ABSTRACT
Abstract A survey and characterization of entomogenous galls and their associated fauna were carried out in six remnants of Caatinga in the Northern Depressão Sertaneja, in the states of Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. We identified 41 gall morphotypes in 24 plant species, belonging to 12 botanical families. Fabaceae had 29.2% (n = 12) of the total number of gall morphotypes found. Leaves (61%) and stems (25%) were the most attacked organs. Most morphotypes are glabrous (75.6%), while only 24.4% exhibit trichomes. Most galls were induced by insects of the Cecidomyiidae family. The associated fauna comprised successors, cecidophages, tenants, and parasitoids. Sucessors were found in four morphotypes of galls and included spiders and four orders of insects: Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera (Formicidae). The tenants were represented by Tanaostigmoides (Tanaostigmatidae). The parasitoids, found in 18 morphotypes (43.9%), were represented by six families of Hymenoptera. We recorded the occurrence of new types of galls in 12 species of host plants. These gall records are new references for the Northern Depressão Sertaneja in the studied states.
Resumo Realizou-se um levantamento e caracterização de galhas entomógenas e sua fauna associada em seis remanescentes de Caatinga presentes na Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional nos estados da Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. Identificamos 41 morfotipos de galhas em 24 espécies de plantas, pertencentes a 12 famílias botânicas. Fabaceae abrigou 29,2% (n = 12) do total de morfotipos de galhas encontrados. As folhas (61%) e os caules (25%) foram os órgãos mais atacados. A maioria dos morfotipos é glabra (75,6%), enquanto apenas 24,4% exibiram tricomas. As galhas, em sua maioria, foram induzidas por insetos da família Cecidomyiidae. A fauna associada compreendeu sucessores, fungívoros, inquilinos e parasitoides. Os primeiros foram encontrados em quatro morfotipos de galhas, estando representados por aranhas e quatro ordens de insetos: Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera (Formicidae). Os inquilinos foram representados por Tanaostigmoides Ashmead, 1896 (Tanaostigmatidae). Já os parasitoides, encontrados em 18 morfotipos de galhas (43,9%), foram representados por seis famílias de Hymenoptera. Registramos a ocorrência de novos tipos de galhas em 12 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Os registros de galhas também são novas referências para a Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional nos estados estudados.
ABSTRACT
Abstract An insect gall inventory was carried out in two reserves of the Peruvian Amazon, Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve and Quistococha Regional Reserve, both situated in Iquitos, northeastern Peru. Four vegetation types were surveyed between December, 2021 and December, 2022: terra firme forest, white-sand wet forest, and white-sand dry forest in Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve, and palm swamp forest in Quistococha Regional Reserve. Overall, we found 262 gall morphotypes, distributed across 75 host species representing 66 plant genera and 30 families. Fabaceae was the plant family with the greatest number of gall morphotypes (n = 48), followed by Calophyllaceae (n = 21) and Euphorbiaceae (n = 20). The plant genera that supported the highest diversity of galls were Caraipa (n = 17), Eschweilera (n = 16), Tapirira (n = 16), Micrandra (n = 14), and Iryanthera (n = 10). The plant species Tapirira guianensis (n = 16), Caraipa utilis (n = 14), Micrandra elata (n = 14), Eschweilera coriacea (n = 11), and Sloanea parvifructa (n = 10) exhibited the highest richness of galls. Among the host plants, C. utilis stands alone as the only species noted as both endemic to the Amazonian region and bearing a Vulnerable (VU) conservation status. The leaves were the most attacked organs (90% of all galls). Most morphotypes are glabrous (89%), green (67%), globoid (53%), and one-chambered (91%). We found galling insects belonging to the orders Diptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. The galling insects of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most common, inducing 22% of the gall morphotypes. In addition to the gallers, we also observed the presence of successors, cecidophages, and parasitoids. Among the sampled vegetation types, the terra firme forest presented the highest richness of gall morphotypes and host plant species. This is the first systematic inventory of insect galls in this part of the Peruvian Amazon.
Resumo Um inventário de galhas de insetos foi realizado em duas reservas da Amazônia peruana, Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana e Reserva Regional Quistococha, ambas situadas em Iquitos, nordeste do Peru. Quatro tipos de vegetação foram pesquisados entre dezembro de 2021 e dezembro de 2022: floresta de terra firme, floresta úmida de areia branca e floresta seca de areia branca na Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana, e floresta de pântano de palmeiras na Reserva Regional Quistococha. No total, encontramos 262 morfotipos de galhas, distribuídos em 75 espécies hospedeiras representando 66 gêneros de plantas e 30 famílias. Fabaceae foi a família de plantas com o maior número de morfotipos de galhas (n = 48), seguida por Calophyllaceae (n = 21) e Euphorbiaceae (n = 20). Os gêneros de plantas que apresentaram a maior diversidade de galhas foram Caraipa (n = 17), Eschweilera (n = 16), Tapirira (n = 16), Micrandra (n = 14) e Iryanthera (n = 10). As espécies de plantas Tapirira guianensis (n = 16), Caraipa utilis (n = 14), Micrandra elata (n = 14), Eschweilera coriacea (n = 11) e Sloanea parvifructa (n = 10) apresentaram a maior riqueza de galhas. Dentre as plantas hospedeiras, C. utilis destaca-se como a única espécie listada como endêmica da região amazônica e com um status de conservação Vulnerável (VU). As folhas foram os órgãos mais atacados (90% de todas as galhas). A maioria dos morfotipos é glabra (89%), verde (67%), globoide (53%) e possui apenas uma câmara interna (91%). Encontramos insetos galhadores pertencentes às ordens Diptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera e Hemiptera. Os insetos galhadores da família Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) foram os mais comuns, induzindo 22% dos morfotipos de galhas. Além dos galhadores, também observamos a presença de sucessores, cecidófagos e parasitoides. Entre os tipos de vegetação amostrados, a floresta de terra firme apresentou a maior riqueza de morfotipos de galhas e espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Este é o primeiro inventário sistemático de galhas de insetos nesta região da Amazônia peruana.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To study the regulatory mechanism of ethanol extract of Turkish Galls on proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells HCT- 116 and Caco- 2 based on janus kinase 2（JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）signaling pathway. METHODS CCK-8 method was used to detect the effects of 0.05，0.1，0.2，0.3，0.4 and 0.5 mg/mL ethanol extract of Turkish Galls on the proliferation of HCT- 116 and Caco- 2 cells after treated for 12，24，48 and 72 h. After treated with 0.1，0.3，0.5 mg/mL ethanol extract of Turkish Galls for 24 h，the migrations of HCT- 116 and Caco- 2 cells were detected by scratch test ；the level of reactive oxygen species （ROS）was detected by fluorescent probe method. The levels of interleukin-6（IL-6）and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）in cell supernatant were detected by ELISA . The phosphorylations of JAK2 and STAT 3 as well as the expressions of B-cell lymphoma- 2（Bcl-2）and Bcl- 2 associated protein X （Bax）were detected by Western blot assay. RESULTS Compared with blank control ，0.05，0.1，0.2，0.3，0.4 and 0.5 mg/mL ethanol extract of Turkish Galls could significantly inhibit cell proliferation after treated for 12，24，48，72 h（P＜0.05）. After treated with 0.1，0.3 and 0.5 mg/mL ethanol extract of Turkish Galls for 24 h，the scratch healing rate of 2 kinds of cells ，the levels of IL- 6 and TNF-α in the cell supernatant ，the phosphorylation of JAK 2 and STAT 3 as well as the expression of Bcl- 2 protein were all significantly decreased （P＜0.05）；the level of ROS and protein expression of Bax were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The ethanol extract of Turkish Galls can inhibit the proliferation and migration of HCT- 116 and Caco- 2 cells. The mechanism may be related with down-regulation of protein expression of Bcl- 2 and up-regulation of protein expression of Bax by increasing the accumulation of intracellular ROS ，down-regulating the expressions of inflammatory factors IL- 6 and TNF-α and the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT 3 in JAK 2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
Caatinga is a seasonally dry tropical forest, one of the richest in plant species. Unfortunately, many groups of herbivorous insects associated with these plants are poorly known. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of gall-inducing insects (GII) and host plants (HP) in the Caatinga. For this, we compiled the information available in the literature of inventories on GII and their HP communities, and the described gall midge species. We found 100 species, 72 genera, and 32 families of HP hosting a total of 156 morphospecies of GII and 12 species of described cecidomyiids. Plant species with only one GII species represented 74% of hosts, but in super HP (i.e., HP with a high number of GII), despite the small number of HP species, there were many GII species. Fabaceae was also the most specious family, with 30% of HP species and 40% of GII. Furthermore, our results showed a low number of species of HP and GII for the Brazilian Caatinga, that we discussed this pattern with the following arguments, first, it is likely that the number of galling insect inventories for the Caatinga is under-sampled, second the Caatinga has a relatively smaller number of plant species when compared to other biomes, and finally, we argue that the Caatinga is a seasonally dry tropical forest where the deciduousness represents a relevant factor in the colonization and performance rates of GII.
A Caatinga é uma floresta tropical sazonalmente seca, uma das mais ricas em espécies vegetais. Infelizmente, muitos grupos de insetos herbívoros associados a essas plantas são pouco conhecidos. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a diversidade de insetos galhadores (IG) e plantas hospedeiras (PH) na Caatinga. Para isso, nós compilamos as informações disponíveis na literatura de inventários sobre a comunidade de IG e suas PH, e as espécies descritas de cecidomiídeos. Nós encontramos 100 espécies, 72 gêneros e 32 famílias de PH abrigando um total de 156 morfoespécies de IG e 12 espécies descritas de cecidomiídeos. Espécies de plantas com apenas uma espécie de IG representaram 74% das hospedeiras, mas para as super PH (ou seja, PH com alto número de IG), apesar do pequeno número de espécies de PH, havia muitas espécies de IG. Fabaceae foi a família mais rica, com 30% das espécies de PH e 40% dos IG. Além disso, nossos resultados mostraram um baixo número de espécies de PH e IG para a Caatinga brasileira, e discutimos esse padrão com os seguintes argumentos, primeiro, é provável que o número de inventários de insetos galhadores para a Caatinga seja subamostrado, segundo a Caatinga possui um número relativamente menor de espécies vegetais quando comparada a outros biomas e, por fim, argumentamos que a Caatinga é uma floresta tropical sazonalmente seca onde a deciduidade representa um fator relevante para as taxas de colonização e desempenho dos IG.
ABSTRACT
Galls are defined as modifications of the normal developmental design of plants, produced by a specific reaction to the presence and activity of a foreign organism. Although different organisms have the ability to induce galls in plants, insect-induced galls are the most elaborate and diverse. Some hypotheses have been proposed to explain the induction mechanism of plant galls by insects. The most general hypothesis suggests that gall formation is triggered by the action of chemical substances secreted by the gall inducer, including plant growth regulators such as auxins, cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and other types of compounds. However, the mode of action of these chemical substances and the general mechanism by which the insect could control and manipulate plant development and physiology is still not known. Moreover, resulting from the complexity of the induction process and development of insect galls, the chemical hypothesis is very unlikely a complete explanation of the mechanism of induction and morphogenesis of these structures. Previous and new highlights of insect gall systems with emphasis on the induction process were analyzed on the basis of the author's integrated point of view to propose a different perspective of gall induction, which is provided in this article. Due to the extraordinary diversity of shapes, colors, and complex structures present in insect galls, they are useful models for studying how form and structure are determined at the molecular level in plant systems. Furthermore, plant galls constitute an important source of material for the study and exploration of new chemical substances of interest to humans, due to their physiological and adaptive characteristics. Considering the finely tuned control of morphogenesis, structural complexity, and biochemical regulation of plant galls induced by insects, it is proposed that an induction mechanism mediated by the insertion of exogenous genetic elements into the genome of plant gall cells could be involved in the formation of this kind of structure through an endosymbiotic bacterium.
Las agallas se definen como modificaciones del diseño y desarrollo normal de las plantas debido a una reacción específica a la presencia y actividad de un organismo foráneo. Aunque diferentes grupos de organismos tienen la habilidad de inducir agallas en plantas, las agallas inducidas por insectos son las más elaboradas y diversas. Algunas hipótesis han sido propuestas para explicar el mecanismo de inducción de las agallas de insectos. La hipótesis más general sugiere que la formación de las agallas es disparada por la acción de sustancias químicas secretadas por el insecto inductor, incluyendo reguladores de plantas como auxinas, citoquininas, ácido-3-indolacético (AIA) o bien otros tipos de compuestos. No obstante, el modo de acción de estas sustancias químicas y el mecanismo general por medio del cual el insecto podría controlar y manipular el desarrollo y fisiología de la planta es aún desconocido. Más aún, como resultado de la complejidad del proceso de inducción y desarrollo de las agallas de plantas inducidas por insectos, la hipótesis química es una explicación insuficiente e incompleta en relación con el mecanismo de inducción y morfogénesis de estas estructuras. Previas y nuevas evidencias relacionadas con el sistema de agallas de insectos, con énfasis en el proceso de inducción, fueron analizadas desde un punto de vista integral del autor para proponer en este artículo una perspectiva diferente sobre la inducción de este tipo de estructuras. Debido a la extraordinaria diversidad de formas, colores y estructuras complejas presentes en las agallas de insectos, las mismas constituyen modelos útiles para estudiar cómo la forma y la estructura son determinadas a nivel molecular en los sistemas vegetales. Además, las agallas de plantas son un importante origen de material para el estudio y exploración de nuevas sustancias químicas de interés humano, debido a las características fisiológicas y adaptativas que presentan. Considerando el control fino del proceso de morfogénesis, regulación bioquímica y complejidad estructural de las agallas de insectos, se propone que un mecanismo de inducción mediado por la inserción de elementos genéticos exógenos dentro del genoma de las células de la planta que forman la agalla podría estar involucrado en la formación de este tipo de estructuras, vía una bacteria endosimbiótica.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Galls are neo-formed plant structures induced by species-specific interaction between an inducing organism and a host plant. Lycophytes and ferns are two distinct plant lineages historically lumped together as pteridophytes. A number of authors suggest low gall frequency in lycophytes and ferns, compared to angiosperms. This study aimed at compiling an updated overview of fern galls in Brazil, providing information on hosts, gall-inducing organisms and associated fauna. The synopsis was compiled using existent data and by updating scientific names and gathering new information obtained by the authors in fieldwork. To date, galls have been recorded on 16 fern species but none on lycophytes. However, the inducer was identified at species level in only three gall morphotypes from three fern species, with a doubtful inducer for Pteridium sp. Galls are induced by mites (Eriophyidae) and insects of the orders Diptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera, Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) being the most frequent galler insect.
Resumo Galhas são estruturas vegetais neoformadas induzidas por interações espécie-específicas entre um organismo indutor e uma planta hospedeira. Licófitas e samambaias são duas linhagens de plantas historicamente classificadas juntas como pteridófitas. Diversos autores sugerem que há uma baixa frequência de galhas em licófitas e samambaias, em comparação com as angiospermas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer um panorama atualizado sobre as galhas em samambaias no Brasil, disponibilizando informações sobre espécies hospedeiras, galhadores e fauna associada. A sinopse foi realizada compilando-se os dados existentes, atualizando os nomes científicos e agregando informações novas obtidas pelos autores em trabalhos de campo. Até o momento, foram registradas galhas em 16 espécies de samambaias e nenhum registro em licófitas. Contudo, em apenas três morfotipos de galhas, de três espécies de samambaias, o indutor foi identificado a nível de espécie, com um indutor duvidoso para Pteridium sp. As galhas são induzidas por ácaros (Eriophyidae) e insetos das ordens: Diptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, sendo Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) o galhador mais frequente.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Turkish galls extract (TGE) on the expression of IgA in serum,urine and renal tissue of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) model rats.METHODS Fifty healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group,IgAN model group,and TGE 75,150 and 300 mg· kg-1 groups,10 rats per group.The model of IgAN rats was established with bovine serum albumin (BSA)+lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+carbon tetrachlorid (CCl4)for 12 weeks.From the 13th week,TGE was ig administrated once a day for 4 weeks.At the end of the 12th and 16th weeks,24 h urine protein was measured by BCA method.At the end of the 16th week,serum and urinary IgA levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),serum creatinine(SCR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer,and the renal pathological changes were evaluated with an Oxford classification scoring system.The deposition of IgA immune complex in the kidney was observed by immunofluorescence assay.RESULTS At the end of 12th week,24 h urine protein increased in all IgAN groups (P＜0.05),compared with normal control group.At the end of 16th week,24 h urine protein,IgA content in serum and urine,SCr and BUN content in serum,score in Oxford classification of renal tissue and deposition of IgA immune complex in the kidney in IgAN model group were all higher than in normal control group (P＜0.05).Compared with IgAN model group,24 h urine protein,IgA content in serum and urine and SCr content in serum were decreased in all TGE groups (P＜0.05),and BUN content in serum and deposition of IgA immune complex in the kidney decreased in TGE 150 and 300 mg·kg-1 groups (P＜0.05).The score in Oxford classification of renal tissue was decreased in TGE 300 mg· kg-1 group only.CONCLUSION TGE has curative effect on IgAN model rats by reducing serum and urinary IgA and decreasing IgA immune complex deposition.
ABSTRACT
AbstractMost species of the Neotropical genus Holopothrips are associated with plant galls but very little is known about their biology. Here, we provide observations on the biology of a new species of Holopothrips associated with leaf-vein galls on four species of Piper at a cloud forest site (Zurquí de Moravia) in Costa Rica. This species colonized the galls soon after the gall-inducing cecidomyiid or one of its parasitoids emerged, and several generations of thrips appeared to occupy the empty galls. A total of 175 empty galls from 34 leaves were collected, brought to the laboratory for dissection under the microscope, and the contents quantified. Holopothrips occupied approximately 75 % of the galled leaves and among the latter they occupied about 40 % of the galls. Every combination of adults, nymphs and eggs was found, which implies that adult thrips move in and out of galls, and possibly do not defend their galls from invasion by other members of their species. However, when disturbed, both nymphs and adults raise the tip of their abdomen and emit a distinctive odor, suggesting a defensive reaction against potential predators. Preliminary evidence suggests that they feed on gall tissue lining the inner cavity and spend very little time outside the galls. The thrips is described as a new species, and is one of only four known species of Holopothrips to have the unusual condition of two pairs of epimeral setae on the pronotum. This new species was compared to these other three Holothrips species, and the remarkable variation of the female spermatheca and the male sternal pore plate is illustrated. Further research is needed to confirm that several generations of thrips occupy empty galls, to determine whether adult thrips do indeed move between galls, and to explore in greater detail their possible chemical defense. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (4): 1035-1042. Epub 2015 December 01.
ResumenLa mayoría de las especies del género neotropical Holopothrips se asocian a las agallas de plantas pero se sabe muy poco de su biología. Aquí, se provee observaciones sobre la biología de una nueva especie de Holopothrips que se asocia a las agallas de venas foliares en cuatro especies de Piper en un bosque nuboso (Zurquí de Moravia) de Costa Rica. Esta especie coloniza las agallas luego de que el cecidómido inductor o un parasitoide del mismo emerge, y aparentemente varias generaciones de trips ocupan las agallas vacías. Un total de 175 agallas vacías en 34 hojas fueron recolectadas, llevadas al laboratorio para disección bajo el microscopio y se cuantificó su contenido. Holopothrips ocupaba aproximadamente el 75 % de las hojas con agallas y en ellas el 40 % de las agallas. Se encontró toda combinación de adultos, ninfas y huevos, lo cual implica que los trips adultos entran y salen y posiblemente no defienden sus agallas de la invasión de otros miembros de su especie. Sin embargo, adultos y ninfas, levantan la punta del abdomen al ser perturbados, emitiendo un olor distintivo que sugiere una reacción defensiva ante posibles depredadores. La evidencia preliminar indica que se alimentan del tejido interior de la agalla y pasan muy poco tiempo fuera de la misma. Se describe la especie nueva y es una de sólo cuatro especies conocidas de Holopothrips que poseen dos pares de setas epimorales en el pronoto. Al compararla con estas otras especies surge una marcada variación en la espermateca de la hembra y en las placas del poro esternal en el macho, los cuales se ilustran. Se requiere más investigación para confirmar la sugerencia que varias generaciones de trips ocupan las agallas vacias, para determinar si es cierto que los trips adultos se mueven entre agallas, y para explorar en más detalle la supuesta defensa química.
Subject(s)
Plant Leaves , Piperaceae/anatomy & histology , Piper/classification , Thysanoptera/anatomy & histology , Costa RicaABSTRACT
ABSTRACTMale, female, pupa, and last-instar larva of Palaeomystella beckeri (Moreira and Basilio) a new species from the Atlantic forest, southern Brazil, are described and illustrated with the aid of optical and scanning electron microscopy. Larvae induce galls on apical branches of Tibouchina trichopoda (DC.) Baill. (Melastomataceae) within which pupation occurs. Gall description and preliminary data on life history are also provided.
ABSTRACT
Essential oils of galled and non-galled leaves of Clusia lanceolata Cambess., Clusiaceae, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The chemical composition of both oils was similar, with a predominance of sesquiterpene caryophyllenes. The extracts from the leaves were evaluated regarding total phenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins. Galled leaves showed higher levels of phenolics and proanthocyanidins, since the content of flavonoids was higher in non-galled leaves. The chromatographic profiles of extracts were obtained by using HPLC/DAD and LC-ESI-MS. Electrospray ionisation (ESI) in positive and negative ion mode was used to identify four flavones C-glycosides in both extracts. The study constitutes a first report on the chemical research of C. lanceolata. The extract from galled leaves had a higher antioxidant activity.
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Se estudió la diversidad de una colección de cepas de Agrobacterium rubi aisladas de arándanos provenientes de distintas regiones de la República Argentina estableciendo su grado de heterogeneidad mediante pruebas microbiológicas clásicas y técnicas de biología molecular. Los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas bioquímicas y fisiológicas, así como mediante rep-PCR y RFLP del gen 23S ADNr, demostraron una alta variabilidad intraespecífica, tanto fenotípica como genotípica
The diversity of a collection of Agrobacterium rubi strains isolated from blueberries from different regions of Argentina was studied by conventional microbiological tests and molecular techniques. Results from biochemical and physiological reactions, as well as from rep-PCR and RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified 23S rDNA showed high phenotypic and genotypic intraspecific variation
Subject(s)
Blueberry Plants/microbiology , Agrobacterium/isolation & purification , Argentina , Genetic Variation , Microbiological Techniques , Agrobacterium/classification , Genotyping Techniques/methods , Molecular Biology/methodsABSTRACT
An inventory of the insect gall from Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) was elaborated based on samples of the collection of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Data on localities and host plants were obtained from the labels and information about the gall morphology (plant organ of occurrence, shape, and presence of trichomes) by observing the samples. The galling species was determined based on the literature. The collection includes 131 morphotypes of galls from Cerrado, obtained from 71 host plant species distributed in 50 genera and 30 botanical families (Table 1). All galls were collected in rupestrian fields (a rare vegetation physiognomy of the Brazilian Cerrado) in the state of Minas Gerais. As the collection comprises a great diversity of insect galls, it can be considered representative of this physiognomy.
Um levantamento de galhas de insetos do Cerrado brasileiro foi elaborado baseado em amostras da coleção do Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Dados de localidades e plantas hospedeiras foram obtidos das etiquetas e informações sobre a morfologia da galha (órgão vegetal de ocorrência, forma, e presença de tricomas) pela observação da amostra. As espécies galhadoras foram determinadas baseadas em literatura. A coleção inclui 131 morfotipos de galhas de Cerrado, obtidos de 71 espécies de plantas hospedeiras, distribuídas em 50 gêneros e 30 famílias botânicas (Tabela 1). Todas as galhas foram coletadas em campos rupestres (uma fisionomia vegetal rara do cerrado brasileiro) do Estado de Minas Gerais. Como a coleção compreende grande diversidade de galhas de insetos, pode ser considerada representativa para essa fisionomia.
ABSTRACT
An inventory of the insect gall from Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) was elaborated based on samples of the collection of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Data on localities and host plants were obtained from the labels and information about the gall morphology (plant organ of occurrence, shape, and presence of trichomes) by observing the samples. The galling species was determined based on the literature. The collection includes 131 morphotypes of galls from Cerrado, obtained from 71 host plant species distributed in 50 genera and 30 botanical families (Table 1). All galls were collected in rupestrian fields (a rare vegetation physiognomy of the Brazilian Cerrado) in the state of Minas Gerais. As the collection comprises a great diversity of insect galls, it can be considered representative of this physiognomy.
Um levantamento de galhas de insetos do Cerrado brasileiro foi elaborado baseado em amostras da coleção do Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Dados de localidades e plantas hospedeiras foram obtidos das etiquetas e informações sobre a morfologia da galha (órgão vegetal de ocorrência, forma, e presença de tricomas) pela observação da amostra. As espécies galhadoras foram determinadas baseadas em literatura. A coleção inclui 131 morfotipos de galhas de Cerrado, obtidos de 71 espécies de plantas hospedeiras, distribuídas em 50 gêneros e 30 famílias botânicas (Tabela 1). Todas as galhas foram coletadas em campos rupestres (uma fisionomia vegetal rara do cerrado brasileiro) do Estado de Minas Gerais. Como a coleção compreende grande diversidade de galhas de insetos, pode ser considerada representativa para essa fisionomia.
Subject(s)
Animals , Insecta/classification , Plant Tumors/classification , Brazil , MuseumsABSTRACT
Guiera senegalensis is a well known medicinal plant which is used as a drug in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antifungal activity from galls of Guiera senegalensis against different kinds of fungi in vitro. The chemical composition of the Guiera senegalensis volatile compounds obtained from the galls was analysed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Thirteen (13) components were identified for hexane-acetone (50:50) column fraction of hydroacetone extract and twenty one (21) compounds for hexane-acetone (50:50) column fraction of aqueous decoction extract. This composition differed according to the kind of extract. The ethyl acetate fraction extract from hydroacetone extract (EAF/HAE) exhibited the highest of flavonol content (0.56 ± 0.01 mg QE/100 mg of fraction). The G senegalensis exhibited an interesting antifungal activity against all strains tested.
ABSTRACT
Gall-inducing insects of an Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. Diversity of galling insects is reported for the first time in an Araucaria Forest site. We address gall characteristics, host plant identification and the inducer identification and provide additional information about sites of gall occurrence in a mosaic of continuous forest and natural forest patches. After 40h of sampling we found 57 species of five insect orders, the majority of them Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), galling 43 host plant species, which in turn belonged to 18 host plant families. Stem and buds together, compared to leaves, harbored more galls, which were mostly glabrous, isolated, fusiform and green. Myrtaceae, Asteraceae and Melastomataceae were the most representative host families. Similarities in gall characteristics to what has been reported in the literature probably result from spatial correlation in a larger scale driven by ecological and evolutionary processes.
ABSTRACT
Understanding variation in plant traits in heterogeneous habitats is important to predict responses to changing environments, but trait-environment associations are poorly known along ecological gradients. We tested the hypothesis that plant architectural complexity increases with habitat complexity along a soil fertility gradient in a Cerrado (Neotropical savanna) area in southeastern Brazil. Plant architecture and productivity (estimated as the total number of healthy infructescences) of Miconia albicans (SW.) Triana were examined in three types of vegetation which together form a natural gradient of increasing soil fertility, tree density and canopy cover: grasslands (campo sujo, CS), shrublands (cerrado sensu strico, CE) and woodlands (cerradão, CD). As expected, plants growing at the CS were shorter and had a lower branching pattern, whereas plants at the CD were the tallest. Unexpectedly, however, CD plants did not show higher architectural complexity compared to CE plants. Higher architectural similarity between CE and CD plants compared to similarity between CS and CE plants suggests reduced expression of functional architectural traits under shade. Plants growing at the CE produced more quaternary shoots, leading to a larger number of infructescences. This higher plant productivity in CE indicates that trait variation in ecological gradients is more complex than previously thought. Nematode-induced galls accounted for fruit destruction in 76.5% infructescences across physiognomies, but percentage of attack was poorly related to architectural variables. Our data suggest shade-induced limitation in M. albicans architecture, and point to complex phenotypic variation in heterogeneous habitats in Neotropical savannas.
O entendimento da variação dos atributos de plantas em ambientes heterogêneos é importante para prever respostas às mudanças climáticas; entretanto, a resposta de atributos das plantas às mudanças ambientais é pouco conhecida ao longo de gradientes ecológicos. Testou-se a hipótese de que a complexidade arquitetural de Miconia albicans (SW.) Triana aumenta com a complexidade ambiental, ao longo de um gradiente de fertilidade de solo em um Cerrado no sudeste brasileiro. A arquitetura e a produtividade (estimada por meio do número total de infrutescências sadias) foram examinadas em três tipos de vegetação, que formam um gradiente de fertilidade de solo, de densidade de árvores e de cobertura vegetal: campo sujo (CS), cerrado sensu stricto (CE) e cerradão (CD). Plantas crescendo no CS foram menores e apresentaram menor complexidade arquitetural, enquanto plantas no CD foram maiores. No entanto, de forma inesperada, plantas no CD não demonstraram maior complexidade arquitetural quando comparadas às plantas de CE, e a maior similaridade arquitetural entre plantas de CE e CD, quando comparadas com plantas de CE e CS, sugere que a expressão de atributos funcionais da arquitetura é limitada sob condições de sombra. Plantas de CE produziram mais ramos quaternários e maior número de infrutescências, sendo que a maior produtividade destas plantas indica que a variação de atributos em gradientes ecológicos é mais complexa do que se pensava anteriormente. Galhas de nematóides destruíram 76,5% das infrutescências nas vegetações, mas a porcentagem de ataque não esteve fortemente correlacionada com as variáveis arquiteturais. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem limitação na expressão da arquitetura da planta induzida pela sombra e apontam para uma complexa variação fenotípica na colonização de ambientes heterogêneos de savanas neotropicais.
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Plants , Plant Development/physiology , Soil/chemistry , Brazil , Phenotype , Plants/classification , Plants/parasitologyABSTRACT
As restingas da região sudeste do Brasil apresentam 476 morfotipos de galhas de insetos distribuídos em 60 famílias, 131 gêneros e 229 espécies de plantas. As Myrtaceae, Asteraceae e Fabaceae destacam-se por apresentar maior riqueza de galhas e maior número de espécies galhadas. Os gêneros super-hospedeiros são Eugenia (Myrtaceae), Mikania (Asteraceae) e Myrcia (Myrtaceae). As espécies super-hospedeiras são: Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae), Mikania cf. biformis (Asteraceae) e seis espécies de Myrtaceae: Eugenia adstringens, Eugenia multiflora, Eugenia copacabanensis, Myrcia fallax, Myrciaria floribunda e Psidium cattleyanum. As galhas ocorrem em todos os órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos, predominando nas folhas. Os indutores pertencem às ordens Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera e Hymenoptera. Os Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) destacam-se como o principal grupo galhador e são os únicos insetos a induzir galhas em todos os órgãos vegetais, mostrando uma forte preferência por folhas. Os Lepidoptera representam o segundo grupo galhador mais diversificado em relação ao órgão vegetal atacado, induzindo galhas em folhas, caules, gemas e frutos, com forte preferência por caule. O conhecimento taxonômico das espécies galhadoras ainda é incipiente. Apenas 35% das espécies galhadoras estão identificadas (21% em nível de espécie e 14% em nível de gênero). Os demais registros estão em categorias taxonômicas supragenéricas. Os Cecidomyiidae estão representados por 43 gêneros (cerca de 49% da fauna brasileira desta família) com 156 espécies (84 determinadas e 72 não determinadas), mostrando uma boa representatividade do grupo na região sudeste. Os gêneros mais diversificados são: Clinodiplosis (31 spp.), Neolasioptera (17 spp.), Asphondylia (15 spp.), Lopesia (15 spp.) e Dasineura (13 spp.). Quinze novas ocorrências de galhas são assinaladas para os municípios de Cabo Frio e Paraty (RJ), e uma nova espécie de planta hospedeira é registrada.
The restingas of the Southeastern region of Brazil present 476 morphotypes of insect galls found on 60 families, 131 genera, and 229 plant species. Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae are the plant families with the greatest richness of galls and number of galled species. The superhost genera are Eugenia (Myrtaceae), Mikania (Asteraceae), and Myrcia (Myrtaceae). The superhost species are Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae), Mikania cf. biformis (Asteraceae), and six species of (Myrtaceae); Eugenia adstringens, Eugenia multiflora, Eugenia copacabanensis, Myrcia fallax, Myrciaria floribunda and Psidium cattleyanum. The galls occur on all vegetative and reprodutive plant organs, being more common on leaves. The gallers belong to Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) are the most frequent galling insects and the single group that produces galls on all plant organs, showing a strong preference for leaves. Lepidoptera are in the second place and the gallers attack leaves, stems, buds and fruits, with a strong preference for stems. Little is known about the taxonomical knowlegde of galling species (21% are identified at species level and 14% at genus level). The other records are in suprageneric categories. Cecidomyiidae are represented by 43 genera (about 49% of the Brazilian fauna) with 156 species (84 determined and 72 not determined), showing a good representativeness in the Southeastern region of Brazil. The most diversified genera are Clinodiplosis (31 spp.), Neolasioptera (17 spp.), Asphondylia (15 spp.), Lopesia (15 spp.), and Dasineura (13 spp.). Fifteen new gall occurrences are recorded from Cabo Frio and Paraty (RJ), and a new record of host plant is presented.
ABSTRACT
The genus Apiococcus Hempel (Hemiptera, Eriococcidae), with redescription of two species. Apiococcus Hempel is a genus from Brazil composed of four gall-inducing species. The adult females of two species, Apiococcus globosus Hempel and A. singularis Hempel, from Brazil, are redescribed and illustrated. Keys to the species of the genus and their galls are given.
ABSTRACT
Total phenols, total tannins, proanthocyanidins, total flavonoids and total hydroxycinnamic acids of healthy leaves and galls of Schinus longifolius (Lindl.) Speg. (Anacardiaceae) infected by Calophya mammifex (Hemiptera - Calophyidae) were analized. The gall presents a qualitative and quantitative change in the polyphenols analysed, with a reduction of phenols, tannins, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids and an increased content of proanthocyanidins, whose monomer yielded cyanidin after acid cleavage. An anatomical survey was performed and clusters of sclereids and an increased vascular development respect of the healthy leaf were found. An histochemical survey showed a differential expression of polyphenolic compounds in their tissues. C. mammifex could use the gall as a shelter against adverse weather conditions and predators, and also provide food with less potentially harmful compounds in the early stages of its development.
Se analizaron los fenoles totales, taninos totales, proantocianidinas, flavonoides totales y ácidos hidroxicinámicos totales de hojas sanas y agallas de Schinus longifolius (Lindl.) Speg. (Anacardiaceae) infectado por Calophya mammifex (Hemiptera - Calophyidae). La agalla presenta una variación cuali-cuantitativa de los polifenoles estudiados, con una disminución de los fenoles, taninos, flavonoides y ácidos hidroxicinámicos y un aumento en el contenido de proantocianidinas, cuyo monómero se transforma en cianidina luego del clivaje ácido. Se realizó además un análisis anatómico de la agalla donde se encontraron acúmulos de esclereidas y un mayor desarrollo vascular respecto de la hoja sana y un ensayo histoquímico que mostró una expresión diferencial de metabolitos polifenólicos en sus tejidos. C. mammifex utiliza la agalla como refugio contra las condiciones climáticas adversas y predadores y provee además de alimento con menos compuestos potencialmente perjudiciales en las etapas tempranas de su desarrollo.
Subject(s)
Anacardiaceae/parasitology , Anacardiaceae/chemistry , Hemiptera/physiology , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Polyphenols/analysis , Phenols/analysis , Histocytochemistry , Plant Leaves/parasitology , Proanthocyanidins , Polyphenols/metabolism , Tannins/analysisABSTRACT
An inventory of gall inducing insects and their host plants in the Atlantic forest of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil is presented. Samples of galls and their host plants were taken in six fragments of Atlantic forest. One hundred thirty-six different morphotypes of insect galls on 79 host plant species belonging to 35 plant families and 53 genera were recorded. The host plant families most attacked by galling insects were: Lecythidaceae, Myrtaceae, and Nyctaginaceae. The most frequent galling taxa were Diptera of the Cecidomyiidae family (95%), followed by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Galls occurred most frequently on leaves and stems, had globoid and elliptical shapes, green color and absence of trichomes on the external walls. The data indicate an intermediary richness of gall inducing insects when compared to other Brazilian Atlantic forests.
Um inventário de insetos galhadores e suas plantas hospedeiras foi realizado para a Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. As galhas e suas plantas hospedeiras foram amostradas em seis fragmentos de Mata Atlântica. Cento e trinta e seis diferentes morfotipos de galhas de insetos em 79 espécies de plantas hospedeiras pertencentes a 35 famílias de plantas e 53 gêneros foram registrados. As famílias de plantas mais atacadas por insetos galhadores foram: Lecythidaceae, Myrtaceae e Nyctaginaceae. O grupo mais frequente de galhador foi Diptera da família Cecidomyiidae (95%), seguido por Lepidoptera e Coleoptera. Galhas ocorreram mais frequentemente sobre as folhas e caules, possuíam um formato globoso e formas elípticas, de cor verde e ausência de tricomas nas paredes externas. Os dados indicam uma riqueza intermediária de insetos indutores de quando comparado com outras florestas atlânticas brasileiras.