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Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable medical macrofungus with a myriad of diverse secondary metabolites, in which triterpenoids are the major constituents. This paper introduced the germplasm resources of genus Ganoderma from textual research, its distribution and identification at the molecular level. Also we overviewed G. lucidum in the components, the biological activities and biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acid, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of G. lucidum germplasm resources and the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid.
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Objective: To dig out and analyze the medication rule of optic atrophy treatment by TCM master Pin-zheng Liao using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System, and summarize and explore its potential new prescription. Methods: A total of 90 TCM prescriptions for the treatment of optic atrophy by Pin-zheng Liao were collected. Based on frequency statistics, association rule, entropy clustering method rule analysis and other data mining methods, the law and characteristics of drugs were excavated. Results: A total of 113 herbs were included in 90 prescriptions, the most frequently used Chinese herbs were Lycium barbarum, Ganoderma lucidum, etc. Tonic drugs were used the most, the medicated herbs were usually sweet and peace, the Chinese herbs which belong to the liver channel were the most in channel tropism drugs. Seventeen combinations of commonly used drugs were obtained by association rule analysis. Based on entropy clustering method rule analysis, 10 potential new prescriptions were obtained. Conclusion: TCM master Pin-zheng Liao believes that optic atrophy is closely related to liver, spleen and idney. Blood stasis and vein obstruction is the main pathogenesis of the disease. The drugs with effects of activating blood circulation and dredging the meridians, tonifying liver and kidney were recommended for the treating.
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Objective To study the structure of active polysaccharide peptide purified from Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract, and used as a reference substance for the determination of polysaccharide peptide content in G. lucidum products. Methods GL-PPSQ2 was obtained by hot water extraction, separation and purification with membrane ultrafiltration and gel-filtration chromatography. The physicochemical determination and spectral date were used for structural identification. The content of polysaccharide peptide was detected by HPLC with UV detector, water was used as mobile phase and the flow rate was 1 mL/min. Results GL-PPSQ2 was a pure polysaccharide peptide with purity above 97%, molecular weight of 5.0 × 104, polysaccharide content of 87.17%, and yield of 0.49%. The monosaccharides composition analysis showed that GL-PPSQ2 was glucose-based polysaccharide with a small amount of mannose, which contained 16 kinds of amino acids with the total amount of amino acids of 5.04%. Based on the methylation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, the repeating unit of GL-PPSQ2 was composed of →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→backbone, with four repeating units connected a long chain branch at O-6 which was composed of α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)- β-D-Glcp-(1→ and →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ in sequence. Conclusion The active polysaccharide peptide was isolated and purified by membrane technology and gel chromatography. The method was simple and rapid, which provided a scientific basis for the quality control of polysaccharide peptide in G. lucidum extract and its products.
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Objective: To study the effects of cadmium stress on mycelial growth and accumulation of metabolites in Ganoderma lucidum, and to explore the mechanisms affecting growth and accumulation of metabolites, and to provide evidence for controlling cadmium in the production and cultivation of G. lucidum. Methods: The mycelium of G. lucidum was cultured under the conditions of heavy metal ion cadmium concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 4, 10, and 40 mg/L, and its biomass accumulation, intracellular ROS level, membrane oxidative damage, anti-oxidant enzyme activity, and ROS regulation related enzyme expression were analyzed. Results: When the concentration of cadmium reached 4 mg/L, the mycelial growth was inhibited. The levels of intracellular ROS, H2O2, and MDA increased significantly, increasing by 76%, 46% and 325%, respectively, and increased with the increase of cadmium concentration; The NADPH expression levels of oxidase gene (NOXA), superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1 and SOD4), and CATalase gene (CAT) were significantly up-regulated. When the cadmium concentration reached 10 mg/L, the inhibitory effect was significant. The colony growth diameter and the dry weight inhibition rate of fermentation mycelium were 26.15% and 32.78%, respectively. The total triterpenoid inhibition rate of G. lucidum was 33.7%, and the inhibition rate of total protein synthesis was 30.3%. Inhibition of polysaccharides was not significant. When the cadmium concentration reached 40 mg/L, the expression levels of Ascorbate peroxidase gene (APX) and Glutathione peroxidase gene (GPX) were significantly up-regulated. With the increase of cadmium concentration, the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, and GPX increased first and then decreased. When the concentration of cadmium reached 1 mg/L, the activity of GPX decreased and the activity of APX increased significantly. Exogenous addition of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and vitamin C (VC) had significant effects on cadmium-induced G. lucidum clearance of ROS and reduction of MDA content. Conclusion: Cadmium stress causes the decrease of mycelial production and metabolite accumulation of G. lucidum, which may be due to the inhibition of GPX activity by cadmium ions, resulting in the accumulation of H2O2, causing the increase of ROS level and membrane oxidative damage, inhibiting mycelial growth and accumulation of metabolites, and regulating NOX. Up-regulation of gene expression results in an increase in anti-oxidant enzyme activity and expression to increase the clearance of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the cadmium content should be controlled within the range of 1 mg/L during the production process.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum and its activities. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified from the 95% ethanol extract of G. lucidum by silica gel CC, MPLC, HPLC, and so on. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase compared with those of the positive control acarbose. Results: A total of 11 lanostane triterpenoids were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of G. lucidum and identified as ganoderanol A (1), ganoderic acid H (2), ganoderic acid AM1 (3), ganoderic acid D (4), methyl ganoderate D (5), ganolucidic acid E (6), 11α-hydroxy-3,7-dioxo-5α-lanosta-8,24 (E)-dien-26-oic acid (7), ganoderenic acid D (8), lucidenic acid A (9), methyl lucidenate F (10), and lucidenic acid B (11). Conclusion: Among them, compound 1 is a new compound. Additionally, compounds 1 and 5 show moderate inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Methods: The constituents were separated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. The structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral analyses. Results: Six compounds were obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction of 80% ethanol extract of G. lucidum and identified as methyl lucidente B (1), methyl lucidente K (2), methyl lucidente A (3), methyl lucidente F (4), 2, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (5), and 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (6). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound, compound 6 is found from the fruiting body of G. lucidum for the first time, and compound 5 is first found from the genus Ganoderma Karst.
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Objective: To investigate the solid fermentation technology for Ganoderma lucidum with Epimedium koreanum containing medium and its practicability. Methods: Four G. lucidum strains were solid fermented in E. koreanum containing medium. The polysaccharide contents of fermented products were tested using phenol-sulphuric acid method. Results: The polysaccharide content of Ganoderma-Epimedy fungal substance was higher than that of G. lucidum in the control medium; By observing the dynamic changes of the polysaccharide contents in the fermented products from the drug-containing medium at different time, it was found that the end point of Ganoderma A-Epimedy was on the day 21 and the fermented terminal point of Ganoderma B, C, and D with Epimedy was on the day 28. Conclusion: Compared with G. lucidum in the control medium, the polysaccharide contents of the fermentative combination of Ganoderma-Epimedy could be significantly improved by 3-13 times.
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To explore the distribution of the bitter principle ganoderic acid B in different parts of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst.. Methods Ganoderic acid B in epidermis, phellem, stipe, spore and pileus were determined by RP-HPLC. Results Ganoderic acid B was found to be mainly concentrated in the entire surface of the basidiocarp, other parts contained much less amount. Conclusion Result of the study may provide references for the search of such active principle from this fungus.
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Objective To compare the monosaccharide composition and molar ratio of GL-PPT2, GL-PPT3, and GL-PPT4, which are three polysaccharide peptides isolated from the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum. Methods The polysaccharide peptides were hydrolyzed by triflouroacetic acid, then derivatized by trichloro-aldehyde-1-pheny-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), and determined by HPLC method with the 245 nm detection wavelength. Gradient elution with the solution of KH2PO4 (pH 5.0)-acetonitrile (83.5∶16.5) resulted in baseline separation of nine monosaccharides, of which the chromatographic peaks were very clear. Results GL-PPT2, GL-PPT3, and GL-PPT4 comprise the nine monosaccharides of mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, galactose, and glucuronic acid. Conclusion The ribose in polysaccharide peptides of G. lucidum is first reported.
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Objective To study the optimum culture media and liquid conditions in shaking flasks for laccase production by Ganoderma lucidum. Methods Taking S_3 stain of G. lucidum as test materials and laccase activity of G. lucidum as measurement index to optimize the culture media and liquid conditions through orthogonal test. Results The optimum culture components of media were: Glucose 30 g/L, cotton 0.2%, (NH_4)_2HPO_4 0.66 g/L, casein 0.5%, Tween-80 0.15 mL; the optimum conditions were: initial pH value of medium was 5.5, 75 mL medium was in 250 mL-flask, inoculation was 12.5%, mycelium age was 5?24 h for 9?24 h culture. Conclusion Laccase activity of G. lucidum has been improved remarkably in the optimum culture media and liquid conditions.
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ObjectTo study the application of ultrasonic circulation technique for the extraction of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex Fr.) Karst. Methods On the basis of conventional method, the processing steps of ultrasonic circulation treatment were added. Results The comparative experiments showed that less amounts of various solvents and shorter extraction time were needed for ultrasonic circulation extraction, with the product ratio of about 40 percent higher than that of conventional method. Furthermore, a good consistency of the target product analyzed by HPLC was found between two different extraction methods. Conclusion The ultrasonic circulation technique has a potential application to the extraction of triterpenoids from G. lucidum.