ABSTRACT
Objective@#To compare diary-reported trips and Global Positioning System (GPS) recording trips and identify the reasons for the discrepancies between two methods.@*Methods@#The survey was conducted in Jiangning district in Nanjing city during July to September and November to December, 2015. Both the diary records and GPS method were used to investigate the travel behavior of 33 retired adults for 5 consecutive days. The GPS traces were display in Google Earth and then split into trips to compare with the diary records according to time and location. χ2 test was used to analyze the influence of trip characteristics on misreporting rates of each method.@*Results@#A total of 1 087 trips in the survey can be compared between the diary (n=909) and the GPS method (n=912). 7.3% (79/1 087) of the trips were only recorded by GPS method, and 11.8% (128/1 087) were only reported in the diary. Of the remaining 880 trips recorded by the both methods, 86.7% (763/880) matched each other, while 13.3% (117/880) did not. For the matched trips, the difference between the trip durations recorded by diary and GPS method was 2.0 (quartile was 6.0) minutes and the diary method overestimated about 25.0% trip durations when compared with the GPS method. The accuracy rates were 84.8%(903/1 065) and 86.9%(925/1 065) for diary and GPS method, respectively. Both methods were more likely to misreport the trip under 5 minutes. The misreporting rates of diary method for trips under 5 minutes were 6.8 times higher than trips over 30 minutes (21.7% vs 3.2%). The reporting accuracy was also significantly different among trips by different travel mode (P<0.05) for both methods, diary method had the lowest accuracy in reporting vehicles recorders (69.3%, 133/192), while GPS method was more accuracy in both biking (91.9%, 136/148) and vehicles recorders(89.6%, 172/192). The main reasons for misreporting by diary method were forgetting or unwilling to record and failing to record trips according to travel mode, while forgetting to carry GPS device, bad GPS signal and failing to locate the position were the main reasons for misreporting by GPS method.@*Conclusion@#The majority of the trips reported in diary and GPS method are well consistent with each other. Both of the methods should be used simultaneously in the survey of time-activity pattern to improve the data quality.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper was to compare two small-sided games kinematics of Costa Rican college soccer players. Two SSG (2x10min, 3 min rest in between), C1 (600m2) and C2 (1200m2), were played by 14 college soccer players of Costa Rica. Global Positioning System was used to measure kinematic and physiological variables in both conditions. A mixed ANOVA was used, results suggested C1 and C2 were statistically different in speed (C1 C2). When analyzing the distance covered by speed category (low, moderate and high running actions) results suggest C2 had higher intensities compared to C1. This research confirms the findings of previousstudies on the effectiveness of SSG to simulate real game conditions in short periods of time. Conclusions: C2 had higher intensities compared to C1 game with lower physiological demand. Likewise, the C2 resembles more accurately matches in official conditions of Costa Rican players.
O propósito desta pesquisa foi comparar as demandas cinemáticas em dois tipos de dimensões de jogo em 14 jogadores costarricenses de futebol universitário. Estes jogaram dois jogos em campo reduzido (SSG) (2x10 min, 3 min de descanso): C1 (600m2) e C2 (1200 m2). Utilizou-se um Sistema de Posicionamento Global para medir as variáveis cinemáticas e fisiológicas em ambas as condições. Utilizou-se um ANOVA misto; os resultados sugeriram que C1 e C2 foram estatisticamente diferentes em velocidade (C1 C2). Ao analisar a distância percorrida pela categoria de velocidade, em ações de corrida baixa, moderada e alta intensidade, os resultados sugerem que C2 possui maiores intensidades em comparação a C1. Esta pesquisa confirma os resultados de estudos prévios sobre a efetividade de SSG para simular condições de jogo real em períodos curtos de tempo. Conclusões: O C2 apresentou uma maior intensidade em comparação ao jogo C1, com menores demandas fisiológicas. Igualmente, o C2 reflete de maneira mais exata as condições em jogos oficiais de jogadores costarricenses.
El propósito de esta investigación fue comparar las demandas cinemáticas en dos tipos de dimensiones de juego en jugadores de fútbol universitario costarricenses. 14 jugadores universitarios de fútbol de Costa Rica jugaron dos juegos en campo reducido (SSG) (2x10min, 3min de descanso): C1 (600m2) y C2 (1200 m2). Se utilizó un Sistema de Posicionamiento Global para medir las variables cinemáticas y fisiológicas en ambas condiciones. Se utilizó un ANOVA mixto; los resultados sugirieron que C1 y C2 fueron estadísticamente diferentes en velocidad (C1 C2). Al analizar la distancia recorrida por la categoría de velocidad; en acciones de carrera baja, moderada y alta intensidad, los resultados sugieren que C2 posee mayores intensidades en comparación con C1. Esta investigación confirma los resultados de estudios previos sobre la efectividad de SSG para simular condiciones de juego real en períodos cortos de tiempo. Conclusiones: El C2 presentó una mayor intensidad en comparación con el juego C1 con menores demandas fisiológicas. Asimismo, el C2 refleja de manera más exacta las condiciones en partidos oficiales de jugadores costarricenses.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish information management systems of drinking water defluoridation project in water-related endemic fluorosis areas and investigate the status of drinking water defluoridation project in Liaoning, provide the basis for the development of control measures. Methods Global positioning systems (GPS)and geographic information systems(GIS) were used in the study in August 2006 - July 2008. Water defluoridation projects of 1234 in 48 counties(cities, districts) in drinking water type of fluorosis areas were positioned. Latitude and longitude, water samples, water fluoride content were collected or tested. GIS was used to establish information management system of water defluoridation projects. Results We have established information management system for the facilities of decreasing water fluorine in drinking water type of endemic fluorosis regions in Liaoning. One thousand two hundred and thirty four defluoridation facilities distributed in east longitude between 39.39° - 43.37°,north latitude between 119.25° - 125.50°, and altitude between - 6.60 and 801.14 meter in 48 endemic fluorosis counties in 13 cities. Nine hundred and twenty seven facilities for decreasing fluorine were able to supply water regularly, accounting for 75.1% of investigated projects;29 facilities was .not yet completely rebuilt, accounting for 2.4%;278 facilities(supply water for 344 villages) were out of order or discarded for 22.5% of investigated projects.Water fluorine contents of 63 facilities were greater than 1.2 mg/L, accounting for 6.8% of investigation project.Facilities working regularly and water fluorine was in accord with hygienic standard for drinking water facilities were 70.0%. Conclusions The establishment of Liaoning province defluoridation project information management system in the whole province of drinking water type of fluorosis areas provides scientific basis for accurate decision-making on prevention and control of the disease.