Application of electronic head-mounted display aids in low vision rehabilitation / 中华实验眼科杂志

As society ages and the number of people with low vision grows, the need for low vision rehabilitation for patients is increasing.The electronic head-mounted display (HMD) aids is a new type of low vision aids, which can be divided into different types such as monocular, binocular, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). The performance of electronic HMD visual aids is important in their development and evaluation, including improved illumination, contrast ratio, resolution, and expanded vision field.VR devices have higher resolution and richer image modes, which can effectively improve central vision acuity and contrast sensitivity, and are more suitable for static applications.AR devices do not block the patients' habitual field of vision and do not destroy stereoscopic vision, which are more suitable for dynamic applications.With the development of VR and AR display technology in recent years, electronic HMD aids have made great progress in functionality, portability and aesthetics.In most of the research, the application population of electronic HMD aids are patients with low central vision.Electronic HMD aids can improve their visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and reading ability by enlarging pictures, improving illumination and contrast ratio and enhancing contour.For patients with peripheral visual field defects, electronic HMD aids, especially AR devices, can significantly expand their peripheral visual field without blocking original visual field.However, the improvement of electronic HMD aids on daily activities, especially athletic ability, needs further research.This article summarized the types, performance and application progress of electronic HMD aids in patients with low vision.

Analysis of refractive state screening and glasses wearing rate of students aged 6～18 in Yecheng county, Xinjiang / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the refractive status and myopia wearing rate of primary and secondary school students aged 6-18 in Yecheng county, Xinjiang.METHOD: Cross-sectional study. From October 2021 to June 2022, a stratified random sampling method was used to select 81 863 students from 51 primary schools and 30 secondary schools in Yecheng county, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang. Basic data of the students were collected, and non ciliary muscle paralysis optometry was performed to detect naked eye farsightedness and corrected vision with glasses. The refractive status, glasses wearing rate, and full correction rate of students of different ages, genders, and ethnic groups were observed.RESULT: The detection rate of myopia among enrolled students was 13.39%(10958/81863), the wearing rate of glasses was 23.96%(2626/10958), and the full correction rate was 50.57%(1328/2626). The detection rate of myopia shows a certain upward trend with age, and the detection rate of myopia in girls was higher than that in boys(15.75% vs. 10.96%). The detection rates of myopia in Han, Uyghur, and other ethnic students were 68.12%, 12.63%, and 22.42%, respectively.CONCLUSION:The detection rate of myopia and glasses wearing rate were relatively low for students aged 6～18 in Yecheng county, Xinjiang, while the detection rate and glasses wearing rate of myopia among Han students were significantly higher than those of Uyghur and students of other ethnics.

Comparison of the effect between night-wearing orthokeratology lens and frame glasses on the treatment of juvenile myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To compare the effects of night-wearing orthokeratology lenses and frame glasses on the treatment of juvenile myopia, and provide reference for the selection of myopia treatment methods in adolescents.METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 106 adolescent myopia patients who received treatment in our hospital from June to November 2020. According to the wishes of patients, they were divided into two groups with 53 cases in each group. The control group was given regular frame glasses after optometry, while the observation group was given night-wearing orthokeratology lenses. The uncorrected visual acuity(LogMAR), refractive index(spherical equivalent and cylindrical lens power), and ocular biological parameters(axial length, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth and lens thickness)were compared between the two groups.RESULTS: The uncorrected visual acuity(LogMAR)of the observation group was lower than that of the control group at 1a after treatment(0.51±0.12 vs. 0.73±0.15), and the spherical equivalent(-0.23±0.05 vs. -5.32±1.35D)and cylindrical lens power(-1.53±0.22 vs. -1.97±0.35DC)were smaller than those of the control group(P<0.001). The axial length of the eyes in the two groups increased at 1a after treatment and the axial length in the control group was longer(25.53±0.84 vs. 25.95±0.83 mm); the lens thickness of the observation group was increased compared with that before treatment(3.39±0.19 vs. 3.31±0.15 mm; P<0.05). After 1a treatment, the accommodative amplitude(14.29±1.37 vs. 12.90±1.07D), accommodative facility(11.05±2.09 vs. 7.59±1.82cpm), and total staining rate of corneal epithelium in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(15.1% vs. 1.9%), and the accommodative lag was lower than that in the control group(0.55±0.11 vs. 0.97±0.30D; P<0.05). There were no significant differences in corneal cell density(3197.23±249.66 vs. 3207.41±258.14 cells/mm2), corneal endothelial cell area(309.27±28.04 vs. 312.62±24.95mm2)and the incidence of complications between the two groups before and after treatment(5.7% vs. 9.4%; P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Night-wearing orthokeratology lenses can improve uncorrected visual acuity in adolescent patients with myopia, reduce the spherical equivalent and cylindrical lens power, and improve the accommodation-related parameters, but has no significant effect on the corneal function.

Assessing contrast sensitivity change in retinal diseases with use of yellow-amber NoIR glasses

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess change of contrast sensitivity (CS) in subjects having retinal diseases with yellow?amber no infrared (NoIR) glasses used as low vision aid (LVA). Methods: We examined CS in 82 low vision (LV) subjects having retinal diseases with Pelli Robson Chart at 1 m distance before and after wearing yellow?amber NoIR glasses. We also found type of retinal affection and macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) features. Results: The distance and near best?corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was, respectively, 0.68 ± 0.17 (median = 0.70) and 0.72 ± 0.25 (median = 0.70) logmar units. The pre?LVA CS was 0.52 ± 0.29 (median = 0.3) and post? LVA was 0.52 ± 0.28 (median = 0.45) logunits (mean reduction = ?0.002 ± 0.24; Median reduction = 0; P = 0.909). The pre?LVA and post?LVA CS showed a negative correlation with logmar distance BCVA [r = ?0.090; P = 0.317 and r = ?0.152; P = 0.090 respectively]. The pre?LVA and post?LVA CS showed a negative correlation with logmar near BCVA [r = ?0.114; P = 0.207 and r = ?0.054; P = 0.549 respectively]. The CS did not improve in subjects having macular degeneration, pathological myopia, hereditary maculopathy, and diabetic retinopathy. The macular OCT features like fluid, exudates, scars, drusens, traction, and hole did not significantly influence CS both at pre?LVA and post?LVA stage. Conclusion: This is the first study with yellow?amber NoIR glasses which blocks “both ultraviolet and infrared light.” The subjects having macular degeneration, pathological myopia, hereditary maculopathy, and diabetic retinopathy did not improve in CS with filters. The correlation values showed that filters may improve CS in subjects having good baseline BCVA.

The application of high-definition 2D versus glasses-free 3D display system in a thoracoscopic simulation training / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To compare the application effects of high-definition two-dimensional (HD-2D) and glasses-free three-dimensional (GF-3D) display systems in thoracoscopy teaching.Methods:A total of 40 clinical medicine interns with no surgical experience from The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University were recruited and were required to participate in a 1-week training course of endoscopy. They were then randomly allocated to the HD-2D group and GF-3D group and asked to perform three tasks: peg transfer, circular cutting, and suture knotting. Their performance was measured with a system that scored speed and precision. SPSS 25.0 was used to conduct t-test, Pearson Chi-square test and Fisher exact test for the comparison. Results:The mean time for the peg transfer test in GF-3D group was shorter than that in HD-2D group, without statistically significant difference [(63.20±21.11) s vs. (71.15± 17.26) s, P = 0.212]. The mean time for the circular cutting test in GF-3D group was shorter than that in HD-2D group, without statistically significant difference [(112.50±16.67) s vs. (118.15±24.43) s, P=0.410]. The mean time for the suture knotting test in GF-3D group was shorter than that in HD-2D group, with statistically significant difference [(301.50±32.77) s vs. (341.75±57.23) s, P=0.019]. The total score in GF-3D group was higher than that in HD-2D group, with statistically significant difference [(78.33±5.88) points vs. (72.08±6.83) points, P=0.005]. Conclusion:The GF-3D display system is clearly superior to the HD-2D system because it reduces the surgical learning curve, and is therefore suitable for basic teaching and skills training.

Glasses-free Three Dimensional Endoscopic Display System with Multi-face Detection / 中国医疗器械杂志

The glasses-free three dimensional(3D) endoscopic display system provides the surgeon with the depth information of the minimally invasive surgery scene obtained from the binocular perspective, which can effectively relieve the surgeon's posture fatigue and visual fatigue during the long-term surgery, and assist in the operation of surgical instruments more accurately to reduce the damage to the surrounding tissues of the operation area. However, the glasses-free 3D display device currently has the problem of a narrow optimal viewing zone and easy crosstalk, especially in the surgical teaching application scenario, which performs poorly. In order to overcome the limitation of the narrower field of view, we introduce deep learning algorithms to detect and locate multiple faces, fine-tune the 3D display grating of the endoscope, rearrange pixels, and change the best view area, so that more people can get the best view. The experimental results show that the face detection accuracy of the method is 97.88%, and the detection time is 135 frames/ms, which achieves high accuracy while maintaining real-time performance.

Lesiones oculares y radiación ionizante / Eye injuries and ionising radiation

El número y la complejidad de los procedimientos de diagnóstico e intervencionismo cardiovascular han incrementado de manera significativa, hecho que genera mayor exposición a dosis bajas de radiación ionizante debido a la radiación dispersa por el paciente. El cristalino es una de las estructuras más sensibles a la radiación y las cataratas son la enfermedad ocular más estudiada y frecuente en el personal de la salud ocupacionalmente expuesto a dosis bajas de radiación. La formación de cataratas es un proceso multifactorial y la exposición a la radiación ionizante se ha asociado a opacidades subcapsulares posteriores, que es la forma más común de lesión, seguida por las cataratas corticales. Existen varios estudios que han evaluado los efectos de la exposición ocupacional por radiación ionizante en el cristalino en cardiólogos intervencionistas, comparándolos con controles no expuestos. Concluyen que hay mayor prevalencia de opacidades subcapsulares posteriores en el personal expuesto a radiación ionizante, especialmente en los cardiólogos intervencionistas (por trabajar muy cerca del generador de rayos X), las cuales están relacionadas con la duración de la práctica del intervencionismo cardíaco y disminuyen con el uso regular de los lentes plomados. Lo llamativo de muchos estudios es el bajo uso por parte de los cardiólogos intervencionistas de los elementos de protección radiológica, especialmente gafas y mampara plomada, las cuales han demostrado efectividad en la reducción de la radiación ionizante recibida por el personal de la sala de cateterismo cardiaco.

As the number and complexity of diagnostic and cardiovascular intervention procedures has increased significantly, this has led to a greater exposure to low doses of ionising radiation due to the radiation dispersal by the patient. The crystalline lens is one of the structures most sensitive to radiation, and cataracts are the most studied eye disease, and are common in health staff occupationally exposed to low radiation doses. The formation of cataracts is a process involving many factors, and exposure to ionising radiation has been associated with posterior sub-capsular opacities, the most common form of the injury, followed by cortical cataracts. There are several studies that have evaluated the effects of occupational exposure due to ionising radiation in the crystalline lens in interventionist cardiologists, and comparing them with non-exposed controls. They conclude that there is a higher prevalence of posterior sub-capsular opacities in personnel exposed to ionising radiation, especially in interventionist cardiologists (due to working very near the X-ray generator). These are associated with the duration of the practice of cardiac interventions, and decrease with the regular use of leaded glasses. The low use of radiation protection wear by interventionist cardiologists is highlighted in many studies, especially glasses and a leaded screen, which have shown to be effective in the reduction in the ionising radiation by the staff in the cardiac catheterisation room.

Peripheral vein puncture assisted with Eyes-On vascular imaging glasses in vulneralis shock / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To evaluate peripheral vein puncture assisted with Eyes-On vascular imaging glasses in vulneralis shock.@*Methods@#Between February 2017 and June 2018, 110 patients in vulneralis shock were distributed to treatment group, and 128 patients between January 2016 and January 2017 were distributed to control group. Peripheral vein puncture were underwent in treatment group assisted with Eyes-On vascular imaging glasses, and with traditional operation in control group. Successful rate of first puncture, second puncture, puncture more than three times, and failure rate, operating time, rate of complications were recorded.@*Results@#Successful rate of first puncture in treatment group and control group were 97.03% (98/101) and 9.38% (12/128). There was significant difference between two groups (χ2=173.771, P=0.001). Operating time of treatment group and control group were (1.16±0.41), (5.01±1.03) min, there was significant difference between two groups (t=7.693, P<0.01). In the observation group, puncture was successful while in the control group, puncture failed in 5 cases, with a failure rate of 3.91%(5/128). And there was no significant difference in failure rate of puncture (P >0.05). Regard as complications, there were no significant differences in leakage and bleeding (P>0.05), but there were significant differences in blockage and hematoma which were 5.94%(6/101), 1.98%(1/101) and 21.09%(27/128), 11.71%(15/128)(χ2=10.510, 7.791, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Eyes-On vascular imaging glasses can operated easily and vein imaging directly, and nurses can independently proceed puncture quickly and effectively in vulneralis shock. Eyes-On glasses is a recommended device.

Peripheral vein puncture assisted with Eyes-On vascular imaging glasses in vulneralis shock / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate peripheral vein puncture assisted with Eyes-On vascular imaging glasses in vulneralis shock. Methods Between February 2017 and June 2018, 110 patients in vulneralis shock were distributed to treatment group, and 128 patients between January 2016 and January 2017 were distributed to control group. Peripheral vein puncture were underwent in treatment group assisted with Eyes-On vascular imaging glasses, and with traditional operation in control group. Successful rate of first puncture, second puncture, puncture more than three times, and failure rate, operating time, rate of complications were recorded. Results Successful rate of first puncture in treatment group and control group were 97.03% (98/101) and 9.38% (12/128). There was significant difference between two groups (χ2=173.771, P=0.001). Operating time of treatment group and control group were (1.16 ± 0.41), (5.01±1.03) min, there was significant difference between two groups (t=7.693, P<0.01). In the observation group, puncture was successful while in the control group, puncture failed in 5 cases, with a failure rate of 3.91% (5/128). And there was no significant difference in failure rate of puncture (P >0.05). Regard as complications, there were no significant differences in leakage and bleeding (P>0.05), but there were significant differences in blockage and hematoma which were 5.94% (6/101), 1.98% (1/101) and 21.09% (27/128), 11.71% (15/128) ( χ2=10.510, 7.791, P<0.01). Conclusion Eyes-On vascular imaging glasses can operated easily and vein imaging directly, and nurses can independently proceed puncture quickly and effectively in vulneralis shock. Eyes-On glasses is a recommended device.

Evaluation of wettability characteristics and adhesion of resin composite to photo-polymerized pulp-capping materials with and without bioactive glass / Avaliação das características de molhabilidade e adesão da resina composta aos materiais fotopolimerizáveis com e sem vidro bioativo

Objective: This study evaluated the wettability and adhesive properties of three different photopolymerized resin-based pulp-capping materials with or without bioactive glass (BAG). Material and Methods: Cylindrical specimens (5 per group) were prepared from photo-polymerized pulp-capping materials (TER-TheraCal LC, BIN-Biner LC, and CAL-CalciPlus LC containing BAG). After surface finishing, contact angle measurements were made (θ)using the sessile drop method and surface free energy was calculated. For shear test, cylindrical acrylic blocks (N = 30) (diameter: 6 mm; height: 1 m) in the center were filled with the pulp-capping materials (N = 10 per group) flattened using a metal spatula and photo-polymerized. The specimens were stored at 37 °C in 100% humidity for 24 h prior to the bonding procedures. An adhesive system (CLEARFIL SE BOND, Kuraray) was applied on the material surfaces and photo-polymerized for 20 s. Then, resin composite material (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) was bonded on the substrate materials using translucent plastic molds (internal diameter: 2 mm; height: 2 mm). The specimens were photopolymerized with an LED photo-polymerization unit for 20 s. After polymerization, the specimens were stored at 37 °C, at 100% humidity for 24 h. Shear force was applied at the pulp-capping material and the resin composite interface In a universal testing machine (1 mm/min).Data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey`s tests at the significance level of 0.05. Results: Contact angle values showed significant difference between the 3 materials with group CAL presenting the lowest (35.35 ± 12.89) and group BIN the highest values (74.77 ± 13.56) (p < 0.05). Significantly lower surface energy was observed with BIN (36.22) (p 0.05). Group BIN (9.12 ± 3.45) showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) mean bond strength than those of TER (11.56 ± 5.67) and CAL (12.66 ± 4.34) (p > 0.05). Most of the observed modes of failures in all groups were of mixed type of failures. Conclusion: The bioglass used in Calciplus LC did not adversely affect the wettability, surface energy and adhesive properties. (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou as propriedades de molhabilidade e adesivas de três diferentes materiais capeadores pulpares fotopolimerizaveis à base de resina, com ou sem vidro bioativo (BAG). Material e Métodos: Amostras cilíndricas (5 por grupo) foram preparadas a partir de materiais capeadores pulpares fotopolimerizáveis (TER-TheraCal LC, BIN-Biner LC e CAL-CalciPlus LC contendo BAG). Após o acabamento da superfície, as medidas do ângulo de contato foram feitas (θ) usando o método de gota séssil e a energia livre da superfície foi calculada. Para o ensaio de cisalhamento, blocos de acrílico cilíndricos (N = 30) (diâmetro: 6 mm; altura: 1 m) foram preenchidos no centro com os materiais de capeamento pulpar (N = 10 por grupo) achatados usando uma espátula metálica e fotopolimerizados. Os espécimes foram armazenados a 37 ° C em 100% de umidade por 24 h antes dos procedimentos de colagem. Um sistema adesivo (CLEARFIL SE BOND, Kuraray) foi aplicado nas superfícies do material e fotopolimerizado por 20 segundos. Em seguida, o material de resina composta (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) foi colado nos materiais do substrato utilizando moldes de plástico translúcido (diâmetro interno: 2 mm; altura: 2 mm). Os espécimes foram fotopolimerizados com um dispositivo de fotopolimerização de LED por 20 s. Após a polimerização, os espécimes foram armazenados a 37 °C, a 100% de umidade por 24 h. A força de cisalhamento foi aplicada no material capeador e na interface da resina composta em uma máquina universal de ensaios (1 mm / min). Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste de ANOVA e teste de Tukey ao nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Os valores do ângulo de contato mostraram diferença significativa entre os 3 materiais com o grupo CAL apresentando os menores valores (35,35 ± 12,89) e o grupo BIN os maiores valores (74,77 ± 13,56) (p < 0,05). Uma energia de superfície significativamente menor foi observada com o BIN (36,22) (p 0,05). O grupo BIN (9,12 ± 3,45) apresentou resistência de união média significativamente menor (p 0,05). A maioria dos modos de falhas observados em todos os grupos eram de tipo misto de falhas. Conclusão: O biovidro utilizado no Calciplus LC não afetou negativamente a molhabilidade, energia superficial e propriedades adesivas. (AU)

Comparison of efficacy and safety between wearing orthokeratology contact lens and frame glasses for control of child myopia / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To evaluate of the effect and safety of wearing orthokeratology contact lens or frame glasses for controlling myopia in children. Methods The clinical data from myopia children, who wore orthokeratology contact lens or frame glasses to control myopia, were analyzed retrospectively. Of 219 children (396 eyes), 145 children (277 eyes) wore orthokeratology contact lens, and 74 (119) frame glasses. The changes of diopter, axial length and corneal endothelial cells were observed and compared one year after treatment in the two groups. Results After wearing one year, the diopter and the variation of diopter were significantly less in the children wearing orthokeratology contact lens than those in the children wearing frame glasses ([-3.03±0.89] DS vs [-3.83±1.25] DS, [-0.84±0.90] DS vs [-1.83±0.71] DS; both P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the axial length between the children wearing orthokeratology contact lens and frame glasses. While the extension of axial length was significantly less in the children wearing orthokeratology contact lens than that in the children wearing frame glasses ([0.14±0.15] mm vs [0.40±0.17] mm, P<0.05). No significant differences in the area or density of corneal endothelial cells were found between the children wearing orthokeratology contact lens and frame glasses. Conclusion Wearing orthokeratology contact lens can effectively control myopia in children within one year, and it had no adverse effects on corneal function.

Effect of orthokeratology,low concentration atropine and frame glasses on juvenile myopia prevention and control / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·AIM: To study the effects of orthokeratology, low concentration atropine and frame glasses on juvenile myopia prevention and control. ·METHODS: A total of 120 juvenile patients (240 eyes) with mild to moderate myopia were chosen in our hospital from January 2016 to July 2016. They were divided into 3 groups voluntarily. Children in orthokeratology group (40 cases, 80 eyes) were treated with orthokeratology; children in low concentration atropine group (40 cases, 80 eyes) were treated with low concentration atropine; children in frame glasses group (40 cases, 80 eyes ) were treated with frame glasses. After 18mo follow-up, refractive degree and ocular axial length of three groups were statistically analyzed. · RESULTS: After 18mo, diopters of children in orthokeratology group and atropine group were lower than those of children in frame glasses group (P<0. 05). The diopter differences between before and after treatment of orthokeratology group and atropine group were lower than that of the frame glasses group ( P<0. 05 ), there was no significant differences between orthokeratology group and atropine group(P>0. 05). The axial growth of children in orthokeratology group and atropine group were lower than those of children in frame glasses group ( P<0. 05 ). The axial length differences between before and after treatment of orthokeratology group and atropine group were lower than that of the frame glasses group (P<0. 05); there was no significant differences between orthokeratology group and atropine group(P>0. 05). · CONCLUSION: Both orthokeratology and low concentration atropine can effectively control the progress of diopter and axial length in juvenile myopia, and their curative effects were better than frame glasses. During the 18mo observation period, the curative effects of orthokeratology and atropine have no significant differences.

Therapeutic Outcomes of Prism Glasses for Diplopia Unrelated to Strabismus Surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutic results of the patients wearing the prism glasses due to strabismus with diplopia unrelated to strabismus surgery. METHODS: Between May 2002 and October 2016, this retrospective study evaluated medical records of 23 patients who were wearing prism glasses due to strabismus with diplopia unrelated to strabismus surgery. The patients failed to adjust to the prism glasses and stopped within 3 months were defined as the adaptation failure group. The patients wearing prism glasses for 3 months or more was defined as adaptation success group. In the prism adaptation success group, he patients who underwent strabismus surgery during follow up were defined as treatment failure. Data were collected the types and causes of strabismus, the deviation angle at starting treatment of prism glasses and last visits, best corrected visual acuity, Titmus stereo test and Worth 4 dot test. RESULTS: Of the total 23 patients, 18 patients had horizontal strabismus, four patients had vertical strabismus and one had horizontal and vertical strabismus. The causes of strabismus were acute acquired comitant esotropia (12 patients), paralytic strabismus (9 patients), and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (two patients). There was no significant changes in deviation angle as well as the prism diopter of prism glasses after prism glasses treatmet. The prism glasses-adaptation group was 70%, and 31% of them were performed strabismus surgery. There was no reduction in visual acuity in all patients. Among the prism glasses adaptation group, 33% of the prism glasses-adaptation group had poor binocular function. CONCLUSIONS: In the strabismus patients with diplopia unrelated to strabismus surgery 70% of the patients adapted prism glasses more than 3 months and 31% of them required strabismus surgery. Therefore, prism glasses treatment may be one of the non-surgical approaches in the strabismus patients with diplopia unrelated to strabismus surgery.

Comparison of Objective and Subjective Changes Induced by Multiple-Pinhole Glasses and Single-Pinhole Glasses

Multiple-pinhole (MPH) glasses are currently sold in many countries with unproven advertisements; however, their objective and subjective effects have not been investigated. Therefore, to investigate the effects of MPH glasses excluding the single-pinhole (SPH) effect, we compared the visual functional changes, reading speed, and ocular discomfort after reading caused by MPH and SPH glasses. Healthy 36 participants with a mean age of 33.1 years underwent examinations of pupil size, visual acuity (VA), depth of focus (DOF), and near point accommodation (NPA); tests for visual field (VF), contrast sensitivity (CS), stereopsis, and reading speed; and a survey of ocular discomfort after reading. Both types of pinhole glasses enlarged pupil diameter and improved VA, DOF, and NPA. However, CS, stereopsis, and VF parameters deteriorated. In comparison with SPH glasses, MPH glasses induced smaller pupil dilation (5.3 and 5.9 mm, P < 0.001) and showed better VF parameters with preserved peripheral VF. However, no significant difference was observed for VA, DOF, NPA, stereopsis, and CS. Reading speed using pinhole glasses was significantly slower than baseline; SPH glasses showed the slowest reading speed. Both types of glasses caused significant ocular discomfort after reading compared with baseline, and symptoms were worst with MPH glasses. In conclusion, both types of pinhole glasses had positive effects due to the pinhole effect; however, they had negative effects on VF, CS, stereopsis, reading speed, and ocular discomfort. In spite of the increased luminance and preserved peripheral VF with MPHs, these glasses caused more severe ocular discomfort than SPH glasses. This clinical trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02572544).

Radiation exposure and protection for eyes in pain management

C-arm fluoroscopy is important device for pain management. However, pain physicians can be exposed to radiation during C-arm fluoroscopy-guided interventions. In the annual maximal permissible radiation doses, the dose of lens is lower than the doses of the thyroid and gonads. In the human body, the lens of eye is one of the most sensitive parts for radiation exposure. Cataract or opacity of lens is the most common complication of eye related to radiation. Several years ago, the threshold dose of a radiation induced cataract was changed to 0.5 Gy. In 2011, International Commission on Radiological Protection reduced the annual permissible radiation dose for the lens from 150 mSv to 20 mSv. According to the lower level of permissible radiation dose for lens, physicians should reduce their radiation exposure. This review presents the complications of the lens related to radiation exposure, permissible doses for the lens, radiation exposure of physicians, protective devices for the lens, and methods for radiation safety.

Radiation exposure and protection for eyes in pain management

C-arm fluoroscopy is important device for pain management. However, pain physicians can be exposed to radiation during C-arm fluoroscopy-guided interventions. In the annual maximal permissible radiation doses, the dose of lens is lower than the doses of the thyroid and gonads. In the human body, the lens of eye is one of the most sensitive parts for radiation exposure. Cataract or opacity of lens is the most common complication of eye related to radiation. Several years ago, the threshold dose of a radiation induced cataract was changed to 0.5 Gy. In 2011, International Commission on Radiological Protection reduced the annual permissible radiation dose for the lens from 150 mSv to 20 mSv. According to the lower level of permissible radiation dose for lens, physicians should reduce their radiation exposure. This review presents the complications of the lens related to radiation exposure, permissible doses for the lens, radiation exposure of physicians, protective devices for the lens, and methods for radiation safety.

Comparison of the accommodative response with two refractive corrections for myopic teenagers / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To observe and compare the accommodative responses of myopic teenagers with orthokeratology lenses and frame glasses.<p>METHODS: One hundred and twenty myopic teenagers(240 eyes)aged 10-16y were selected and divided into experimemtal group(orthokeratology lens group)and control group(frame glasses group), with 60 cases(120 eyes)in each group. The accommodative response before and after correction of all the cases in the two groups were followed up and compared after 1, 3, 6 and 12mo.<p>RESULTS: A total of 113 patients(226 eyes)completed the experiment, including 54 patients(108 eyes)in the experimental group and 59 patients(118 eyes)in the control group. Both the two groups showed accommodative lag which gradually decreased with the wearing time. The accommodative lag before and after correction in the experimental group and control group were respectively(1.22±0.47, 0.91±0.39, 0.77±0.40, 0.65±0.32, 0.51±0.22),(1.23±0.48, 1.05±0.41, 0.90±0.49, 0.83±0.46, 0.69±0.33)D. The effects of measurement time on accommodative lag of each group were significant(<i>F</i>=195.229, 142.361, 323.484, <i>P</i><0.05). The interaction between the group and the measurement time also had significant effects(<i>F</i>=11.222,<i>P</i><0.05). But the interaction between eye and measurement time had no significant effects(<i>F</i>=0.025,0.023,<i>P</i>>0.05).The accommodative lags in the orthokeratology group were smaller than the frame glasses group after correction(<i>t</i>=-2.587, -2.241, -3.522, -4.587, <i>P</i><0.05),but no significant difference before correction(<i>t</i>=-0.07,<i>P</i>>0.05).<p>CONCLUSION: Both frame glasses and orthokeratology can improve accommodative response and reduce accommodation lag of juvenile myopia, but the effect of wearing orthokeratology is superior to frame glasses.

A multifunction glasses in the recovery term of cycloplegia and its primary application / 中国医学装备

Objective:To design functionality glasses in order to solve or alleviate various visual disorder during cycloplegia.Methods:Based on the principle of the polarizing lens and pinhole lens, the glasses frame was combine with them so as to be suitable for the recovery of cycloplegia and for the usage in near and distant vision situation.Results: This glasses has a series of advantages including small size, light weight, convenience and beauty. Through the combination of different lenses, the symptom of visual unclear during cycloplegia wasimproved, and the symptom of glare and squint in distant vision also was improved. Besides, the symptom that adjustment of near vision couldn't be activated was improved, and near vision blurry leaded by peripheral aberration coming from mydriasis also was improved. On the other hand, this device was easy and simple on combination and was convenient on usage.Conclusion: This design contributes to correct refractive error, and enhance the definition of near or distant vision. And it is suitable for various situation of usage including near, distant, indoor and outdoor.

Utilization of Glasses Aids Adaption Service for Persons with Low Vision in Shanghai, China / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the condition of utilization of glasses aids adaption in Shanghai. Methods The numbers who accepted the services, funds invested, the models, etc. in 16 districts of Shanghai between 2012 and 2014 were collected, and analyzed with descriptive analysis, concentration index and correlation analysis. Results A total of 17,498 persons accepted glasses aids adaption services, which cost 335.37 yuan per person. The concentration index was 0.0951. Conclusion The glasses aids adaption service works well in Shanghai, but is variable among the districts.

One glasses too many: A case report of Benson’s syndrome.

We report a case of Benson’s Syndrome, a form of occipital Alzheimer’s disease, with posterior cortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging, in a 62‑year‑old male, who presented with visual problems, ascribed to the eyes, and had even undergone cataract/intraocular lens surgery in the right eye; and change of glasses 21 times over the past 2 years, with no apparent benefit. This case is of interest both on account of its rarity, and to highlight its features since the diagnosis may be missed in an ophthalmological setting where such patient may go for first consult.