ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: The objective of this paper is assessed the nexus among health status, economic growth, and the Gini index in North America and its countries using a panel model. Materials and Method: The materials consist of annual data regarding life expectancy, government health expenditure as percentage of the gross domestic product, Gini index, and gross domestic product at constant 2015 US$ for the period 2000-2019. The method applies a panel model for North America and its three countries: Canada, Mexico and The United States. North America diversity treatment among countries is dealt with fixed and random effects. Results: North America inhabitants health status are negatively influenced by an increasing income inequality, and a reduction on economic growth. The country that expends more in health care is The United States, follow by Canada and Mexico. The biggest reduction on life expectancy from an increase in income inequality is in The United States, followed by Canada and Mexico. Life expectancy increases when Canada and The United States experience economic growth. The countries with inarticulate health policy responses to an increase in income inequality are first Mexico followed by The United States. Conclusions: In North America and its countries an increasing income inequality reduces life expectancy, and government health expenditure. Economic growth benefits life expectancy and government health expenditure. Health status seems to improve with a reduction in income inequality and a greater public health expenditure. Therefore, policies that increases income inequality and reduces public health expenditure seems to be advocates of a reduction: in health status, population welfare and economic growth.
Resumen: Objetivo: Un análisis cuantitativo de las relaciones entre salud, crecimiento económico e índice de Gini en América del Norte y sus países se realiza mediante un modelo de panel. El estado de salud está representado por la esperanza de vida y los sistemas de salud pública por el gasto público en salud. El crecimiento económico es el cambio porcentual del producto interno bruto. La desigualdad de ingresos se representa con el índice de Gini. Materiales y método: Los materiales consisten en datos anuales de esperanza de vida, gasto público en salud como porcentaje del producto interno bruto, índice de Gini y producto interno bruto en dólares estadounidenses constantes de 2015 para el período 2000-2019. El método consiste en aplicar un modelo de panel para América del Norte y sus tres países: Canadá, México y Estados Unidos. El tratamiento de la diversidad entre los países de América del Norte es abordada con efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: El estado de salud de los habitantes de América del Norte se ve influenciado negativamente por la creciente desigualdad de ingresos y la reducción del crecimiento económico. El país que más gasta en salud es los Estados Unidos, seguido de Canadá y México. La mayor reducción en la esperanza de vida debido a un aumento en la desigualdad de ingresos se encuentra en los Estados Unidos, seguido de Canadá y México. La esperanza de vida aumenta cuando Canadá y Estados Unidos experimentan crecimiento económico. Los países con respuestas de política de salud desarticuladas ante un aumento en la desigualdad de ingresos son primero México seguido de Estados Unidos. Conclusiones: Las políticas que aumentan la desigualdad de ingresos y reducen el gasto público en salud parecen ser promotoras de una reducción: en el estado de salud, el bienestar de la población, y el crecimiento económico.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the current status and evaluate the equity of health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, so as to provide the empirical evidence for optimizing the health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control.@*METHODS@#A questionnaire survey was performed to collect the numbers of health human sources for echinococcosis control, including health workers, healthcare professionals, certified/assistant physicians and registered nurses, per 1 000 permanent residents, per 1 000 m2, per 1 000 residents screened using Bmode ultrasonography and per 1 000 echinococcosis patients in two highly endemic counties and three lowly endemic counties in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2019. The equity of health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control was evaluated by permanent residents and geographical areas using Lorenz curve and Gini index in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture from 2016 to 2019.@*RESULTS@#The numbers of health workers, healthcare professionals, certified/assistant physicians and registered nurses per 1 000 permanent residents, per 1 000 permanent residents, per 1 000 m2, per 1 000 residents screened using B-mode ultrasonography and per 1 000 echinococcosis patients were 0.99-, 1.06-, 1.78- and 1.88-fold; 3.38-, 3.67-, 6.00- and 6.00-fold; 1.64-, 1.74-, 3.22- and 3.18-fold; and 64.92-, 70.39-, 139.34- and 117.44-fold more in lowly endemic counties than in highly endemic countries in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, 2019. The Gini indexes of health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control were 0.371 to 0.397 by permanent residents and 0.477 to 0.591 by geographical areas in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture from 2016 to 2019, and the Gini indexes (0.469 to 0.730) for allocation of certified/assistant physicians and registered nurses were both higher than those of health workers and healthcare professionals (0.302 to 0.451) by both permanent residents and geographical areas.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control showed general equity by permanent residents and poor equity by geographical areas in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2019.
Subject(s)
Humans , China/epidemiology , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Health Personnel , Health Workforce , Resource Allocation , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Abstract The dynamics of the internal migration is a crucial element in the composition of the workforce of a certain region, so its analysis contributes to the better understanding of labor markets and sociodemographic changes in a region. In order to characterize the most recent patterns of migratory flows of skilled and unskilled labor, census data are considered for the periods 1995-2000, 2005-2010 and 2010- 2015. The analysis considers different indicators that describe the intensity and relative concentration of interstate migration. Changes in migratory patterns are evident; a lower concentration of internal migration whose effect is more marked for unskilled labor. That is, it is observed that the number of states that play a preponderant role in the redistribution of labor in Mexico has increased. The relationship of domestic labor mobility is evident to the regional transformation as a result of new geographical patterns of location of investment, production and economic agglomeration.
Resumen La dinámica de la migración interna en México es un elemento determinante en la composición de la mano de obra de cierta región, por lo que su análisis coadyuva, entre otras cosas, al mejor entendimiento de los mercados laborales y cambios sociodemográficos de la región. Con la finalidad de caracterizar los patrones más recientes de los flujos migratorios de la mano obra calificada y no calificada, se consideran datos censales para los periodos 1995-2000, 2005-2010 y 2010-2015. Con esto se estiman diferentes indicadores que describen la intensidad y concentración relativa de la migración interestatal. Se evidencian cambios en los patrones migratorios y una menor concentración de la migración interna, cuyo efecto es más marcado para la mano de obra no calificada. Es decir, se observa que el número de entidades que juegan un rol preponderante en la redistribución de la mano obra en México ha aumentado. La relación de la movilidad laboral interna se hace evidente con el dinamismo regional y como resultado de nuevos patrones geográficos de ubicación de inversión, producción y aglomeración económica.