Identidades de género bajo una perspectiva multifactorial: Elementos que delimitan la percepción de autoeficacia en hombres y mujeres / Multifactorial Gender Role Identity: Factors Related with Self-efficacy Perception between Men and Women

El concepto de autoeficacia se reconoce en la actualidad como una de las variables predictoras del cambio conducta y del mantenimiento de comportamientos que pueden ser benéficos en la salud. En un gran número de investigaciones en torno a la autoeficacia, se ha señalado que los hombres se perciben como más autoeficaces que las mujeres (Caprara et al. 2008; Durndell, Haag & Laithwaite, 2000; Meece, Bower Glienke & Burg, 2006; Zeldin & Pajares, 2000). Al respecto, se considera que estas diferencias se derivan de factores socioculturales como la identidad de género y el proceso de socialización (Pajares & Valiante, 2001), no obstante, tal relación ha sido poco explorada. El propósito de la presente investigación fue delimitar de qué forma los componentes de la identidad de género bajo una perspectiva multifactorial impactan en la percepción de autoeficacia de adultos de la ciudad de México. Se aplicó la escala de Autoeficacia de Sherer et al., (1982) y el Inventario Multifactorial de Identidad de Género (Rocha, 2004). Los resultados sugieren patrones de relación diferenciales, bajo los cuales existen rasgos, roles, creencias y actitudes que se asocian directamente a una menor percepción de autoeficacia tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Los resultados son discutidos desde la implicación que tiene la socialización tradicional y la transición en los roles y rasgos identitarios en hombres y mujeres sobre su autoeficacia.

The concept of self-efficacy is receiving increasing recognition as a predictor of health behavior change and maintenance. Most of the research about self-efficacy and gender suggest that men are more self-confident that women (Caprara et al. 2008; Durndell, Haag & Laithwaite, 2000; Meece, Bower Glienke & Burg, 2006; Zeldin & Pajares, 2000). Some researchers have suggested that gender differences in self efficacy stem from sociocultural factors as gender identity and socialization process (Pajares & Valiante, 2001) however that relationship has not been explored. This study is aimed to investigate how gender role identity from multifactorial perspective, impacts the perception of self-efficacy between both sexes in Mexico City. We used the Self-Efficacy Scale of Sherer et al., (1982) and the Multifactorial Gender Role Inventory of Rocha (2004). The results suggest that there are some differential paths of relationship between both variables; there are some gender roles, traits, attitudes and beliefs that are more related with a high perception of self-efficacy in both sexes. The results are discussed from effects of traditional gender socialization and also from effects of transitional gender role identity in men and women's perception of self-efficacy.

Gender Role Identity and Quality of Life of Hysterectomy Women Receiving Hormone Replacement Therapy / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of the gender role identity and quality of life of women applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy and to identify the relation among these variables.The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of the gender role identity and quality of life of women applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy and to identify the relation among these variables. METHODS: The subjects were 121 outpatients applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy at a university hospital in Busan province. The data were collected using self-reported questionnaire and medical record, from September to October 2008. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the degree of quality of life according to the age, educational level, occupation, family economic status, Body Mass Index (BMI), menopause state, duration to restarting intercourse from hysterectomy, discomfort from intercourse, satisfaction from intercourse and duration, sources, and formulation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The femininity identity group occupied the largest proportion (31.4%), and then the masculinity identity group (28.1%), the undifferentiated identity group (26.4%), and finally the androgyny identity group (14.1%). There was a positive correlation between femininity and quality of life (r=.276, p=.002). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that HRT helps the women's sense of loss caused by hysterectomy to be reduced, the postmenopausal symptom after hysterectomy to be relieved and the quality of life to be improved.

Gender Role Identity and Egalitarianism Consciousness among Adolescents

PURPOSE: This study intends to investigate gender role identity and egalitarianism consciousness among adolescents and to determine the relationship between the two factors. METHOD: Data were collected from 376 middle and high school students in U City. Tools used were the Korean Sexual Role Identity (Kim, J. H., 2005) and the Gender Egalitarianism Consciousness among Adolescents (Kim, 2002). Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 for t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between boys and girls in gender role identity. Boys' gender role identity was different according to school grade (t=-3.19, p=.00), frequency of mother's hugging (t=-2.28, p=.02) and girls' according to religion (t=-2.24, p=.03), mother's job (F=3.59, p=.02), father's education level (F=3.20, p= .04), mother's education level (F=3.24, p=.04), family harmony (F=7.28, p=.00), and frequency of mother's hugging (t=-2.41, p=.02). There was significant difference in egalitarianism consciousness according to gender (t=-12.70, p=.00). Boys' egalitarianism consciousness was different according to school type (t=.02, p=.00) and father's education level (F=4.97, p=.02), and girls' according to school grade (t=-4.21, p=.00), school type (t=-3.12, p=.00), father's level of education (F=3.78, p=.02), decision maker of important domestic matter (F=4.95, p=.00) and frequency of mother's hugging (t=2.53, p=.01). In Girls, sexual role identity and gender egalitarianism consciousness were significantly correlated with each other (r=.01, p=.04). CONCLUSION: Through the study, it was found that boys' concern for sexual equality of was remarkably lower than girls. Therefore, it is necessary to offer curriculums for boys and to start social education for parents.

Study on the Relationships between Gender role Identity and Sexual Intercourse Experience / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This investigation was carried out to understand how various gender role identity in adolescence affect sexual intercourse. In addition, it was done to support and encourage gender role identity which can protect themselves from physical, psychological, social sexuality. METHOD: From 2003 7.1 to 7.19, questionnaire made by Lee BS(2002) was distributed to 1172 girl high school students in Seoul. Its reliability was as high as 0.80 and it was analysed by SPSS. RESULT: In the 3 kinds of gender role identity, girls who had sexual relations showed higher feminity and masculinity and did not show any difference in social desirability. in the 4 kinds of gender role identity, girls with sexual experience showed higher frequency in oder of androgyny and undifferentiated. In 8kinds, bisexuality was higher and girls with experience showed undifferentiated of low social desirability. There were no difference between the gender role identity and the age of the first sexual experience. The factors that affected gender role identity were school, grade, economic standard and whether they have a girlfriend or boyfriend. CONCLUSION: Programs that focus on problem solving of sexual education for androgyny of sexually high experienced and undifferentiated of low social desirability, should be provided.

Development of Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to develope a scale of gender role identity in Korean adults based on the Bem's theory of androgyny. Although there were several tools in Korea, they were revealed having some problems of cultural differences, translation biases, and methodological problems. METHODS: A list of 78 items were developed using the existing tools and descriptions from 5 married couples. The items were the typical personality characteristics which were manifested by gender, male or female. And the list contained several items which were the socially desirable personality characteristics. which would be simply used as contextual items. Validity of the 78 items were screened by 18 expert panels with 4 point Likert scale, and 57 items were judged as highly valid from 70% of the experts, which were selected as preliminary items for the tool. Using the preliminary tool which was developed as a 4 point Likert scale, data were collected from 1,127 subjects for item analysis and factor analysis. 53 items were remained, because 4 items whose item-total correlation were lower than 0.2 were excluded by the result of item analysis. Factor analysis was done with the 53 items, and 49 items whose factor loadings were same and higher than 0.4 were remained. 3 factors were identified with eigen value 2.0, and these factors were named as masculinity, femininity, and social desirability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: KGRII(Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory) which contained 45 items was developed, with 15 items for 3 factors. The reliability of the tool was very high. Cronbach alpha of the tool was 0.929, and alpha of the subscales were ranged from 0.841 to 0.922.