Excesso de óbitos classificados com códigos garbage na pandemia de Covid-19, no estado da Paraíba / Excess of deaths classified with garbage codes in the COVID-19 pandemic / Exceso de muertes clasificados con códigos garbage en la pandemia COVID-19

Resumo No cenário de calamidade assistido durante a pandemia de Covid-19, o ato de definir a causa básica de um óbito não foi trivial e o aumento da utilização dos códigos garbage (códigos mal definidos ou pouco específicos) traz preocupação em relação à qualidade da informação sobre as causas de morte nos estados do Brasil. Constatou-se um aumento significativo do número de óbitos no período pandêmico no estado da Paraíba, localizado na região Nordeste do Brasil, situação que se assemelhou ao contexto nacional. Em 2020 ocorreram 31.107 óbitos na Paraíba, enquanto no período de 2015 a 2019 foi identificada uma média de 27.000 óbitos. O objetivo do presente estudo é identificar e mensurar o excesso de óbitos classificados com códigos garbage em 2020, no estado da Paraíba, durante a pandemia de Covid-19. As séries temporais de óbitos foram obtidas do Painel de Monitoramento da Mortalidade por Causas Básicas Inespecíficas ou Incompletas (garbage codes) do Ministério da Saúde, para todos os meses de 2015 a 2020. Foram calculadas as projeções de óbitos totais e dos óbitos por códigos garbage (CG). O cálculo do excesso da proporção de óbitos classificados por códigos garbage no estado da Paraíba, em 2020, resultou em 8,58%, destacando-se o mês de junho com o maior valor (19,42%). Espera-se contribuir para avanços no conhecimento da realidade da qualidade da informação da notificação dos óbitos em uma área do país que almeja avanços nesse sentido e evidenciar a necessidade da investigação em outras localidades do Brasil.

Abstract In the disaster scenario witnessed during the pandemic caused by COVID-19, the act of defining the underlying cause of a death was no trivial matter and the increased use of Garbage Codes (poorly defined or not very specific codes) raises concerns regarding the quality of the information on causes of death in the states of Brazil. There was a significant increase in the number of deaths during the pandemic in the state of Paraíba, located in the Northeast region of Brazil, a situation similar to the national context. There were 31,107 deaths in 2020 in Paraíba, while an average of 27,000 deaths were identified for the period 2015 to 2019. Our goal was to identify and measure the excess of deaths classified with Garbage Codes in the COVID-19 pandemic in the geographic space of the state of Paraíba in 2020. The time series of deaths were obtained from the Mortality Monitoring Panel for Unspecific or Incomplete Basic Causes (Garbage Codes) of the Ministry of Health, for all months of the years 2015 to 2020. Projections of total deaths and deaths by Garbage Codes (GC) were calculated. The calculation of the excess proportion of deaths classified by Garbage Codes in the state of Paraíba resulted in 8.58%, highlighting the month of June 2020, which reached the maximum value equal to 19.42%. We expect to contribute to advance knowledge regarding the current reality of quality information on death notifications in an area of the country that seeks to make progress in this direction and to highlight the need for research in other locations in Brazil.

Resumen En el escenario de desastre que se vivió durante la pandemia de COVID-19, definir la causa subyacente de una muerte no fue baladí y el aumento del uso de códigos garbage (códigos mal definidos o poco específicos) genera preocupaciones acerca la calidad de la información sobre las causas de muerte en los estados de Brasil. En cuanto al aumento del número de muertes en el período de la pandemia en el estado de Paraíba, en la región Nordeste de Brasil, la situación fue similar al contexto nacional: 31.107 muertes en 2020, mientras que durante el período 2015-2019 el promedio fue de 27.000 muertes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y medir el exceso de muertes clasificadas con códigos Garbage en la pandemia de COVID-19 en el estado de Paraíba en 2020. Las series temporales de defunciones se obtuvieron del Panel de Seguimiento de Mortalidad por Causas Básicas Inespecíficas o Incompletas del Ministerio de Salud, para todos los meses de 2015 a 2020. Se calcularon proyecciones de muertes totales y muertes por códigos basura, para los que el cálculo de la proporción de exceso de muertes resultó en 8,58 %, con un valor de 19,42 % durante junio. Se espera contribuir a la calidad de la información sobre las notificaciones de muerte en un área del país que busca avances en esa dirección y resaltar la necesidad de investigaciones en otras localidades de Brasil.

Atelier photo comme dispositif d'analyse de l'activité de collecte des déchets / Photo workshop as a device for analyzing garbage collection activity / Oficina de fotos como dipositivo para análise da atividade de coleta de lixo

Résumé L'article présente une expérience d'analyse des activités du travailleur de la collecte des déchets dans une ville, basée sur le dispositif de l'Atelier photo et ayant comme référence théorique la Clinique de l'Activité. L'objectif de l'étude est d'analyser l'activité des travailleurs exerçant le métier d'éboueurs dans une ville de l'État de Rio de Janeiro. L'Atelier photo a été choisi comme dispositif de recherche et d'intervention afin d'utiliser les images comme déclencheurs de la coanalyse du travail, faisant émerger une réalité collective, présente dans toutes les activités de travail. L'objectif de ce dispositif est de déclencher, à partir de la production d'images, des questions et des réflexions sur l'activité de travail. En ce sens, à travers les résultats recueillis lors de cette recherche et intervention, il est devenu évident que l'Atelier photo peut être un dispositif possible dans le développement du pouvoir d'agir des travailleurs, permettant ainsi des échanges collectifs, le genre professionnel étant un instrument décisif du pouvoir d'agir des personnes impliquées.

Abstract The article presents an experience of analysis of the activities of the garbage collection worker in a city, based on the device of the Photo Workshop and having as a theoretical reference the Clinic of the Activity. The focus of the study is on the analysis of the activity of workers who work as garbage collectors in a city in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The Photo Workshop was chosen as a research and intervention device in order to use the images as triggers for the co-analysis of the work, giving rise to a collective reality, present in all work activities. The purpose of this device is to trigger, from the production of images, questions and reflections about the work activity. In this sense, through the results collected from this research and intervention, it became evident that the Photo Workshop can be a possible device in the development of the workers' power to act, thus enabling collective exchanges, with the professional genre being a decisive instrument of the workers' power to act. involved.

Resumo O artigo apresenta uma experiência de análise das atividades do trabalhador de coleta de lixo em uma cidade, com base no dispositivo de Oficina de fotos e tendo como referência teórica a Clínica da Atividade. O foco do estudo está na análise da atividade dos trabalhadores que exercem o ofício de coletores de lixo, em uma cidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A Oficina de fotos foi escolhida como dispositivo de pesquisa e intervenção a fim de utilizar as imagens como disparadores da co-análise do trabalho, fazendo emergir uma realidade coletiva, presente em todas as atividades de trabalho. O objetivo desse dispositivo é disparar, a partir da produção de imagens, questionamentos e reflexões acerca da atividade de trabalho. Nesse sentido, através dos resultados coletados desta pesquisa e intervenção, ficou evidenciado que a Oficina de Fotos pode ser um dispositivo possível no desenvolvimento do poder de agir dos trabalhadores, possibilitando assim intercâmbios coletivos, sendo o gênero profissional um instrumento decisivo do poder de agir dos envolvidos.

Manejo y disposición de desechos sólidos en la zona industrial Lurigancho del Perú / Management and disposal of solid waste in the Lurigancho industrial zone of Peru

La presente nota científica plantea una propuesta para gestionar de manera integral el problema ocasionado por la mala disposición de los desechos sólidos en la zona industrial Lurigancho, Perú. Se basa en el modelo de operador, que considera la parte política, estratégica y regulador, de esta manera contar con indicadores, que sirvan de herramientas para la toma de decisiones en la en la gestión de residuos a las plantas industriales a partir de su control, vigilancia, información y clasificación. Esta propuesta se aplicó en doce lugares de disposición de los residuos industriales, puntos de monitoreo, con dos intervenciones, con la evaluación inicial se observó caos ambiental, con desbordamiento de los contenedores de basura, sin aprovechamiento de los residuos y proliferación de fauna nociva. Posterior a la inducción para ejecutar la propuesta, en la segunda intervención, posterior a 45 días, se precisó mejoras considerables, aplicándose recomendaciones objetivas basadas en los valores de los indicadores los que permitieron la planificación estratégica y operativa y de la programación y el control generales. Los resultados preliminares hacen suponer que esta propuesta atiende requerimientos medioambientales y de salubridad, a través de la reducción y procesamiento de los residuos, cuya inadecuada disposición puede llegar a afectar la salud humana(AU)

This scientific note presents a proposal to comprehensively manage the problem caused by poor disposal of solid waste in the Lurigancho industrial zone, Peru. It is based on the operator model, which considers the political, strategic and regulatory part, thus having indicators that serve as tools for decision-making in the management of waste at industrial plants based on its control. , surveillance, information and classification. This proposal was applied in twelve industrial waste disposal sites, monitoring points, with two interventions, with the initial evaluation environmental chaos was observed, with overflow of garbage containers, without use of waste and proliferation of harmful fauna. After the induction to execute the proposal, in the second intervention, after 45 days, considerable improvements were required, applying objective recommendations based on the values of the indicators, which allowed strategic and operational planning and general programming and control. . Preliminary results suggest that this proposal meets environmental and health requirements, through the reduction and processing of waste, whose inadequate disposal can affect human health(AU)

Microbial inoculants and garbage fermentation liquid reduced root-knot nematode disease and As uptake in Panax quinquefolium cultivation by modulating rhizosphere microbiota community / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To find a suitable ecological cultivation measure to solve the problem of root-knot nematode disease of Panax quinquefolium (Panacis Quinquefolii Radix) and the heavy metals accumulating in its roots. Methods: Three-year-old P. quinquefolium was treated with four different combinations of microbial inoculant (MI) and garbage fermentation liquid (GFL) [the joint application of ‘TuXiu’ MI and Fifty potassium MI (TF), the combination use of ‘No. 1′ MI and Fifty potassium MI (NF), ‘Gulefeng’ poly-γ-glutamic acid MI (PGA), GFL], and the untreated control (CK). Here, high-throughput sequencing, ICP-MS and UPLC were employed to systematically characterize changes of microbial diversity and structure composition, heavy metals (As, Cd and Pb) content and ginsenoside content among different treatments. Results: The results revealed that different MIs and GFL could increase the root dry weight of P. quinquefolium, PGA enhanced it by 83.24%, followed by GFL (49.93%), meanwhile, PGA and GFL were able to lessen root-knot nematode disease incidence by 57.25% and 64.35%. The treatment of PGA and GFL can also effectively reduce heavy metals in roots. The As content in GFL and PGA was decreased by 52.17% and 43.48% respectively, while the Cd and Pb contents of GFL and PGA was decreased somewhat. Additionally, the content of total ginsenosides was increased by 42.14% and 42.07%, in response to TF and NF, respectively. Our metagenomic analysis showed that the relative abundance of particular soil microbial community members related to the biocontrol of root-knot nematode disease and plant pathogen (i.e., Chaetomium in NF, Xylari in GFL, and Microascus in PGA), heavy metal bioremediation (Hyphomacrobium in PGA and Xylaria in GFL), and nitrogen fixation (Nordella and Nitrospira in TF) was significantly increased; notably, potential harmful microflora, such as Plectosaphaerella and Rhizobacter, were more abundant in the control group. Conclusion: MI and GFL could improve the quality of P. quinquefolium by modifying its rhizosphere microbial community structure and composition, both of them are beneficial to the development of ecological cultivation of P. quinquefolium.

Residue localization and risk for aspiration in partial laryngectomy: the relevance of assertive therapeutic strategies and resources

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the correlation between the residues, their anatomical location and the presence of laryngotracheal penetration and aspiration in patients after supracricoid laryngectomy undergoing cricohyoidoepiglotopexy reconstruction. Methods: This study included 70 patients treated by supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglotopexy reconstruction in a referral national cancer hospital. The patients were submitted to swallowing videofluoroscopy, and the findings were classified by the penetration and aspiration scale. The images were described observing the presence or absence of residues and their anatomical location. Results: The prevalence of penetration in this study was 68.6% and aspiration was 34.3%. An association was found between the presence of residue on the tongue (p=0.005), posterior pharyngeal wall (p=0.013), pyriform recesses (p=0.002), valecula (p=0.061), and laryngeal penetration. The residue in the upper esophageal sphincter (p=0.039) was associated with the occurrence of laryngotracheal aspiration. Conclusion: Patients undergoing supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohioidoepiglotopexy reconstruction have food residues in different anatomical regions after swallowing. Penetration was associated with the presence of residues on the base of the tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall. Aspiration was associated with the presence of residues in the upper esophageal sphincter.

Coletores de lixo no Brasil em 2013: análise sobre condições de trabalho e saúde / Waste collectors in Brazil 2013: analysis on working and health conditions

Os catadores de materiais recicláveis podem ser considerados elementos-chave no processo de sustentabilidade ambiental, desempenhando importantes atividades para o tratamento adequado dos resíduos sólidos. Este trabalho visa analisar a dinâmica de trabalho e as condições de saúde dos coletores de lixo no Brasil no ano de 2013 e estabelecer comparações com a totalidade dos trabalhadores ocupados em outras profissões. Foram utilizados os dados quantitativos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 a partir de modelagem estatísticas. Pôde-se constatar que homens, mais velhos, com baixa escolaridade, de cor/raça preta ou parda, com baixa remuneração e que fazem uso do tabaco e/ou do álcool diariamente apresentam mais chances de ocuparem a profissão de catador. Os resultados retratam que os trabalhadores da coleta de materiais recicláveis do Brasil constituem uma fração da força de trabalho bastante vulnerável, sendo necessário que os agentes governamentais de saúde enfrentem a problemática das condições de trabalho e saúde dos catadores

The recyclable materials pickers can be seen as key elements in the process of environmental sustainability, performing important activities for the adequate treatment of solid waste. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of both work and health conditions of waste collectors in Brazil in the year of 2013 and to establish comparisons with the total number of workers in other professions. Was used the quantitative data of the 2013 National Health Survey were explored through statistics models. The results show that men, older, with less education, from black or brown color/race, with low salary and use tabaco and/or drink alcohol on a daily basis present a higher chance of occupying profession of a waste collector. The results show that the workers who collect recyclable materials constitute a fraction of the work force very vulnerable It is necessary that the government health agents face the problematic conditions of both the work and health of the collectors

"O motor é a gente mesmo": cuidado em saúde dos trabalhadores da reciclagem / "We are the engine": recycling workers' healthcare / "El motor somos nosotros mismos": cuidado de salud de los trabajadores del reciclaje

O catador de materiais recicláveis é excluído pelo tipo de atividade que realiza, em condições inadequadas e sem reconhecimento social. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender o processo saúde-doença-cuidado de pessoas que trabalham com reciclagem para auxiliar na formação de estratégias de acolhimento dessa população na Atenção Primária. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo de base qualitativa, tendo sido realizadas oito entrevistas com trabalhadores da reciclagem e análise hermenêutica gadameriana. A análise evidenciou três grandes núcleos argumentais: cotidiano do trabalho, riscos ocupacionais e relação com os serviços de saúde. A reciclagem para muitos trabalhadores é uma última opção de sobrevivência dentro das regras sociais do mundo do trabalho; e a possibilidade de trabalhar, apesar de todas as suas dificuldades, esforços e sobrecargas, é vista como uma forma digna de sobrevivência e valorizada como um dos maiores bens de suas vidas.(AU)

Recycling collectors are excluded for the activity they perform (in inadequate conditions and with no social recognition). The objective of this research was to understand the health-disease-care process of people who work with recycling to help build strategies to welcome this population in Primary healthcare. It was an exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative study where eight interviews were conducted with recycling workers. The analysis was conducted based on Gadamer's hermeneutics. The analysis evidenced three large argumentative nuclei: work routine, occupational risks, and health service relation. For most workers, recycling is their last resort to survive in the social rules of the occupational world, despite all its difficulties, efforts, and burdens. It is considered a dignified way of survival and valued as one of the greatest assets in their lives: the possibility to work.(AU)

El recogedor de materiales reciclables es excluido por el tipo de actividad que realiza, en condiciones inadecuadas y sin reconocimiento social. El objetivo de este estudio fue entender el proceso salud-enfermedad-cuidado de personas que trabajan con reciclaje para auxiliar en la formación de estrategias de acogida de esta población en la Atención Primaria. Estudio exploratorio descriptivo de base cualitativa, habiéndose realizado ocho entrevistas con trabajadores del reciclaje y un análisis utilizando la hermenéutica gadameriana. El análisis mostró tres grandes núcleos argumentales: cotidiano del trabajo, riesgos ocupacionales y relación con los servicios de salud. Para muchos trabajadores, el reciclaje, es una última opción de supervivencia dentro de las reglas sociales del mundo del trabajo y, a pesar de todas sus dificultades, esfuerzos y sobrecargas, es vista como una forma digna de supervivencia y valorizada como uno de los mayores bienes de sus vidas: la posibilidad de trabajar.(AU)

Analysis of the status of rural garbage and sewage treatment in Shanxi Province, 2016-2018 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the status and dynamic changes in the treatment of rural garbage and sewage in Shaanxi Province and provide the basis for relevant departments to formulate policies and measures. Methods Every year from 2016 to 2018, 600 administrative villages in 30 agricultural counties were randomly selected as monitoring points, and 3 000 households were selected as monitoring households. Monitoring data was obtained through data reading, interviews, and on-site observations. Results The three-year rural population coverage rate of the garbage treatment plant was 28.31%, 36.10%, 39.36%, respectively, and the sewage treatment plant coverage rate was 12.27%, 20.39%, 15.02%, respectively. The annual differences were statistically significant（χ2=23.24、22.42，P=0.00）. The proportion of monitoring points for the three-year unified collection of domestic garbage was 30.50%, 43.67%, 51.00%, respectively, and the percentage of monitoring points for incineration garbage was 16.67%, 15.00%, 8.33%, respectively, and the annual differences were statistically significant（χ2=53.25、20.19，P=0.00）. The proportion of domestic sewage discharge monitoring points through pipelines was 12.67%, 11.17%, 31.17%, respectively, and the proportion of monitoring points discharged into treatment plants was 4.33%, 6.00%, 15.17%, respectively, and the annual differences were both statistically significant（χ2=99.45、52.50，P=0.00）. Conclusion In recent years, the rural garbage and sewage treatment situation in Shaanxi Province had improved, but there was still much room for improvement. It is recommended to increase environmental protection publicity and government investment, strengthen daily supervision, pay equal attention to construction and management, control the random stacking and discharging of garbage and sewage, and enhance the disposal rate of garbage and sewage.

Nexo biopsíquico humano no contexto dos catadores de lixo de uma associação do município de Arapiraca-AL / Human biopsychic nexus in the context of garbage collectors from an association in the city of Arapiraca-AL, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o nexo biopsíquico humano dos catadores de material reciclável de uma associação. Trata-se de estudo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em 2017, no município de Arapiraca-AL. A partir de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, foram entrevistados sete catadores. O roteiro abordou quatro eixos: sociodemográfico, processo de trabalho, consequências da atividade de catação e condições gerais de vida, possibilitando reunir elementos para analisar o "nexo biopsíquico humano" desse grupo, conforme a proposta de Laurell e Noriega. Foi possível identificar algumas das cargas de trabalho que os catadores estão expostos, como as mecânicas, psíquicas e fisiológicas relacionadas à organização do processo de trabalho. O fenômeno da "normalidade sofrente" se faz presente entre os catadores, consubstanciando uma espécie de mecanismo de pseudoproteção da atividade que, embora provoque adoecimento, oferece-lhes algum sustento. Também foram identificadas as cargas biológicas, pelo contato de material contaminado, perfurocortantes e insetos. As cargas de trabalho compõem um processo mais amplo no qual as condições gerais de vida potencializam o processo de desgaste e adoecimento, porquanto esses catadores enfrentem problemas sociais como falta de saneamento, segurança, saúde e educação. Portanto, constitui-se um "nexo biopsíquico humano" no qual a doença se sobrepõe à saúde.

Abstract The study aimed to analyze the human biopsychic nexus of recyclable material collectors in an association. This is a qualitative study, carried out in 2017, in the city of Arapiraca-AL, Brazil. From a semi-structured interview script, seven waste collectors were interviewed. The script covered four axes: sociodemographic, work process, consequences of the scavenging activity and general living conditions, making it possible to gather elements to analyze the "human biopsychic nexus" of this group, as proposed by Laurell and Noriega. We identified some of the workloads that the collectors are exposed to, such as the mechanical, psychological and physiological loads related to the organization of the work process. The phenomenon of "suffering normality" is among waste collectors, embodying a kind of pseudo-protection mechanism of the activity that, although it causes illness, offers them some sustenance. Biological loads were also identified by contact with contaminated material, sharps and insects. Workloads make up a broader process in which general living conditions enhance the process of wear and tear, as these collectors face social problems such as lack of sanitation, safety, health and education. Therefore, it is a "human biopsychic nexus" in which the disease overlaps with health.

"Aqui tem que ter atividade mesmo, nesse trabalho tem que ser ligado": riscos, implicações e estratégias de defesa para a saúde de coletores de lixo domiciliar / Here you really have to be active, in this work you have to be alert”: risks, implications, and defense strategies for the health of garbage collectors / Aquí hay que tener actividad sí, a este trabajo hay que estar atento: riegos, implicaciones y estrategias de defensa para la salud de basureros

Este artigo investiga os diferentes riscos, suas consequências para a saúde e as estratégias de defesa desenvolvidas pelos coletores de lixo domiciliar de uma cidade do Nordeste brasileiro. Utilizamos como referencial teórico a Psicodinâmica do trabalho, especialmente a reflexão sobre riscos, perigo e estratégias defensivas. Realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com 13 trabalhadores do sexo masculino. Para a análise dos dados, optamos pela análise de conteúdo temática. Evidenciou-se que a intensa exposição a riscos traz consequências à saúde desses trabalhadores e grande parte delas decorre das condições de trabalho e do acondicionamento inadequado do lixo por parte da população. A relação desses trabalhadores com os riscos é mediada pela utilização de estratégias defensivas que, apesar de atenuarem o sofrimento, pouco contribuem para transformar positivamente as situações de trabalho.

This article investigates the different risks, their health consequences, and the defense strategies developed by the garbage collectors of a city in the northeast of Brazil fordealing with this situation. We use as our theoretical reference the Psychodynamics of Work, especially the reflection on risks, danger, and defensive strategies. We conducted semistructured interviews with 13 male workers. For data analysis, we opted for thematic content analysis. It has been shown that the intense exposure to risks has consequences for the health of these workers, most of which result from poor working conditions and inadequate packaging of garbage by the population. The relation of these workers to suchrisks is mediated by the use of defensive strategies that, although theymitigate suffering, do little to positively transform their work situations.

Este artículo investiga los diferentes riesgos, sus consecuencias para la salud y las estrategias de defensa desarrolladas por los basureros de una ciudad del nordeste brasileño, para lidiar con esa situación. Utilizamos como referencial teórico la Psicodinámica del Trabajo, especialmente la reflexión sobre riesgos, peligro y estrategias defensivas. Realizamos entrevistas semi estructuradas con 13 trabajadores de sexo masculino. Para el análisis de los datos, optamos por el análisis de contenido temático. Se evidenció que la intensa exposición a riesgos trae consecuencias a la salud de estos trabajadores y gran parte de ellas derivan de las condiciones de trabajo y del acondicionamiento inadecuado de labasura por parte de la población. La relación de estos trabajadores con los riesgos es mediada por la utilización de estrategias defensivas que, a pesar de atenuar el sufrimiento, poco contribuyen a transformar positivamente las situaciones de trabajo.

Casos de dengue e coleta de lixo urbano: um estudo na Cidade do Recife, Brasil / Cases of dengue and urban waste collection: a study in the City of Recife

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar quais categorias de lixo urbano apresentam associação com casos de dengue e, em seguida, avaliar o impacto da coleta de lixo sobre os casos da doença na cidade do Recife. Foram utilizados dados da pesagem categorizada de lixo, juntamente com os casos confirmados de dengue no município. Os dados foram analisados através do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para as treze categorias de lixo, seguido pela Regressão Linear Multivariada, selecionando as variáveis pelo método de "stepwise". Identificou-se a existência de correlação negativa entre o total de casos de dengue em sete categorias: lixo domiciliar (r = -0,835), resíduos diferenciados (r = -0,835), resíduos de operações especiais (r = -0,711), entulhos (r = -0,687), coleta seletiva (r = -0,425) e pneus (r = -0,423). O modelo de regressão foi capaz de explicar 75% da variação, apontando que um incremento de 1.000 toneladas na coleta de lixo doméstico proporciona uma redução de 0,032 casos de dengue enquanto que o mesmo incremento na coleta de pneus é capaz de reduzir 0,465 casos da doença. Os resultados demonstram que a coleta de lixo possui um forte impacto negativo nos casos de dengue e podem ser adotados como estratégia de prevenção pelos governos municipais.

Abstract The scope of this study was to identify which categories of urban waste are associated with cases of dengue and to evaluate the impact of garbage collection on dengue infection in the City of Recife (Brazil). Data from categorized waste weighing and the confirmed cases of dengue in the city were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient for the 13 categories of urban garbage, followed by Multivariate Linear Regression, selecting the variables by the stepwise method. A negative correlation between dengue infections in seven categories was identified: household garbage (r = -0.835), differentiated residues (r = -0.835), special operations residues (r = -0.711), building rubble (r = -0.687), selective waste collection (r = -0.425) and tires (r = -0.423). The regression model was able to explain 75% of the variation, indicating that an increase of 1,000 tons in household garbage collection provides a decrease of 0.032 in cases of dengue, while the same increase in tire collection esults in a decrease of 0.465. The results show that garbage collection has a strong negative impact on dengue cases and can be adopted as a prevention strategy by municipal governments.

Increasing number of stray dogs- awaited human rabies disaster in Chamba town of Himachal Pradesh

Chamba is an   ancient small town of Himachal Pradesh. The town is located at an altitude of 996 metres (3,268 ft) on the bank of the Ravi River.The population  town is 19930 [Census 2011]. Since it is headquarter of district, the offices of various departments are situated here. There are large numbers of temples, palaces and because of its scenic beauty there is continuous visit of tourists to this place. All these conditions lead to heavy crowd of people in the town round the year.

Occurrence of intestinal parasites in collectors of recyclable materials in southern Brazil

Solid waste produced by modern society, together with lack of basic sanitation and poor hygiene practices result in risks to public health. 46 workers from the cities of Pelotas, Canguçu, Morro Redondo, Rio Grande and Capão do Leão were evaluated by parasitological examination of two fecal samples by Ritchie, Hoffman, Pons and Janer- HPJ techniques and Sheather method as well as a consented interview. 47.8% (22/46) of the examined individuals were parasitized, with no significant difference between both groups (garbage dump and recycling volunteers). Most of the samples evaluated presented forms of helminths (68.2%) while protozoa were found in 31.8% of the samples. Helminths found, and their respective prevalence were: Ascaris lumbricoides (31.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides/Trichuris trichiura (18.2%), Trichuris trichiura (9.1%), Taenia sp (4.6%) and Trichuris trichiura/Ancylostomids (4.6%). Protozoa were: Giardia intestinalis (13, 6%), Entamoeba spp. (9.1%) and Endolimax nana (9.1%). Monoparasitism was observed in 77.3% of the cases. Most of the population consisted of women, 21-40 years of age, low educational level and monthly income less than one minimum wage. The majority of the workers did not use protective equipment. Multivariate analysis revealed that infection from parasites in scavengers who lived near open sewers was 6.65 times higher (p = 0.0065) than in the other workers. In the localities studied, our results showed that the risk of acquiring parasitic infections was related to poor sanitation and the lack of sewerage systems; and not actually due to handling these types of waste. The parasitological indices found are similar to those described previously in other parts of the country

Indicadores de saúde ambiental nos assentamentos do município de Cáceres: faixa fronteiriça Brasil/Bolívia / Environmental health indicators in the settlements of the county of Cáceres: border strip Brazil/Bolivia / Indicadores de salud ambiental em los asentamientos del município de Cáceres: banda fronteriza Brasil/Bolívia

Objetivo: propor e avaliar indicadores de saúde ambiental dos assentados na faixa fronteiriça cacerense. Método: utilizou-se o estudo descritivo, explicativo, quanti-qualitativo e censo, abrangendo todos os responsáveis pelas propriedades (lotes) dos assentamentos Jatobá, Nova Esperança, Rancho da Saudade, Sapicuá, Corixo, Bom Sucesso e Katira. Para coleta de dados foi aplicado um formulário semiestruturado, no período de março a julho de 2016, a 136 agricultores. Na construção dos indicadores utilizou-se a abordagem derivada do modelo Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Resposta. Os indicadores propostos foram: destinação do lixo, qualidade da água e casos de diarreia em crianças. As fontes de captação de água foram submetidas a quatro análises físico-química e microbiológica. Resultados: na destinação do lixo doméstico predominou a categoria queima com 80,9%, seguida das categorias enterra com 8,8% e queima e enterra com 10,3%. Verificou-se que a água não atende as exigências do Ministério da Saúde, devido à presença de Coliformes Totais. O número de crianças nos assentamentos foi 69, destas 88,40% consomem água dos poços coletivos, 52,45% apresentaram episódios de diarreia. Conclusão: os indicadores mostraram-se eficazes, sendo necessárias ações coletivas de orientações referentes aos cuidados com a destinação do lixo e o isolamento no entorno dos poços, e análises periódicas das águas destes assentamentos.(AU)

Objective: to propose and evaluate indicators of environmental health of the settlers in the border area of Caceres. Method: the descriptive, explanatory, quantitative-qualitative and census study was used, covering all those responsible for the properties (lots) of the Jatobá, Nova Esperança, Rancho da Saudade, Sapicuá, Corixo, Bom Sucesso and Katira settlements. For data collection, a semistructured form was applied, from March to July 2016, to 136 farmers. In the construction of the indicators we used the approach derived from the Pressure-State-Impact-Response model. The proposed indicators were: waste disposal, water quality and cases of diarrhea in children. The sources of water abstraction were submitted to four physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes. Results: domestic waste disposal predominated in the category burned with 80.9%, followed by the categories burial with 8.8% and burning and burial with 10.3%. It was verified that the water does not meet the requirements of the Ministry of Health, due to the presence of Total Coliforms. The number of children in the settlements was 69, of whom 88.40% consume water from the collective wells, 52.45% had episodes of diarrhea. Conclusion: the indicators were effective, requiring collective actions of guidelines regarding waste disposal and isolation in the vicinity of the wells, and periodic analysis of the waters of these settlements.(AU)

Objetivo: proponer y evaluar indicadores de salud ambiental de los asentados en la franja fronteriza cacerense. En el presente trabajo se analizaron los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos. Método: para la recolección de datos se aplicó un formulario semiestructurado, en el período de marzo a julio de 2016, a 136 agricultores. En la construcción de los indicadores se utilizó el abordaje derivado del modelo Presión-Estado-Impacto-Respuesta. Los indicadores propuestos fueron: destino de la basura, calidad del agua y casos de diarrea en niños. Las fuentes de captación de agua se sometieron a cuatro análisis físico-químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados: en la destinación de la basura doméstica predominó la categoría quema con 80,9%, seguida de las categorías enterra con 8,8% y quema y enterra con el 10,3%. Se verificó que el agua no atiende las exigencias del Ministerio de Salud, debido a la presencia de Coliformes Totales. El número de niños en los asentamientos fue 69, de estas 88,40% consumen agua de los pozos colectivos, 52,45% presentaron episodios de diarrea. Conclusión: los indicadores se mostraron eficaces, siendo necesarias acciones colectivas de orientaciones referentes a los cuidados con la destinación de la basura y el aislamiento en el entorno de los pozos, y análisis periódicos de las aguas de estos asentamientos.(AU)

Verificación del cumplimiento de la minuta patrón sin eliminación de la muestra en servicios de alimentación escolar: diseño y validación de una metodología / Verification of standard menu compliance without disposing the sample in school feeding services: design and validation of a methodology

RESUMEN Objetivo Tradicionalmente la verificación de la minuta patrón implica la eliminación de la muestra evaluada debido al grado de manipulación a la que es sometida. Se propone una nueva metodología sin eliminación de la muestra en el proceso de evaluación de la minuta patrón, en comparación con la metodología convencional con descarte, y validar su uso en un grupo de comedores escolares en la ciudad de Bogotá. Materiales y Métodos Se llevó a cabo una prueba piloto en nueve comedores, para seleccionar la metodología de implementación más factible, considerando los aspectos de medición de peso y volumen, tiempos de ejecución, temperaturas y riesgo microbio-lógico para componentes sólidos y líquidos. Para el componente líquido se desarrolló una fórmula que establece la relación entre peso y volumen de las bebidas ofrecidas. Resultados Los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las mediciones de peso y volumen obtenidos con la metodología propuesta "Medición por componente en plato tarado" en comparación con la habitual de "Medición por plato completo y descarte de muestra". Conclusión Es necesaria la implementación de una nueva metodología de verificación de la minuta patrón en servicios de alimentación que no implique la eliminación de las muestras y propenda por la disminución de los desperdicios y el ahorro de recursos económicos para las instituciones.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Standard menu compliance requires disposing of the sample evaluated due to the high degree of manipulation to which it is subjected. A new methodology is proposed to preserve the sample used during the evaluation process of the standard serving size, compared with the conventional methodology that disposes of it, and to validate its use in a group of school canteens in the city of Bogotá. Materials and Methods A pilot test was carried out in nine canteens to select the most feasible implementation methodology, considering aspects such as weight and volume measurement, execution times, temperatures and microbiological risk for solid and liquid items. Regarding liquid items, a formula was developed to establish the relationship between weight and volume of the beverages offered. Results The results show that there are no statistically significant differences between the weight and volume measurements obtained with the proposed methodology "Measurement by item in tared plate" compared to the usual "Measurement by complete plate and sample disposal". Conclusion It is necessary to implement a new methodology for verifying standard menu compliance in food services that does not imply disposing of samples and encourages waste reduction and savings for schools.(AU)

Estilo e qualidade de vida de coletores de resíduos / Style and quality of life of waste collectors

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar o estilo e qualidade de vida dos coletores de resíduos e comparar seus respectivos domínios. Estudo transversal e analítico, realizado com 43 coletores de resíduos de uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se um formulário contendo dados socioeconômicos e demográficos, WHOQOL-Bref e o Estilo de vida Fantástico (EVF). Os resultados mostraram que houve associação significativa entre os resultados do questionário WHOQOL-Bref e EVF (p<0,05), indicando que maiores escores de qualidade de vida estão associados a melhores estilos de vida. Apesar das condições adversas inerentes ao trabalho executado pelos coletores e as causas externas a ele, como clima, odor, peso, esforço físico e baixos salários, houve avaliação satisfatória para as questões que compõem a Qualidade de Vida e o estilo de vida. A partir do exposto, ficou evidente que o trabalho, saúde, qualidade e estilo de vida se relacionam e determinam o perfil do trabalhador tanto na vida subjetiva quanto na laboral.

The study aimed to analyze the style and quality of life of waste collectors and, to compare its respective domains. A cross-sectional and analytical study, conducted with 43 waste collectors of an inner city in Minas Gerais state. We used a form containing socio-economical and demographic data, WHOQOL-Bref and the Estilo de Vida Fantástico ­ EVF (FANTASTIC Lifestyle Assessment - Brazilian version). The results showed that there was a significant association between the results from the WHOQOL-Bref and EVF (p<0.05), indicating that higher quality of life scores are associated with better lifestyles. Despite the adverse conditions inherent from work executed by the collectors and its external causes, like the weather, odor, weight, physical effort, and low salaries, there was a satisfactory assessment for questions composing quality of life and lifestyle. From the exposed, it was evident that the work, health, quality of life and lifestyle are related and determine the worker's profile in their subjective life, as well as, in their work life.

Prevalencia de accidentes de trabajo en trabajadores recolectores de basura en Asunción, Paraguay. 2013-2014 / Prevalence of accident at work among garbage collectors in Asunción, Paraguay. 2013-2014

Los recolectores de basura, considerados trabajadores de alto riesgo, están expuestos a una variedad de riesgos profesionales y no profesionales. Las tasas de accidentes ocupacionales en este grupo no se conocen en Paraguay. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar y comparar la prevalencia de accidentes de trabajo en los recolectores de basura formales e informales de Asunción, Paraguay, para lo cual se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal. La prevalencia de accidentes de trabajo y su asociación con factores sociodemográficos, condiciones de empleo y trabajo fueron examinadas en 309 trabajadores (186 formales y 123 informales) mediante un cuestionario estructurado. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, análisis bivariante (test de chi2) y regresión logística ajustada. Los trabajadores formales eran de más edad (57% más de 40 años), todos hombres y mejor educados (82% completo nivel básico) comparado al grupo informal (7% más de 40 años, 68% varones y 30% completo nivel básico). La prevalencia de accidentes de trabajo entre los formales fue de 37.5% vs. 29.5% comparando con los informales (p=0.1). Luego de ajustes con potenciales confusores no se encontró diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos (OR: 1.8; 95% CI= 0.82-3.88). Factores de riesgos significativos fueron el no uso de guantes (OR: 1.84; CI= 1.01-3.05) y peores condiciones de seguridad (OR: 2.44; CI=1.3-4.7). Los factores de riesgo conocidos (educación, condiciones de trabajo, las condiciones de salud, trabajo por turnos) están presentes en ambos grupos, pero no explican los accidentes. Son necesarias más investigaciones e intervenciones en salud ocupacional en esta actividad laboral.

Garbage collector is a high-risk job, with exposure to a variety of occupational and non-occupational factors. Total injury rates of occupational accidents in these workers are not known in Paraguay, the aim of the study was to estimate and to compare the prevalence of accidents at work in formal and informal garbage collectors of Asunción, Paraguay. Across-sectional study was conducted. The 12-months-prevalence of occupational accidents and its association with socio-demographic factors, employment and working conditions were examined using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis (chi square test) and adjusted logistic regression models were carried out. Formal workers were older (57% over 40 years old), all men and better educated (82% completed the first grade), compared to the informal group (7% over 40 years, 68% males and 30% completed the first grade). The 12-months-prevalence of occupational accidents among formal garbage collectors was 37.5% vs. 29.5% informal garbage collectors (p=0.1). Likewise, after adjustment for potential confounders no statistically significant difference between the two groups was found (Odds ratio 1.8; 95% CI= 0.82-3.88). Significant risk factors for 12-months prevalence of accidents were lack of gloves (1.84; CI= 1.01-3.05) and poor safetyconditions at the workplace (2.44; CI=1.3-4.7. Risk factors known are present in both groups (education, working condition, health condition, shift work) but not explain accidents. Therefore more researches and interventions on occupational health related on this activity are necessary.

Application of a Modified Garbage Code Algorithm to Estimate Cause-Specific Mortality and Years of Life Lost in Korea

Years of life lost (YLLs) are estimated based on mortality and cause of death (CoD); therefore, it is necessary to accurately calculate CoD to estimate the burden of disease. The garbage code algorithm was developed by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study to redistribute inaccurate CoD and enhance the validity of CoD estimation. This study aimed to estimate cause-specific mortality rates and YLLs in Korea by applying a modified garbage code algorithm. CoD data for 2010–2012 were used to calculate the number of deaths. The garbage code algorithm was then applied to calculate target cause (i.e., valid CoD) and adjusted CoD using the garbage code redistribution. The results showed that garbage code deaths accounted for approximately 25% of all CoD during 2010–2012. In 2012, lung cancer contributed the most to cause-specific death according to the Statistics Korea. However, when CoD was adjusted using the garbage code redistribution, ischemic heart disease was the most common CoD. Furthermore, before garbage code redistribution, self-harm contributed the most YLLs followed by lung cancer and liver cancer; however, after application of the garbage code redistribution, though self-harm was the most common leading cause of YLL, it is followed by ischemic heart disease and lung cancer. Our results showed that garbage code deaths accounted for a substantial amount of mortality and YLLs. The results may enhance our knowledge of burden of disease and help prioritize intervention settings by changing the relative importance of burden of disease.

Trabalho e perseectivas na percepção dos catadores de materiais recilláveis / Trabjo y perspecctivs en la percepción de los recolectores de materriales reciclables / Work and perspettives according to the perception of recycled garbage pickers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a percepção dos catadores de materiais recicláveis da Associação dos Trabalhadores da Usina de Triagem e Reciclagem de Viçosa/MG (ACAMARE) acerca das suas condições de trabalho, bem como suas perspectivas de vida. A amostra foi constituída por 22 catadores. Foi realizada uma combinação de dados quantitativos e qualitativos no processo de obtenção dos dados. A análise dos dados quantitativos foi feita por estatística univariada, enquanto os dados qualitativos, por meio da análise descritiva das falas. Os catadores consideraram o trabalho bom e divertido, mas não percebiam o reconhecimento e valorização do mesmo pela sociedade. Muitos relataram trabalhar com o lixo por não terem tido outra opção de trabalho, sendo a renda importante para proporcionar melhoria nos aspectos de infraestrutura da habitação, bem como melhores condições de vida aos filhos...

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la percepción de los recolectores de la Asociación de Trabajadores de la Planta de Selección y Reciclaje de Viçosa/MG (ACAMARE) sobre sus condiciones de trabajo, así como su perspectiva de la vida. La muestra está formada por 22 colectores. Se realizó una combinación de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos en el proceso de recolección de datos. El análisis de los datos cuantitativos fue hecho por estadísticas univariadas, mientras que los datos cualitativos mediante el análisis descriptivo de los discursos. Los recolectores consideran el trabajo como bueno y divertido, pero no notaban el reconocimiento y la valoración del mismo por parte de la sociedad. Muchos informaron trabajar con la basura por falta de otras opciones de trabajo, siendo esa renta importante para promover mejoras en la infraestructura de sus viviendas, así como mejores condiciones de vida para sus hijos...

This study aimed to analyze the perception of recycled garbage picker from the Associação dos Trabalhadores da Usina de Triagem e Reciclagem de Viçosa/MG (ACAMARE) regarding their labor conditions, as well as ther life perspectives. The sample was composed by 22 catadores. The data collection implied in a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative data were analyzed through univariate statistics, while the qualitative, through content analysis. The garbage pickers had a satisfactory perception about their work, but did not perceive its recognition and valorization by the society. Many related that they work with garbage because they did not have other option. As so, the income was important to give them the possibility to improve their house conditions, as well as to give better life conditions to their children...

Lixo, conduta humana e a gestão dos insuportáveis / Basura, conducta humana y la gestión de los insoportables / Garbage, human conduct and management of the unbearable

O lixo, como experiência insuportável da vida urbana, aglutinadora de matérias pútridas, inúteis e de refugos da sociedade, traduz-se, a partir do método genealógico pautado nos estudos de Michel Foucault, na análise das formas de problematização sobre as condições de existência do sujeito moderno. Duas formas principais de aglutinação de discursos e práticas apresentam-se aliados aos modos de governo das condutas. Na primeira delas, a forma lixo compõe-se de restos, matérias pútridas e inúteis, cujas práticas, outrora dispersas no campo do real, são organizadas conforme a racionalidade da medicina-social. Em segundo, a forma resíduo, por sua vez registra um novo campo de visibilidades sobre os restos, apoiado pelo conjunto de práticas sociais e discursos ecológicos que o circunscrevem como objeto de políticas públicas e, portanto, de governamentalidade, tais como, os conceitos de reciclagem, inclusão social e preservação dos recursos naturais.

La basura, como experiencia insoportable de la vida urbana, aglutinadora de materias podridos, inútiles y de residuos de la sociedad, fue traducido, a partir del método genealógico guiado por los estudios de Michel Foucault, y sus formas de problematización sobre las condiciones de existencia del sujeto moderno. Dos formas principales de conjunto de discursos y prácticas se presentan aliados a los modos de gobierno de las conductas. En la primera, la forma basura se compone de restos, materias podridas y inútiles, cuyas prácticas, anteriormente dispersas en el campo del real, son organizadas conforme la racionalidad de la medicina-social. En segundo, la forma residuo, registra un nuevo campo de visibilidades sobre los restos, apoyado por el conjunto de prácticas sociales y discursos ecológicos que circunscríbelo como objeto de políticas públicas y, por lo tanto, de guvernamentalidad, tales como los conceptos de reciclaje, inclusión social y preservación de los recursos naturales.

Garbage, as unbearable experience of urban life that agglutinate putrid, worthless and of society waste materials, is reflected,from the genealogical method based on studies of Michel Foucault, in the analysis of the forms of problematization about the conditions of existence of the modern subject. Two major forms of assemblage of discourses and practices are presented allies the modes of governance of conduct. In the first, the waste form is composed of debris, rotting and useless materials, whose practices, formerly scattered in the field of real, are organized according to the medical-social rationality. Second, the residue form in turn registers a new field of visibility on the remains, supported by the set of ecological social practices and discourses that circumscribe as an object of public policy and therefore governmentality such as, the concepts of recycling, social inclusion and preservation of natural resources.