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The present investigation entitled “Effect of Micronutrients Foliar Application on Growth and Flowering of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) in Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse Under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions” was carried out during November 2022 to March 2023 in, Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with thirteen treatment combinations, with the application of three micronutrients; FeSO4, MgSO4 and ZnSO4 at different levels, which was replicated thrice. It was concluded that the application of micronutrients treatments rendered their significant effect on almost all the growth, flowering and yield characters of gerbera. The treatment T11 i.e., application of ZnSO4 at 0.6% found superior in terms of plant height (28.17cm), number of leaves (13.5), length of the leaves (33.9cm), plant spread (47.68cm), days taken for first flower bud initiation (88.6days), minimum days taken to first harvest (119days), flower diameter (11.35cm), stalk length (43.16cm), stalk diameter (7.16mm), number of flowers per plant (9.17) and vase life (9.66days). Among the different treatments the highest gross return (142590 Rs/200m2), Net return (55938 Rs/200m2), benefit cost ratio (1.64) was obtained under the use of ZnSO4 at 0.6% (T11).
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Gerberas are widely cultivated and have a significant market value due to their popularity as ornamental plants and their traditional medicinal uses. The global gerbera market includes various segments, such as cut flowers, potted plants, and medicinal products. Therefore, present investigation was carried out with title at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the Winter-2022-23 to determine the performance of different varieties of gerbera for its growth and flowering. Under this experiment, overall, 8 varieties were used comprising of variety Shveen, Petali, Livia, Hiami, Deepti, 17026, Alcochate and Breakdance. The current study found that variety Hiami performed better in terms of characters like plant height at 30, 60 and 90 DAP (18.13, 21.20 and 23.77 cm respectively); early for days to first flower bud emergence (39.43 DAP); days from bud to flowering (9.97 days); number of days for flowering from planting (54.53 DAP); number of days for peak flowering (58.17 DAP); maximum number of buds (10.63 buds); stalk length (64.77 cm); diameter of flower (9.33 cm) and yield per 200 m2 (11693 flowers). Variety Deepti performed better for parameters like number of leaves at 30, 60 and 90 DAP (7.53, 10.37 and 12.63 leaves respectively); plant spread at 30, 60 and 90 DAP (18.77, 26.13 and 35.30 cm respectively); Vase life (8.80 days); second highest for yield per 200 m2 (10263 flowers).
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A field experiment was executed during November, 2022 to April, 2023 under polyhouse conditions in the Research Field, Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The objective was to study the response of foliar application of micronutrients on growth, yield and flower quality of gerbera. The research consisted of three levels of zinc, iron, magnesium (0.2, 0.4, 0.6%). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. The results indicated that the treatment T2-Zn@0.4% performed better in all parameters recorded viz., plant height (24.08 cm), plant spread (37.68 cm), days for first bud initiation (73 days), number of flowers per plant (10), stalk length (54.17 cm) and vase life (9 days).
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Cut flowers are used to express appreciation, affection and express emotions on various special occasions. The international trade in cut flowers has expanded in recent years and is expected to grow with the promotion and use of horticultural plants for their therapeutic benefits. Vase life is the period during which a cut flower maintains its appearance in the vase. This is a crucial factor in determining which plant species are ideal for use in floristry, with long vase life plants being considerably more desirable than short vase life plants. Chemical treatments that extend the life of vases are a major part of floristry. Adding sugars to a vase solution with cut flowers is known to delay aging and extend the life of the vase. Nano-sensors could therefore also help to extend the life of vases with cut flowers and thus enable the monitoring of ethylene concentrations in the warehouses of large growers and wholesalers. In floriculture, nanotechnology has increased yield to potential market value, particularly for essential micronutrients essential for host defence.
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Breast cancer has become the most prevalent malignant tumor among women, putting the health of women at serious risk. Screening for lead compounds in the active ingredients of plant that are effective and less toxic continues to be an important strategy for treating breast cancer. Gerbeloid J, a coumarin isolated from Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., showed significant anti-cancer activity. But there is no report on the effect and mechanism of gerbeloid J on cycle and apoptosis of breast cancer. By using the CCK-8, clone formation, and PI staining assays, the effects of gerbeloid J on the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were assessed in this study. The effects of gerbeloid J on the apoptosis and mitochondrial function of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were assessed using DAPI, Annexin V/TO-PRO-3, Rhod-2 AM, TMRM, DCFDA staining assays, and Western blot. The results demonstrated that gerbeloid J regulated the P21/CDC25C/CDK-1/cyclin B1 pathway and arrested the cell cycle at G2/M phase to suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, gerbeloid J induced apoptosis through the stimulation of mitochondrial calcium excess, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, and promotion of ROS generation, and its mechanism was related to the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, by regulating the P21/CDC25C/CDK-1/cyclin B1 pathway and activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, gerbeloid J could cause breast cancer cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which might offer a promising candidate for the creation of new drugs against breast cancer.
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OBJECTIVE To improve th e quality standard for Gerbera piloselloides. METHODS The properties of G. piloselloides were observed and microscopic identification was conducted for powder. The moisture ,total ash ,acid-insoluble ash and ethanol-soluble extract were detected according to the method stated in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (part Ⅳ). The contents of nodakenin,luteolin-7-O-β-D-lutinoside,luteoloside,apigenin-7-O-β-D-lutinoside,apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and marmesin were determined by high performance liquid chromatography method. RESULTS G. piloselloides were shrunken ,densely covered with thick white cotton wool ,with many fibrous roots ;the surface was taupe or gray-brown ;its texture was brittle and easy to break ;the cross section was yellow-white ,and there was an obvious small wooden heart in the center. Its powder was tan , and non-glandular hairs ,stone cells ,calcium oxalate cubes ,ducts,fibers could be seen unde r microscope. The measured values of moisture,total ash ,acid-insoluble ash and alcohol-soluble extract , for 15 batches of samples were 8.63%-11.34%,10.39%-14.93%, 3.29%-6.37% and 9.03%-15.02%,respectively;average values were 10.01%,12.26%,4.61%,12.36%. The linear ranges of nodakenin,luteolin-7-O-β-D-rutinoside,luteoloside,apigenin- 7-O-β-D-lutinoside,apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and marmesin we re 3.87-154.88,1.64-65.41,1.60-64.00,1.92-76.96, 1.27-50.93,0.40-15.89 μg/mL,respectively(r≥0.999 1). RSDs of precision ,stability(24 h)and repeatability tests were all less than 3%. The average recoveries were 101.88%,100.89%,102.64%,95.75%,96.71% and 103.48%,respectively;RSDs were 0.55%,0.43%,0.34%,0.49%,0.47% and 0.37%,respectively(n=6);the contents of above 6 components were 0.152 7-0.852 2, 0.084 5-0.669 7,0.136 7-0.961 0,0.126 0-1.193 2,0.128 8-1.102 2,0.046 9-0.678 0 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS The established method can be used for the quality control of G. piloselloides . It is preliminarily proposed that the moisture in G. piloselloides is not more than 12.0%;the total ash is not more than 15.0%,the acid-insoluble ash is not more than 6.0%,the alcohol-soluble extract is not less than 9.0%;the contents of luteoloside and apigenin- 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside are not less than 0.016%.
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Ten compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the whole plant of Gerbera piloselloides by silica gel column chromatography, MCI column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC methods. Their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties, spectral data (UV, IR, MS and NMR), circular dichroism (CD) spectra and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as 3′R-gerpilosecoumarin A (1a), 3′S-gerpilosecoumarin A (1b), gymnastone (2), gerberinside (3), divaricataester C (4), luteolin (5), caffeic acid methyl ester (6), ethyl chlorogenate (7), 6-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-7-methoxy-5-benzoranpropanoic acid methyl ester (8) and glucozaluzanin C (9). Among them, new compounds 1a and 1b were new compounds and optical enantiomers, which were obtained by chiral resolution, and their absolute configurations were determined by quantum chemical calculation ECD. Compounds 1 and 1a/1b significantly increased the survival of IEC-6 in rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cells after LPS injury.
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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to verify the best storage temperature in the postharvest quality conservation of inflorescences of gerberas cv. 'Intenza'. Inflorescences were kept in distilled water and stored at the temperatures of 22ºC (control); 12ºC; 8ºC and 4ºC. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in split plot with two factors: 4 treatments (temperatures) X 4 evaluation dates (0, 3, 6 and 9 days). It was used three replicates, with three inflorescences each. It were evaluated the variation of fresh mass, relative water content, soluble and reducing sugars content and longevity. Results were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% of probability. The inflorescences of gerbera maintained at 4ºC, 8ºC and 12ºC showed a greater postharvest life compared with the inflorescences of the control, highlighting those kept at 4ºC which presented less loss of mass and higher soluble sugar content; thus, maintaining the quality of gerberas for a longer period, with vase life of approximately 15 days.
RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a melhor temperatura de armazenamento na conservação da qualidade pós-colheita de inflorescências de gérberas cv. 'Intenza'. As inflorescências foram mantidas em água destilada e armazenadas nas temperaturas de 22ºC (controle); 12ºC; 8ºC e 4ºC. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo com dois fatores: 4 tratamentos (temperaturas) X 4 períodos de avaliação (0, 3, 6 e 9 dias). Foram utilizados três repetições, com três inflorescências cada. Foi avaliado a variação da massa fresca, o conteúdo relativo de água, o teor de açúcares solúveis e redutores das lígulas e a longevidade. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As inflorescências de gérbera mantidas a 4°C, 8ºC e 12ºC apresentaram maior vida pós-colheita em comparação com as inflorescências do tratamento controle, com destaque para àquelas mantidas à 4ºC as quais apresentaram menor perda de massa e maior teor de açúcares solúveis, mantendo assim, a qualidade das gérberas por um período mais longo, com vida de útil de aproximadamente 15 dias.
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Neste estudo foi avaliada a abundância e a sazonalidade de Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 em três cultivares de Gerbera jamesonii Adlam., em cultivo comercial no sul do Brasil. Para avaliação destes parâmetros foram realizadas amostragens de abril de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012. Os ácaros foram obtidos a partir de flores e folhas retiradas de cada uma das cultivares. No total foram contabilizados 10.640 ácaros e de acordo com os testes, a cultivar "Pink Snow" apresentou maior abundância significativa. A análise estatística não evidenciou diferença entre o número de ácaros presentes nas folhas e flores. Em todas as variedades o maior número de T. urticae foi registrado na primavera.
In this study it was evaluated the abundance and seasonality of Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 in three varieties of Gerbera jamesonii Adlam. in a commercial cultivation at the south of Brazil. For the evaluation of these parameters samplings were accomplished from April 2011 to February 2012. The mites were obtained from flowers and leaves removed from each one of the studied varieties. A total of 10,640 mites were counted, and in agreement with the tests, there were a significant larger number of mites in the "Pink Snow" variety. The statistical analysis didn't evidence conclusive differences in the mite numbers between leaves and flowers. In all three varieties the largest number of T. urticae was registered in the spring.
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As flores de corte são produtos altamente perecíveis e sua vida pós-colheita deve ser prolongada ao máximo para garantir a fidelidade dos consumidores. Uma possível medida para ampliar o período pós-colheita é a adição de fontes exógenas como biocidas, açúcares e substâncias acidificantes, compostos presentes nos conservantes florais comerciais. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia do uso de conservantes florais na longevidade pós-colheita e na redução do número de bactérias em hastes florais de gérbera de corte. Seis hastes florais por unidade experimental de gérberas 'Essandre', colhidas em produtor comercial, foram condicionadas em frascos de vidro com 1L das seguintes soluções: T1 - água destilada (tratamento testemunha); T2-1,0% (v/v) Flower(r); T3-1,5% (v/v) Flower(r); T4-1,0% (v/v) Flower Plus(r); T5-1,5% (v/v) Flower Plus(r); e T6-1 tablete de Florissant 500(c). Ao final de 7 dias, observou-se o conteúdo de carboidratos totais e, ao final do experimento: a longevidade; a massa fresca relativa; e a absorção de solução. Nas soluções de vaso, durante o período experimental, avaliou-se o pH. A contagem bacteriana, nas hastes florais, foi realizada com os tratamentos: T1 - água destilada (tratamento testemunha); T2-0,75% (v/v) Flower(r); T3-1,5% (v/v) Flower(r). Os conservantes florais testados não aumentam a longevidade pós-colheita de hastes florais de gérbera de corte. O uso de conservante floral reduz o número de bactérias em hastes florais de gérbera de corte.
Cut flowers are highly perishable products and its shelf-life should be prolonged to the maximum to ensure the fidelity of consumers. A measure to assist vase life lengthening might most likely derives from the addition of exogenous sources of biocides, carbohydrates and acidifying substances compounds present in commercial floral preservatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of floral preservatives on postharvest longevity, and reducing the number of bacteria in gerbera cut flowers. Six cv. 'Essandre' gerbera flower stalks as experimental unit were harvested at a commercial cut flower producer and placed in glass jars with 1L of these solutions: T1 - distilled water (control treatment); T2-1,0% (v/v) Flower(r) ; T3-1,5% (v/v) Flower(r); T4-1,0% (v/v) Flower Plus(r); T5-1,5 % (v/v) Flower Plus(r) and T6 - one tablet Florissant 500(c). The following variables were evaluated at the end of shelf life of the flower stalks: contents of storage substances, longevity, relative fresh weight and solution uptake. The pH of vase solutions was determined along the evaluation period. Bacterial counts were performed from solutions of the following treatments: T1 - distilled water (control treatment); T2-0,75% (v/v) Flower(r); and T3-1,5% (v/v) Flower(r). The floral preservatives tested did not increase the postharvest longevity of gerbera cut flowers. The use of floral preservative reduces the number of bacteria in gerbera cut flowers.
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A gérbera é uma espécie ornamental perene, herbácea e pertencente à família Asteraceae. O seu cultivo, assim como todo o mercado de flores e plantas ornamentais, está hoje em plena fase de expansão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar características de crescimento e qualidade em gérbera de vaso, cultivar Red, em função de fontes e doses de potássio. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, na UNESP/Botucatu. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, empregando o esquema fatorial 2x5, sendo duas fontes de potássio (silicato e cloreto) e cinco doses (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg . L-1 4 repetições e 5 plantas por parcela. Semanalmente, durante todo o período experimental, foram feitas avaliações do número de folhas (NF) e do diâmetro da parte aérea da planta (DP). Ao final do ciclo vegetativo e do ciclo reprodutivo, aos 40 e 60 dias após a aclimatização (DAA), respectivamente, foram determinadas a área foliar (AF), a massa (seca das folhas (MSF), a massa seca da inflorescência (MSI) e a massa seca total (MST). No ponto de comercialização que é caracterizado pela abertura dos estames, quando a inflorescência apresentou no mínimo dois círculos destes abertos, com liberação de pólen, foram determinados o número de inflorescência (NI), o diâmetro de inflorescência (DI), a altura de haste (AH), o diâmetro de haste (DH) e a altura de planta (AP). Independentemente das doses, o silicato de potássio promoveu maior diâmetro de planta, maior área foliar, maior MSF, MST e maior altura de haste, características essas que favorecem a venda dos vasos de gérbera.
The Gerbera is an ornamental perennial herb, belonging to the Asteraceae family. Its cultivation, as well as the entire market for flowers and ornamental plants, is now in full expansion phase. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and quality Potted gerbera cultivar Red, according to sources and doses of potassium. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at UNESP / Botucatu. The experimental design was randomized blocks, using a 2x5 factorial arrangement, with two sources (potassium silicate and chloride) and five doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg. L-1) 4 replications and 5 plants per plot . Weekly throughout the experimental period, assessments were made of the number of leaves (NL) and the diameter of the plant canopy (DP). at the end of the season and the reproductive cycle, at 42 and 60 days after acclimatization (DAA), respectively, were determined by leaf area (LA), mass (dry leaves (MSF), the dry mass of inflorescence (MSI) and total dry matter (TDM). at the point of marketing is that of open stamens, when the inflorescence had at least two rounds of open, releasing pollen, we determined the number of inflorescences (NI), the diameter of inflorescence (DI), the stem height (AH), the shank diameter (DH ) and plant height (PH). Regardless of the doses, potassium silicate promoted greater diameter, leaf area, greater MSF, MST and increased stem height, characteristics that favor the sale of potted gerbera.
Subject(s)
Asteraceae , Potassium , Gardening ProductsABSTRACT
In the present study, in vitro mutagenesis techniques were applied to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gy on physiological changes in callus of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f. Biochemical changes in chlorophyll and soluble protein content of pre- and post- irradiated Gerbera callus were studied. Non-irradiated callus demonstrated the highest amount of chlorophyll content as compared to callus irradiated at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gy. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll b was relatively higher than chlorophyll a in both the irradiated and non-irradiated callus, except for callus irradiated at 10 Gy. Biochemical differentiation based on total soluble protein content revealed gradual reduction after day 9 of exposure to gamma irradiation. Reduction of soluble protein content was observed in all the treatments as the increase of incubation period.
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A competitive hyper-immune yolk Immunoglobulin Y - Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (CIgY-ELISA), was developed as an alternative method to detect zeatin and 2ip in plantlets of gerbera. The endogenous level of hormones in the plantlets in vitro of gerbera with one or six weeks after replication was determined with competitive IgY-ELISA set to detect between 1 and 100 pmoles of plant hormone for each 1.0 g tissue. The plantlets of six weeks presented sprouts and root, while the plantlets of one week presented only sprouts. The CIgY-ELISA was set with high independent variables values of sensitivity/specificity of 96/89 percent for zeatin and 94/78 percent for 2ip, with high values of reproducibility (up to 90 percent) for both the cytokinins. Zeatin content varied from 2.2 to 2.8 pmoles.g-1 and from 2.7 to 3.3 pmoles.g-1 on the plantlet with one and six weeks, respectively. The 2ip content did not vary and was detected near the detection limit in all the assays. It was concluded that the observed capabilities of CIgY-ELISA were putative and the competitive assay was a highly robust and stable method, which could be used for the studies on plant physiology for endogenous cytokinins.
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No processo de produção comercial de mudas de gérbera, a cor da flor é uma das principais características morfológicas de interesse agronômico, sendo uma característica importante em programas de melhoramento genético. A utilização de marcadores moleculares pode servir para direcionar cruzamentos, confirmar novos híbridos ou genótipos mutantes e identificar novos genótipos para fins comerciais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a divergência genética entre seis cultivares de Gerbera jamesonii ('Jaguar Yellow', 'Jaguar Cream', 'Jaguar Lemon', 'Jaguar Salmon Pastel', 'Jaguar Red', 'Jaguar Deep Rose'). A análise de divergência genética entre as cultivares de gérbera foi realizada utilizando-se 21 primers, os quais amplificaram 37 fragmentos polimórficos de DNA, que foram usados para estimar o coeficiente de Jaccard, o qual apresentou uma média de 0,38, variando de 0,28 a 0,56. A estrutura genética entre as cultivares foi estimada pelo UPGMA, revelando dois grupos distintos, a 38 por cento de similaridade genética. A maior similaridade genética encontrada (56 por cento) foi entre as cultivares 'Jaguar Yellow' e 'Jaguar Lemon'. Os resultados demonstram que a técnica RAPD oferece uma maneira rápida, relativamente barata e útil para a caracterização da divergência genética entre as diferentes cultivares de Gerbera jamesonii com relação à cor da flor.
During the commercial production of gerbera seedlings, flower color is one of the main morphological aspects that have an agronomic interest and becoming an important feature in genetic breeding programs. The use of molecular markers may serve to direct crossings, new hybrids and mutants, besides confirm and identify new genotypes for commercial purposes. In that context, this work aimed to analyze the genetic divergence among six cultivars of Gerbera jamesonii ('Jaguar Yellow', 'Jaguar Cream', 'Jaguar Lemon', 'Jaguar Salmon Pastel', 'Jaguar Red', 'Jaguar Deep Rose'). The genetic divergence among cultivars of gerbera was carried out with 21 primers, which amplified 37 DNA polymorphic fragments, used to estimate the Jaccard index and presented an average of 0,38, ranging from 0,28 to 0,56. The genetic structure among cultivars was estimated by UPGMA and revealed two distinct groups, at 38 percent genetic similarity. The largest genetic similarity found (56 percent) was between cultivars 'Jaguar Yellow' and 'Jaguar Lemon'. The results showed that the RAPD is a fast, relatively inexpensive and useful technique for genetic divergence characterization between different cultivars of Gerbera jamesonii.
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Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus and Hook,) is an ornamental Asteraceae of great commercial value, and pests can affect adversely its cultivation. More than 20 species of arthropods cause economic damage on gerbera, among them the two spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae), considered a key pest for this and other ornamental plants. In this work, some life-cycle aspects of T. urticae on gerbera, considered important for the knowledge of its population dynamics and for pest management programs, were studied. Mites were reared on 3-cm diameter arenas of gerbera leaf discs maintained on distilled water in Petri dishes, under laboratory conditions of 25 ºC, 70 ± 10 percent RU and 14-hour photophase, with only one egg left per arena, in a total of 262 arenas. Egg viability was 96.5 percent and 97.1 percent for unmated and mated females, respectively. Unmated females originated larvae which lived for 3.2 days and the stages of protonymph and deutonymph, 1.9 and 1.6 days, respectively; those from mated females lived 3.5 days and for protonymphs and deutonymphs, 2.0 and 1.6 days, respectively. Except for the duration of one generation (T), with similar values, 18.6 and 19.7 days, respectively for unmated and mated females, the net reproductive rate of increase (Rº), the innate capacity to increase in number (r m) and the finite rate of growth (λ) were different for mated and unmated females, respectively 11.5 and 24.6 for R0; 0.12 and 0.17 for r m and 1.13 and 1.19 for λ.
A gérbera, Gerbera jamesonii Bolus and Hook, é uma planta ornamental pertencente à família Asteraceae de grande valor comercial. Dentre os vários fatores que podem afetar adversamente o seu cultivo se encontram as pragas. Mais de 20 espécies de artrópodes causam danos econômicos em gérbera, entre elas encontra-se o ácaro-rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae), considerado praga-chave dessa e de outras plantas ornamentais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar alguns aspectos do ciclo biológico de T. urticae em gérbera considerados importantes para o conhecimento da dinâmica populacional da espécie e para os programas de manejo de pragas. Os ácaros foram criados em arenas constituídas de discos de folhas de gérbera de 3 cm de diâmetro, sobre água destilada, colocados em placas de Petri, em condições de laboratório, a 25 ºC, 70 ± 10 por cento de U.R. e 14 horas de fotofase, deixando-se um ovo por arena, perfazendo um total de 262 arenas. A viabilidade dos ovos foi de 96,5 e 97,1 por cento para fêmeas não acasaladas e acasaladas, respectivamente. As larvas provenientes de fêmeas não acasaladas tiveram duração de 3,2 dias e os estágios de protoninfa e deutoninfa foram de 1,9 e 1,6 dias, respectivamente. Já para fêmeas acasaladas a fase de larva teve uma duração de 3,5 dias, a de protoninfa e deutoninfa 2,0 e 1,6 dias, respectivamente. À exceção da duração de uma geração (T) que tiveram valores próximos, 18,6 e 19,7, respectivamente para fêmeas não acasaladas e acasaladas, a taxa líquida de reprodução (Rº), capacidade inata de aumentar em número (r m) e razão finita de crescimento (λ) foram diferentes para fêmeas acasaladas e não, sendo respectivamente 11,5 e 24,6 para R0; 0,12 e 0,17 para r m e 1,13 e 1,19 para λ.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Asteraceae/parasitology , Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology , Tetranychidae/physiology , Asteraceae/classification , Asteraceae/physiology , Fertility , Population Dynamics , Tetranychidae/classificationABSTRACT
Objetivou-se determinar um protocolo de micropropagação por organogênese indireta em capítulos florais de gérbera (Gerbera jamesonii Adlam) e comparar as características anatômicas de folhas de gérbera obtidas in vitro com as mantidas em condições in vivo. Capítulos florais de gérbera foram utilizados como fonte inicial de explantes para a indução de calos e regeneração. As brotações obtidas foram enraizadas in vitro e, após 30 dias, as plântulas foram aclimatizadas. Posteriormente, foram realizados estudos anatômicos de folhas provenientes do cultivo in vivo e in vitro. Obtiveram-se em média 3,2 brotações e 6,6 folhas a partir da indução de calos em capítulos florais de gérbera. Foi observada a formação de raízes na ausência e na presença de ANA, obtendo-se 100 por cento de enraizamento. A suplementação do meio de cultura com doses crescentes de ANA promoveram um aumento linear no número de raízes e no comprimento médio de raízes. As plântulas provenientes do cultivo in vitro apresentaram taxa de 100 por cento de sobrevivência na aclimatização. As estruturas foliares desenvolvidas in vivo apresentaram as epidermes adaxial e abaxial, parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso mais espessos que no cultivo in vitro. O sistema vascular em folhas produzidas in vivo é mais desenvolvido que in vitro.
The objective was to determine a micropropagation protocol for indirect organogenesis and to compare the anatomical characteristics of leaves of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Adlam) obtained in vitro with the leaves maintained in vivo conditions. Capitulum explants of gerbera were taken as an initial source of explants to induce callus and regeneration. The obtained shoots were rootted in vitro and after 30 days seedlings were acclimatized.Thus, anatomical studies of leaves originating from of the in vivo and in vitro cultivation were taken. On average it was obtained 3,2 shoots and 6,6 leaves from the induction of callus in capitulum explants of gerbera. The formation of roots was observed in the presence and absence of NAA, obtaining 100 percent of rooting. The supplementation of NAA to the medium promoted a linear increase in the number of roots and in the mean length of roots. Seedlings from the in vitro cultivation showed rate of 100 percent of survival in the acclimatization. The foliar structures developed in vivo showed adaxial epidermis, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma and abaxial epidermis thicker than in the in vitro cultivation. The vascular system in leaves produced in vivo is more developed than in vitro.
ABSTRACT
Object To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Gerbera piloselloides Cass Methods The compounds were isolated using RA polystyrene resin and silica gel column chromatography, and the structures of these compounds were elucidated by means of spectral analysis Results Arbutin, daphnetin 8 O ? D glucopyranoside, 2, 6 dimethoxy 4 hydroxyphenol 1 O ? D glucopyranoside, koaburaside, glucosyringic acid, marmesinin were elucidated Conclusion Compounds Ⅱ Ⅵ were isolated from Gerbera L ex Cass for the first time