ABSTRACT
Artemisia stolonifera is a relative of A. argyi. The two species are difficult to be distinguished due to the similarity in leaf shape and have even less distinctive features after processing. This study aims to establish a method to quickly distinguish between them. At the same time, we examined the reasonability and applicability of the specific polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method. The C/T single nucleotide polymorphism was detected at the position 202 of the sequence, based on which specific primers were designed to identify these two species. The PCR with the specific primer JNC-F and the universal primer ITS3R produced a specific band at 218 bp for A. argyi and no band for A. stolonifera, which can be used to detect at least 3% of A. argyi samples mixed in A. stolonifera samples. The PCR with the specific primer KY-F and the universal primer ITS3R produced a specific band at 218 bp for A. stolonifera and no band for A. argyi, which can be used to detect at least 5% of A. stolonifera samples mixed with A. argyi. The limit of detection of the established method was 5 ng DNA. The established PCR method can accurately distinguish between A. stolonifera and A. argyi, which provides an experimental basis for the quality control of A. stolonifera and determines whether the herbs are adulterated.
Subject(s)
Artemisia/genetics , Trichomes , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques , Plant Leaves/geneticsABSTRACT
On the surfaces of plants, there are many small protrusions of epidermal origin-trichomes. Trichomes are normally divided into two general categories: non-glandular and glandular. Glandular trichomes, an important secretory tissue in plant, can synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites specially. In recent years, with the deepening of research on medicinal plants, the importance of glandular trichomes research has been increasing prominent significance. A variety of medicinal ingredients were synthesized, modificated, and storaged in glandular trichomes. The growth situation of glandular trichomes can directly affect the quality of medicinal materials. Here we provide an update on the methods and technologies which have been used to investigate glandular trichomes. In additon, we also review the literature on the structure, biochemistry, and gene regulatory of glandular trichomes.
ABSTRACT
Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., known as uvaia, is a species of Myrtaceae native to Brazil. Its leaves are used in folk medicine to treat gout because they possess the property of inhibiting xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in the conversion of xanthine into uric acid. The objective of this work was to study the leaf and stem morpho-anatomy of E. pyriformis, in order to contribute to what is known about the Brazilian flora, and this medicinal plant and potential vegetal drug. Samples of mature leaves and young stems were fixed and sectioned by freehand, or embedded in glycol methacrylate and sectioned with a microtome, and then stained. In addition, microchemical tests and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The leaf is simple, symmetric, elliptic-lanceolate, with an acute apex and base, and an entire margin. The epidermis is uniseriate and coated with a moderately thick cuticle. The stomata are anomocytic and inserted at the same level as the adjacent cells. Unicellular non-glandular trichomes are abundant on the abaxial surface. The mesophyll is dorsiventral. In transverse section, the midrib is plano-convex and the petiole is circular, and both of these structures have a single bicollateral vascular bundle. In the stem, the vascular cylinder consists of external phloem, xylem and internal phloem, traversed by narrow rays. Phenolic compounds, druses and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate are also present in the leaf and stem.
ABSTRACT
Avaliou-se a influência da face foliar, do comportamento geotrópico do inseto e do tipo de tricoma foliar sobre a oviposição de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B em folhas de tomateiro. Para avaliação desses efeitos foram realizados vários ensaios nos quais as fêmeas foram confinadas em caixas de acrílico. Folíolos de tomateiro foram fixados no topo e na base das caixas, de tal forma a permitir o acesso dos insetos às faces adaxial e abaxial de maneira isolada e concomitante (com e sem chance de escolha). Os insetos sempre depositaram maior número de ovos quando a superfície foliar se encontrava no topo da caixa e, de maneira geral, preferiram depositar seus ovos na face abaxial dos folíolos. Para avaliar o efeito do tipo de tricoma (glandular e não-glandular) sobre a oviposição de B. tabaci, a face abaxial dos folíolos de tomateiro foi oferecida a cerca de 30 fêmeas para oviposição em cada caixa de acrílico. Foram oferecidos folíolos previamente lavados com etanol a 70 por cento (de forma a eliminar os exsudatos glandulares) e sem lavagem prévia. A maior parte da oviposição ocorreu ao lado dos tricomas não-glandulares, demonstrando que o inseto discrimina o tipo de tricoma.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the leaf surface, the insect geotropic behavior and the type of foliar trichome on Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B oviposition on tomato leaves. Bemisia tabaci females were confined in acrylic boxes in which tomato leaflets were fixed at the bottom and top part of the boxes to allow insects to access the leaf surface to be tested (adaxial and/or abaxial) in both no-choice and free choice tests. Oviposition was always higher when the leaf was offered at the top of the box and preferably at the abaxial leaf surface. The effects of leaf trichomes (glandular and non glandular) on B. tabaci oviposition was evaluated by offering the abaxial surface of tomato leaflets to females after a 70 percent ethanol wash to remove glandular exsudates against a control treatment (without a ethanol wash). Oviposition was concentrated mostly near to non glandular trichomes, showing whitefly females can discriminate among the trichomes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Behavior, Animal , Hemiptera/anatomy & histology , Solanum lycopersicum/parasitology , Oviposition , Plant Leaves/parasitologyABSTRACT
Conhecida comumente como erva-de-colégio, erva-grossa e sussuaiá, Elephantopus mollis Kunth (Asteraceae) é uma espécie herbácea perene, de base sublenhosa, ramos curtos e flores arroxeadas. Suas folhas são empregadas como emoliente, resolutivo, sudorífico e no tratamento de bronquite, tosse e gripe na medicina popular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar caracteres anatômicos foliares e caulinares, a fim de fornecer subsídios aplicáveis à identificação da planta medicinal. Folhas adultas e fragmentos de caules foram fixados, seccionados e corados com azul de astra/fucsina básica ou com azul de toluidina. Testes microquímicos e análise ultra-estrutural de superfície foram também executados. A folha possui epiderme uniestratificada, recoberta por cutícula estriada e, em vista frontal, tem células com contorno ondulado. Ocorrem tricomas tectores e glandulares. Os primeiros são eretos, pluricelulares e unisseriados. Os tricomas glandulares são capitados e bisseriados. O mesofilo é dorsiventral e a nervura central é percorrida por feixes vasculares colaterais dispostos em arco aberto. O caule, em estrutura secundária inicial, possui epiderme unisseriada com cutícula estriada e tricomas semelhantes aos da folha. No córtex, observam-se colênquima anelar alternado com clorênquima e endoderme com estrias de Caspary. Calotas esclerenquimáticas apõem-se ao floema. Este é formado pelo câmbio vascular em direção à periferia e o xilema é gerado de modo centrípeto. A medula é parenquimática. Pequenos cristais de oxalato de cálcio estão presentes na folha e no caule.
Commonly known as erva-de-colégio in Portuguese, Elephantopus mollis Kunth (Asteraceae) is a perennial herb, with slightly lignified base, short branches and purple flowers. Its leaves are used as emollient, vulnerary and diaphoretic, and to treat bronchitis, coughs and influenza in folk medicine. The aim of this work was to study leaf and stem anatomical characters, in order to expand the knowledge for this medicinal plant identification. Adult leaves and stem fragments were fixed, sectioned and stained either with astra blue/basic fuchsine or toluidine blue. Microchemical essays and scanning electron analysis were also carried out. The leaf has wavy-contoured cells in surface view, forming a single layer and coated with striate cuticle. Non-glandular and glandular trichomes occur. The former is erect, multicellular and uniseriate. The glandular ones are capitate and biseriate. The mesophyll is dorsiventral and the midrib is traversed by collateral vascular bundles arranged in open arc. The stem, in initial secondary growth, has uniseriate epidermis coated with striate cuticle and trichomes similar to the leaf. In the cortex, annular collenchyma alternates with chlorenchyma and an endodermis with Casparian strips is found. Sclerenchymatic caps adjoin the phloem, which is formed outwards by the vascular cambia, while the xylem is produced inwards. The pith is parenchymatic. Small calcium oxalate crystals are present in the leaf and stem.
Subject(s)
Asteraceae/anatomy & histology , Plant Stems/anatomy & histology , Plant Leaves/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Object To determine the histochemical location d eposited artemisinin and to provide selection character for screening of Artemisia annua L. which contains rich content of artemisinin Methods Artemisinin was located by the histochemic al method and then statistical method was used to ascertain the correlation betw een the content of artemisinin and the density of biseriate glandular triche mes (BGT) Results Artemisinin is located in both BGT and non glandular T -shaped filamentous trichomes (NTFT) in A annua leave s The content of artemisinin had a positive correlation with the density of BG T in A annua leaves Conclusion High density of BGT in foliar tissue might be considered as one of the selection characters for the screening of A. annua with rich content of artemisinin