing CBZ to oxcarbazepine, galatorrhea was improved and the serum PRL level was normalized.

A case of mixed prolactin and growth hormone-secreting pituitary microadenoma presenting galactorrhea / 대한내과학회지

We report a case of galactorrhea with acromegaly from the mixed prolactin and GH secreting pituitary microadenoma managed with a successful surgical complete removal. A 31-year-old woman visited our hospital complaining galactorrhea for more than 6 months after delivery. The physical findings of the patient were a prominent galactorrhea and mild acromegalic features of face and extremities. The laboratory findings of hematology and blood chemistry were normal. In addition, the basal levels of prolactin and GH were slightly elevated. The thyroid is in euthyroid state. The results of the combined anterior pituitary hormone-stimulation tests were that the prolactin and GH responses were stimulated exaggeratedly and the other hormonal ones were normal responses. The oral glucose loading test for acromegaly revealed non-responder results. The sellar MRI showed the 6 X 5 mm-sized pituitary microadenoma. She was operated for surgical removal of the lesions of which the immunohistochemistry findings were consistent with the positive findings for both prolactin and GH. She discharged without post-operative complication and has done well with normalized hormonal levels at outpatient department.

X-ray Analysis and Clinical Application of Galactography / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To observe the X-ray appearance and clinical value of galactography.Methods 600 cases of galactorrhea confirmed by pathologly underwent galactography,among them,298 cases were blood type(49.8%),150 cases were serum type(25%),106 were rinsing type(17.7%) and others were 46 cases(7.7%).Results On galactography,the ductsl were divided into 3 groups: 345 cases were foliar type(59%),127 were ramate type(26.2%),87 were trunk type(14.8%).The main radiographic characteristics of lesions were mammary ductal ectasia in 578(96.3%),ductal distortion in 561(93.5%),irregular filling defect in ducts in 349(58.2%),and ductal damage in 39(6.5%).42 cases were breast carcinomas(7%),312 were intraductal papillary tumors(52%),129 were mammary ductal ectasia(21.5%),26 were mammary ductal mastitis(4.3%),49 were proliferous disease(8.2%),25 were mammary cyst(4.2%),17 were negative anamnesis(2.8%).Conclusion Galactography is beneficial in diagnosis of the pathogenesis of galactorrhea.

Radioiodine Therapy in a Patient with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma associated with Breast Uptake ; Hyperprolactinemia due to Empty Sella Syndrome / 대한핵의학회잡지

We report a 37 year-old-female patient with papillary thyroid cancer treated by surgery who demonstrated residual thyroid and bilateral breast uptake on a diagnostic I-131 whole body scan. She had an extrathyroidal extension needing I-131 ablative therapy. Her galactorrhea was investigated and treated with low doses of bromocriptine prior to I-131 therapy. Her galactorrhea was due to the decreased secretion of PIF induced by empty sella.

Differentiating diagnosis of no nipple discharge disease by fiberoptic ductoscopy / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To study the characteristics of breast disease and the effect of differentating diagnosis of breast disease under fiberoptic ductoscopy(FDS). Methods 50 cases of breast disease were examined by FDS. Results There were hyperplasia of mammary glands in 31 cases; chronic mastitis in 5 cases; ductal ectasia in 7 cases and breast cancer in 7 cases by FDS in this series. The accord rate of pathological diagnosis with FDS was 98%,and with clinical diagnosis was 76%.Conclusions FDS is a very important and new method in the diagnosis of breast disease .FDS can detect early breast cancer. It can be used as intervening treatment for some intraductal papilloma and chronic inflammatory disesase.FDS has precis location and qualitation effect for diagnosis of breast disease. FDS will greatly influence the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.